Concept of Electoral Violence and Electoral Violence Identity of Turkey

Öz

The basic pupose of this study is to draw a general framework about concept of electoral violence with its basic elements and to reveal the specifications of Turkey depending on the elements within this framework. Concept of electoral violence emerges as a strategic choice to affect the results of elections. Electoral violence can be defined as a sub-branch of political violence and electoral manipulation. But it differs from these concepts in terms of purpose, time and verb forms. Turkish political life has also important examples of electoral violence from transition period to democratic politics to present. Turkey has a unique character in terms of the counter-terrorism, regional differences and the positioning of bureaucratic mechanisms within the system. This unique feature puts Turkey in an extremely favorable position in terms of academic studies on electoral violence.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Democracy
• Elections
• Electoral Violence
• Turkey.

Seçim Şiddeti Kavramı ve Türkiye'nin Seçim Şiddeti Kimliği

Öz

Bu çalışma seçim şiddeti kavramına ilişkin temel unsurlarıyla genel bir çerçeve çizmeyi ve bu çerçeve içerisindeki unsurlara bağlı olarak Türkiye'nin tanımlayıcı özelliklerini ortaya koymayı amaçlamaktadır. Seçim şiddeti kavramı, seçim dönemlerinde sonuçları etkilemeye yönelik stratejik bir tercih olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Siyasal şiddetin ve seçim manipülasyonun bir alt dalı olan seçim şiddeti; amaç, zaman ve eylem biçimi bakımından bu kavramlardan ayrışmaktadır. Türk siyasal yaşamı da demokratik siyasete geçiş sürecinden günümüze önemli seçim şiddeti örneklerine sahne olmuştur. Türkiye terörle mücadele, bölgesel farklılıklar ve bürokratik mekanizmaların sistem içerisindeki konumlanışı bakımından özgün bir niteliğe sahiptir. Bu özgün nitelik Türkiye'yi seçim şiddeti konusundaki akademik çalışmalar açısından son derece elverişli bir konuma taşımaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Demokrasi
• Seçim
• Seçim Şİddeti
• Türkiye

Kaynakça

1. Arap, İ., & Erat, V. (2015). Bir kamu politikasının analizi: Türkiye'de geçici köy koruculuğu. Mülkiye Dergisi, 39 (4), 73-108.
2. Bardall, G. (2011). Breaking the mold: Understanding gender and electoral violence. Georgetown Institute for Women, Peace and Security: https://www.ifes.org/sites/default/files/gender_and_electoral_violence_2011.pdf
3. Berenschot, W. (2020). Patterned pogroms: Patronage networks as infrastructure for electoral violence in India and Indonesia. Journal of Peace Research, 57(1), 171-184.
4. Birch, S., & Muchlinski, D. (2020). The Dataset of countries at risk of electoral violence. Terrorism and Political Violence, 32(2), 217-236.
5. Birch, S., Daxecker, U., & Höglund, K. (2020). Electoral violence: An introduction. Journal of Peace Research, 57(1), 3-14.
6. Boone, C. (2011). Politically allocated land rights and the geography of electoral violence: The Case of Kenya in the 1990s. Comparative Political Studies, 44(10), 1311-1342.
7. Borzyskowski, I. V., & Kuhn, P. (2020). Dangerously informed: Voter information and pre-electoral violence in Africa. Journal of Peace Research, 57(1), 15-29.
8. Brosché, J., Fjelde, H., & Höglund, K. (2020). Electoral violence and the legacy of authoritarian rule in Kenya and Zambia. Journal of Peace Research, 57(1), 111-125.

9. Daxecker, U. (2014). All quiet on election day? International election observation and incentives for pre-election violence in African election. Electoral Studies, 34, 232-243.
10. Daxecker, U. (2020). Unequal votes, unequal violence: Malapportionment and election violence in India. Journal of Peace Research, 57(1), 156-170.
11. Fischer, J. (2002). Electoral conflıct and vıolence. International foundation for electoral systems: https://www.ifes.org/sites/default/files/econflictpaper.pdf
12. Fjelde, H. (2020). Political party strength and electoral violence. Journal of Peace Research, 57(1), 140-155.
13. Fjelde, H., & Höglund, K. (2016). Electoral violence: The Emergence of a research field. APSA Comparative Democratization Newsletter, 14(2), 8-11.
14. Fjelde, H., & Höglund, K. (2016). Electoral Institutions and electoral violence in Sub-Saharan Africa. British Journal of Political Science, 46(2), 297-320.
15. Gonzalez-Ocantos, E., Jonge, C., Meléndez, C., Nickerson, D., & Osorio, J. (2020). Carrots and sticks: Experimental evidence of vote-buying and voter intimidation in Guatemala. Journal of Peace Research, 57(1), 46-61.
16. Gutiérrez-Romero, R. (2014). An Inquiry into the Use of illegal electoral practices and effects of political violence and vote-buying. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 58(8), 1500-1527.
17. Hafner-Burton, E., Hyde, S., & Jablonski, R. (2014). When do governments resort to election violence? British Journal of Political Science, 44(1), 149-179.
18. Harish, S., & Toha, R. (2019). A New typology of electoral violence: Insights from Indonesia. Terrorism and Political Violence, 31(4), 687-711.
19. Höglund, K. (2009). Electoral violence in conflict-ridden societies: Concepts, causes, and consequences. Terrorism and Political Violence, 21(3), 412-427.
20. Hyde, S., & Marinov, N. (2019). Codebook for National Elections Across Democracy and Autocracy Dataset. National Elections Across Democracy and Autocracy: https://www.dropbox.com/s/amvyfi6cnpy19ew/NELDA_Codebook_V5.pdf?dl=0
21. Klaus, K., & Mitchell, M. (2015). Land grievances and the mobilization of electoral violence: Evidence from Côte d'Ivoire and Kenya. Journal of Peace Research, 52(5), s. 622-635.
22. Küçükşahin, A., & Akkan, T. (2007). Değişen güvenlik algılamaları ışığında tehdit ve asimetrik tehdit. Güvenlik Stratejileri Dergisi, 3(5), 41-66.
23. Lehoucq, F. (2003). Electoral Fraud: Causes, Types, and consequences. Annual Review of Political Science, 6, 233-256.
24. Matanock, A. (2018). How and Why Armed Groups Participate in Elections. Perspectives on Politics, 16(3), 710-727.
25. Nellis, G., & Siddiqui, N. (2018). Secular party rule and religious violence in Pakistan. American Political Science Review, 112(1), 49-67.
26. Özkaya, Y. (2021). Tarihsel süreç içinde valilerin değişen yetkileri ve cumhurbaşkanlığı sistemindeki yeri. Bitlis Eren Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 10(1), 72-84.
27. Saideman, S., Lanoue, D., Campenni, M., & Stanton, S. (2002). Democratization, political ınstitutions, and ethnic conflict: A Pooled time-series analysis, 1985-1998. Comparative Political Studies, 35(1), 103-129.
28. Schrodt, P. A. (2012). Conflict and mediation event observations event and actor codebook. Pennsylvania State University.
29. Seeberg, M. B., Wahman, M., & Skaaning, S.-E. (2018). Candidate nomination, intra-party democracy, and election violence in Africa. Democratization, 25(6), 959-977.
30. Smidt, H. (2016). From a perpetrator’s perspective: International election observers and post-electoral violence. Journal of Peace Research, 53(2), 226-241.
31. Staniland, P. (2015). Armed groups and militarized elections. International Studies Quarterly, 59(4), 694-705.
32. The EC-UNDP Partnership on electoral assistance. (2010, Mart 22-26). Introduction to current trends in election-related violence. European Commission United Nations Development Programme International IDEA: https://www.ec-undp-electoralassistance.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/ec-undp-jtf-04-our-trainings-2010-barcelona-day-1-3.pdf
33. Toros, E., & Birch, S. (2019). Who are the targets of familial electoral coercion? Evidence from Turkey. Democratization, 26(8), 1342-1361.
34. Toros, E., & Birch, S. (2021). How citizens attribute blame for electoral violence: regional differences and party identification in Turkey. Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, 21(2), 251-271.
35. Wahman, M., & Goldring, E. (2020). Pre-election violence and territorial control: Political dominance and subnational election violence in polarized Africanelectoral systems. Journal of Peace Research, 57(1), 93-110.
36. Wilkinson, S. (2004). Votes and violence: Electoral competition and ethnic riots in India. Cambridge University Press.