Ekolojik Zararlı Mücadelesinde Alternatif Stratejiler: Galleria mellonella ve Tenebrio molitor’a Karşı Entomopatojen Funguslar ile Bitkisel Uçucu Yağların Etkileşimi

Öz

Beauveria bassiana ve Metarhizium brunneum gibi entomopatojen funguslar önemli biyolojik mücadele etmenleri arasında yer almakla birlikte, nispeten yavaş etki göstermeleri etkinliklerini sınırlayabilmektedir. Biyoaktif bileşenlerce zengin olan bitkisel uçucu yağlar, insektisit ve kovucu özellikleri nedeniyle potansiyel tamamlayıcı ajanlar olarak değerlendirilmektedir. Bu çalışmada, B. bassiana (BMAUM-M6-4) ve M. brunneum (V275) izolatlarının kekik, biberiye ve okaliptüs uçucu yağları ile Galleria mellonella ve Tenebrio molitor larvalarına karşı tekli ve kombine etkileri incelenmiştir. Uçucu yağlar tek başına, fungal süspansiyonlarla eş zamanlı veya 24 saat aralıkla uygulanarak etkileşimleri değerlendirilmiştir. Ayrıca, uçucu yağların fungusların miselyum gelişimi ve konidiyal çimlenmesi üzerindeki olası engelleyici etkilerini belirlemek için in-vitro testler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Sonuçlar, kekik yağının her iki fungus izolatı ile en güçlü sinerjistik etkiyi oluşturduğunu göstermiştir. Kekik yağı ile B. bassiana veya M. brunneum’un eş zamanlı uygulanması, tekli uygulamalara kıyasla larva mortalitesini anlamlı derecede artırmıştır. Biberiye yağı orta düzeyde uyumluluk göstermiş ancak larvaların biberiye ile ön işlem görmesi durumunda fungusun etkinliği azalmıştır. Okaliptüs yağı ise mortaliteye sınırlı katkı sağlamıştır. Önemli olarak, in-vitro testler uçucu yağların %1 konsantrasyonda fungal spor çimlenmesini anlamlı şekilde engellemediğini, miselyum gelişiminde ise yalnızca küçük düşüşler gözlendiğini ve bu etkiler arasında en düşük etkinin okaliptüs yağında ortaya çıktığını göstermiştir. Genel olarak, özellikle kekik ve biberiye yağlarının entomopatojen funguslarla kombinasyonu zararlı mortalitesini artırmış ve entegre zararlı yönetimi stratejileri kapsamında çevre dostu bir alternatif olarak potansiyel göstermiştir. Bununla birlikte, uygulama sırası ve konak türüne bağlı olarak etkinlik değişmekte olup, yarı-tarla ve tarla koşullarında optimizasyon ve doğrulamaya ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Beauveria bassiana
• Metarhizium brunneum
• uçucu yağlar
• biyolojik mücadele
• etkileşim

Towards Eco-Friendly Pest Control: Synergistic Potential of Entomopathogenic Fungi and Plant Essential Oils Against Galleria mellonella and Tenebrio molitor

Öz

Entomopathogenic fungi such as Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium brunneum are important biological control agents, but their relatively slow action can limit efficiency. Essential oils, rich in bioactive compounds, represent potential complementary tools due to their insecticidal and repellent properties. The present study evaluated the individual and combined effects of B. bassiana (BMAUM-M6-4) and M. brunneum (V275) with thyme, rosemary, and eucalyptus essential oils against Galleria mellonella and Tenebrio molitor larvae. Essential oils were applied individually, simultaneously with fungal suspensions, or sequentially with a 24-hour interval to assess interactions. In addition, in vitro assays were conducted to determine the potential inhibitory effects of essential oils on fungal mycelial growth and conidial germination. The results revealed that thyme oil produced the strongest synergistic effect with both fungal isolates. Simultaneous application of thyme oil with B. bassiana or M. brunneum significantly increased larval mortality compared to single treatments. Rosemary oil showed moderate compatibility, although pre-exposure of larvae to rosemary reduced fungal efficacy. Eucalyptus oil contributed little to mortality under laboratory conditions. Importantly, in vitro assays showed that essential oils at 1% concentration did not significantly inhibit fungal spore germination, and only minor reductions in mycelial growth were observed, particularly with eucalyptus oil showing the least effect. Overall, combining entomopathogenic fungi with selected essential oils, particularly thyme and rosemary, enhanced pest mortality and demonstrated potential as an environmentally friendly alternative within integrated pest management strategies. Nevertheless, the effectiveness of these treatments depends on application sequence and host species, underscoring the need for optimization and validation under semi-field and field conditions.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Beauveria bassiana
• Metarhizium brunneum
• essential oils
• biological control
• interaction.

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