TİMPANİNİN TARİHSEL GELİŞİMİ

Öz

Geçmişten günümüze sürekli bir değişim ve gelişim içinde olan timpaniler, üzerine deri gerilmiş kazan şeklindeki davullardır. 15. yüzyılda Ortadoğu ve Macaristan üzerinden Avrupa’ya gelmiş eski örnekleri, genel olarak küçük ölçülere sahip ve çiftler halinde at sırtına monte edilen davullar olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Bu çalgıların kazanlarının yapımında ahşap ve bakır gibi malzemeler kullanılmış ve üzerlerine hayvan derisi gerilmiştir. Barok dönemden itibaren orkestra ve operalarda yer bulmaya başlamış ve sabit stantlara oturtulmuşlardır. 18. yüzyıldan itibaren dönemin müziğindeki gereksinimler timpanide daha hızlı perde değişimi ihtiyacı doğurmuş ve bu amaçla farklı mekanizmalar üretilmiştir. 19. yüzyılda ise timpaniler çiftli setler yerine dörtlü veya beşli setler olarak kullanılmıştır. Timpaninin günümüze kadar geçen süreç içerisinde davul sayısı arttırılmış, bakırdan kazanlar ve pedal ile akort mekanizması kullanılarak timpaniden iyi bir performans almak hedeflenmiş ve bu mekanizmaların perde ayarlamak için oldukça verimli bir yol olduğu düşünülmüştür. 21. yüzyılda ise günümüzdeki hallerini almışlardır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Timpani
• Kazan
• Perde Aralıkları
• Akort
• Mekanizma

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE TIMPANI

Öz

The timpani, which has been in a constant change and development, are cauldron-shaped drums with leather stretched on them. The old examples, which came to Europe through the Middle East and Hungary in the 15th century, are generally small in size and placed on horseback in pairs. Materials such as wood and copper were used in the making of the cauldrons of these instruments, and animal skin was stretched on them. Since the Baroque period, they began to take place in orchestras and operas, and were placed on fixed stands. Since the 18th century, the requirements in the music of the period have led to the need for faster pitch changes in the timpani, and different mechanisms have been produced for this purpose. In the 19th century, timpanis were used as sets of four or five rather than sets of two. The number of drums in the timpani has been increased in the process until today, it is aimed to get a good performance from the timpani by using copper bowls, pedals and tuning mechanism, and it is thought that these mechanisms are a very efficient way to adjust the pitch.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Timpani
• Bowl
• Pitch
• Tuning
• Mechanism

Kaynakça

1. BİLGİÇ, Gökay, “Çağdaş Dönemde Vurmalı Çalgıların Yeri”, (Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Trakya Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, 2016).
2. BOWLES, Edmund Addison, “The Timpani and Their Performance (Fifteenth to Twentieth Centuries): an Overview”, Performance Practice Reviews, Cilt 10, Sayı 2, 1997.
3. HEISE, Birgit, “Wooden Timpani”, The Galpin Society Journal, Cilt 54, 2001.
4. PETERS, Mitchell, Fundamental Method for Timpani, 1.Baskı, Alfred Publishing, 1993.
5. VORISIS, Konstantinos, Method For Timpani Vol.1, 1. Baskı, Atina, 2011.
6. DOBNEY, Jayson, “Historic Timpani at the National Music Museum”, Percussive Notes – The Journal of the Percussive Arts Society, Vol. 45, No. 2, 2007, s. 12-17.
7. Vienna Symphonic Library Info, https://www.vsl.info/en/academy/percussion/timpani, (9.12.2022).
8. Metropolitan Museum of Art https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/, (9.12.2022). https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/500956, (9.12.2022). https://images.metmuseum.org/CRDImages/mi/original/midp89.4.329%20(2).jpg, (9.12.2022).

9. British Museum, Rembrant, c.1638, https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/P_Oo-10-122, (10.12.2022).
10. National Music Museum of South Dakota, NMM 3594, NMM 10456, http://collections.nmmusd.org/Percussion/Timpani/3594/3594AAustriantimpaniinsidewithfunneldetail.jpg, (12.12.2022). http://collections.nmmusd.org/Percussion/Timpani/3594/3594AAustriantimpanilugplateviewAdetail.jpg, (12.12.2022). http://collections.nmmusd.org/Percussion/Timpani/3594/Timpani3594portrait.jpg, (12.12.2022). http://collections.nmmusd.org/Percussion/Timpani/10456/10456Lafleurtimpaniinterior.jpg, (10.12.2022). http://collections.nmmusd.org/Percussion/Timpani/10456/LafleurTimpani.html, (18.12.2022).
11. Adams Music, https://www.adams-music.com/images/webitems/4/F/7/4F78E2DEDA0C48D2B94 D08F9DF8009151920.jpg, (22.12.2022). https://www.adams-music.com/images/webitems/6/A/1/6A1B4971444849E38857 DE1799AF12A71920.jpg, (22.12.2022). https://www.adams-music.com/en/adams/percussion/timpani/professional https://www.adams-music.com/images/webitems/0/5/A/05AF4F01BFDF46B3950 DE32D4844556C1024.jpg, (22.12.2022). https://www.adams-music.com/en/adams/percussion/timpani/symphonic https://www.adams-music.com/images/webitems/1/2/A/12A11D8E30C1402FB12F E17E99CD39821920.jpg, (22.12.2022). https://www.adams-music.com/images/webitems/5/E/1/5E15DFAA30CB4B00820 BEE5EC589B1201920.jpg, (22.12.2022). https://www.adams-music.com/images/webitems/0/A/1/0A1D8BFBCA094025AE 46B28F4DEEF81B1920.jpg, (22.12.2022).