Güneydoğu Anadolu Bölgesi’nde kök ve kök boğazı çürüklüğü belirtileri gösteren buğday örneklerinden izole edilen Fusarium türleri

Öz

Türkiye’de insan ve hayvan beslenmesinde kalori ihtiyacının çok önemli bir bölümünü karşılayan buğday ülkemizde en geniş alanda yetiştirilen tahıldır. Buğday arzını tehdit eden birçok fungal hastalık olmasına rağmen, Fusarium türleri buğdayda kalite ve kantite problemlerine neden olan önemli bir patojenik gruptur. Fusarium cinsine ait 100’den fazla tür vardır ve bu yüzden tür düzeyinde ayrımları kolay değildir. Bu çalışma Güneydoğu Anadolu Bölgesi’nde buğdayda kök ve kök boğazı çürüklüğüne neden olan Fusarium türlerinin belirlenmesini amaçlamıştır. Tür düzeyinde moleküler teşhisler için bazı tür-spesifik primerler ve bazı ribozomal RNA bölgelerinin dizilenmesi ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bunlara ek olarak bazı türlerin teşhisleri, koloni ve spor karakterleri kullanılarak, mikroskobik olarak yapılmıştır. Çalışma sonunda Diyarbakır, Şanlıurfa, Mardin ve Adıyaman illeri buğday üretim alanlarında 19 farklı türe ait 143 Fusarium türü belirlenmiştir. En yaygın tür %17.4 ile F. proliferatum olmasına rağmen, en önemli buğday kök boğazı çürüklüğü patojenlerinden olan F. pseudograminearum ve F. culmorum izole edilen Fusarium türlerinin %13’ünü oluşturmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Buğday,Kök ve Kök Boğazı Çürüklüğü,Fusarium,PCR

Fusarium species isolated from wheat samples showing root and crown rot

Abstract

Wheat is one of the most largely grown cereals in Turkey and it is very important for meet calorie requirements of humans and animals. However, due to numerous fungal diseases suffered, the wheat supply is threatened. Fusarium spp., known as the big portion of plant parasitic fungi, causes some quality and quantity problems on wheat production. This large genus has over one hundred sub-species, therefore, it is so difficult to diagnose in species level. Using certain molecular and microscopic approaches, this study aimed at determining the Fusarium spp., causing root and crown rot on wheat in Southeast Anatolia. Molecularly, using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) experiment with some species-specific primers and sequencing of some part of ribosomal RNA region after amplification by PCR were used to differentiate the species. Additionally, colony and different spore characteristics of cultures were used to diagnose some Fusarium species microscopically. At the end of the study, 143 Fusarium isolates including 19 species were obtained from wheat producing areas in Diyarbakır, Şanlıurfa, Mardin, and Adıyaman provinces. Although the most frequently isolated species was F. proliferatum at the rate of 17.4%, F. pseudograminearum and F. culmorum, which were the most important crown rot pathogens, were isolated at 13% of the total isolated Fusarium isolates.

Keywords

• wheat,root and crown rot,Fusarium,PCR

Kaynakça

1. Aktaş H., Bolat N., Keser M., İnc T., 2000. Eskişehir ili hububat ekim alanlarında hububat kök ve kökboğazı çürüklüğü hastalık etmenlerinin saptanması, buğday ve arpada Drechslera sorokiniana (Sacc.) Subram. and Jain'ya karşı genitör çeşit ve hatların belirlenmesi. Bitki Koruma Bülteni.
2. Aktaş H., Bostancıoğlu H., Tunalı B., Bayram E., 1996. Sakarya yöresinde buğday kök ve kökboğazı çürüklüğüne neden olan hastalık etmenlerinin belirlenmesi ve bu etmenlerin buğday yetiştirme teknikleri ile ilişkileri üzerinde araştırmalar. Bitki Koruma Bülteni.
3. Aktas H., Tunali B., Bostancioglu H., Bayram E., 1997. Reaction of some wheat varieties and lines against to root and foot-rot disease agents in the field and laboratory conditions. Journal of Turkish Phytopathology 26, 61-8.
4. Aoki T., O'donnell K., 1999. Morphological and molecular characterization of Fusarium pseudograminearum sp. nov., formerly recognized as the Group 1 population of F. graminearum. Mycologia, 597-609.
5. Arıcı Ş. E., Ümran A., Yatağan F. B., 2013. Isparta ve Burdur İlleri buğday ekim alanlarındaki kök ve kök boğazı fungal hastalık etmenlerinin belirlenmesi. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi 17.
6. Aydan A., Bayram M. E., Babaroğlu E. N., 2009. Sakarya ilinde bazı buğday çeşitlerinde kök ve kök boğazı hastalıklarına neden olan etmenlerin belirlenmesi. Bitki Koruma Bülteni 49.
7. Aydan A., Neslihan U., Güler P., 2010. Fusarium türlerinin izolasyonu ve patojenitelerinin belirlenmesi. Biyoloji Bilimleri Araştırma Dergisi, 1-5.
8. Bentley A., Tunali B., Nicol J., Burgess L., Summerell B., 2006. A survey of Fusarium species associated with wheat and grass stem bases in northern Turkey.

9. Cockerell V., 1997. New and priority seedborne diseases in western Europe. New and priority seedborne diseases in western Europe., 1-10.
10. D’mello J., Placinta C., Macdonald A., 1999. Fusarium mycotoxins: a review of global implications for animal health, welfare and productivity. Animal feed science and technology 80, 183-205.
11. Demirci E., Dane E., 2003. Identification and pathogenicity ofFusarium spp. from stem bases of winter wheat in Erzurum, Turkey. Phytoparasitica 31, 170-3.
12. Edel V., Steinberg C., Gautheron N., Alabouvette C., 2000. Ribosomal DNA-targeted oligonucleotide probe and PCR assay specific for Fusarium oxysporum. Mycological Research 104, 518-26.
13. Goswami R. S., Kistler H. C., 2004. Heading for disaster: Fusarium graminearum on cereal crops. Molecular plant pathology 5, 515-25.
14. Harrow S. A., Farrokhi-Nejad R., Pitman A. R., et al., 2010. Characterisation of New Zealand Fusarium populations using a polyphasic approach differentiates the F. avenaceum/F. acuminatum/F. tricinctum species complex in cereal and grassland systems. Fungal biology 114, 293-311.
15. Heun M., Schäfer-Pregl R., Klawan D., et al., 1997. Site of einkorn wheat domestication identified by DNA fingerprinting. Science 278, 1312-4.
16. Hong S.-Y., Kang M.-R., Cho E.-J., Kim H.-K., Yun S.-H., 2010. Specific PCR detection of four quarantine Fusarium species in Korea. The Plant Pathology Journal 26, 409-16.
17. Jurado M., Vázquez C., Marín S., Sanchis V., González-Jaén M. T., 2006. PCR-based strategy to detect contamination with mycotoxigenic Fusarium species in maize. Systematic and applied microbiology 29, 681-9.
18. Kınacı E., 1984. Monitoring wheat root and foot rots in Central Anatolian Region of Turkey. The Journal of Turkish Phytopathology 13, 71-4.
19. Klein T., Burgess L., Ellison F., 1991. The incidence and spatial patterns of wheat plants infected by Fusarium graminearum Group 1 and the effect of crown rot on yield. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 42, 399-407.
20. Kulik T., 2008. Detection ofFusarium tricinctum from cereal grain using PCR assay. Journal of Applied Genetics 49, 305-11.
21. Leslie J., Summerell B., 2006. Fusarium laboratory workshops—A recent history. Mycotoxin Research 22, 73-4.
22. Mcmullen M., Jones R., Gallenberg D., 1997. Scab of wheat and barley: a re-emerging disease of devastating impact. Plant disease 81, 1340-8.
23. Mishra P., Mukhopadhyay A., Singh U., 2004. Suppression of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. gladioli populations in soil by application of Trichoderma virens and in vitro approaches for understanding biological control mechanisms. Indian Phytopathology 57, 44-7.
24. Mitter V., Zhang M., Liu C., Ghosh R., Ghosh M., Chakraborty S., 2006. A high‐throughput glasshouse bioassay to detect crown rot resistance in wheat germplasm. Plant Pathology 55, 433-41.
25. Motteram J., Küfner I., Deller S., et al., 2009. Molecular characterization and functional analysis of MgNLP, the sole NPP1 domain–containing protein, from the fungal wheat leaf pathogen Mycosphaerella graminicola. Molecular plant-microbe interactions 22, 790-9.
26. Mulè G., Susca A., Stea G., Moretti A., 2004. Specific detection of the toxigenic species Fusarium proliferatum and F. oxysporum from asparagus plants using primers based on calmodulin gene sequences. FEMS Microbiology Letters 230, 235-40.
27. Nash S. M., Snyder W. C., 1962. Quantitative estimations by plate counts of propagules of the bean root rot Fusarium in field soils. Phytopathology 52.
28. Nicholson P., Simpson D., Weston G., et al., 1998. Detection and quantification ofFusarium culmorumandFusarium graminearumin cereals using PCR assays. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology 53, 17-37.
29. Nirenberg H. I., 1981. A simplified method for identifying Fusarium spp. occurring on wheat. Canadian Journal of Botany 59, 1599-609.
30. Özer N., Soran H., 1991. Fusarium genus and Fusarium species isolated from the cultivated plants in Turkey. Journal of Turkish Phytopathology 20, 69-80.
31. Özkan H., Brandolini A., Schäfer-Pregl R., Salamini F., 2002. AFLP analysis of a collection of tetraploid wheats indicates the origin of emmer and hard wheat domestication in southeast Turkey. Molecular Biology and Evolution 19, 1797-801.
32. Parry D. W., Rezanoor H. N., Pettitt T. R., Hare M. C., Nicholson P., 1995. Analysis of Microdochium nivale isolates from wheat in the UK during 1993. Annals of Applied Biology 126, 449-55.
33. Peraica M., Radic B., Lucic A., Pavlovic M., 1999. Toxic effects of mycotoxins in humans.
34. Poole G. J., Smiley R. W., Walker C., et al., 2013. Effect of climate on the distribution of Fusarium spp. causing crown rot of wheat in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. Phytopathology 103, 1130-40.
35. Smiley R. W., Patterson L.-M., 1996. Pathogenic fungi associated with Fusarium foot rot of winter wheat in the semiarid Pacific Northwest. Plant disease 80, 944-9.
36. Soran H., Damgaci E., 1980. Ankara ili bugday ekim alanlarinda kok ve kokbogazi hastaligina neden olan fungal etmenlerin saptanmasi uzerinde arastirmalar. TUBİTAK VII. Bilim Kongresi. TOAG Grubu. Bildiri kitabi, 119-28.
37. Tunali B., Nicol J., Erol F. Y., Altiparmak G., 2006a. Pathogenicity of Turkish crown and head scab isolates on stem bases on winter wheat under greenhouse conditions. Plant Pathology Journal 5, 143-9.
38. Tunali B., Nicol J. M., Hodson D., et al., 2008. Root and crown rot fungi associated with spring, facultative, and winter wheat in Turkey. Plant disease 92, 1299-306.
39. Tunali B., Ozseven I., Buyuk O., Erdurmus D., Demirci A., 2006b. Fusarium head blight and deoxynivalenol accumulation of wheat in Marmara region and reactions of wheat cultivars and lines to F. graminearum and F. culmorum. Plant Pathology Journal.
40. Uçkun Z., Yıldız M., 2004. İzmir, Aydın ve Denizli illeri buğday alanlarındaki kök ve kökboğazı hastalıklarının yoğunluğunun ve etmenlerinin belirlenmesi. Bitki Koruma Bülteni.
41. White T. J., Bruns T., Lee S., Taylor J., 1990. Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. PCR protocols: a guide to methods and applications 18, 315-22.
42. Williams K., Dennis J., Smyl C., Wallwork H., 2002. The application of species-specific assays based on the polymerase chain reaction to analyse Fusarium crown rot of durum wheat. Australasian Plant Pathology 31, 119-27.
43. Yılmazdemir F., 1976. Edirne, Tekirdağ ve Kırklareli Illerinde Buğday Kök Hastalıklarının Fungal Etmenleri ve Bu Hastalıkların Dağılışına Toprak pH ve Neminin Etkisi Üzerinde Araştırmalar. Uzmanlık Tezi, Ege Üni. Zir. Fak.
44. Zadoks J. C., Chang T. T., Konzak C. F., 1974. A decimal code for the growth stages of cereals. Weed research 14, 415-21.