Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, sosyo-demografik özelliklerin koronavirüs (COVID-19) korkusu ve kadercilik algısına etkisi ve COVID-19 korkusu ile kadercilik algısı arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesidir.
Gereç ve Yöntem: Araştırma tanımlayıcı, ilişkisel tipte planlanmıştır. Araştırmanın örneklemi, 384 (256 kadın, 128 erkek) yetişkin bireyden oluşmuştur. Veriler; Tanıtıcı Bilgi Formu, COVID-19 Korkusu Ölçeği ve Din Sağlığı Kadercilik Ölçeği kullanarak elde edilmiştir.
Bulgular: Kadınların erkeklere göre COVID-19 korku düzeyinin daha yüksek olduğu saptanmıştır. Lisansüstü eğitimli bireylerin lisans eğitimlilere göre, evlilerin bekarlara göre COVID-19 korku düzeyinin daha yüksek olduğu bulunmuştur.18-25 yaş aralığındaki bireylerin COVID-19 korku düzeyi, diğer yaş aralığındakilerden daha düşük saptanmıştır. Eğitim düzeyi düşük olanların ve evlilerin kadercilik algı düzeyleri daha yüksektir. COVID-19 korku düzeyi ile kadercilik algısı arasında çok zayıf düzeyde, pozitif yönde istatistiksel olarak anlamlı doğrusal bir ilişki bulunmuştur (r=0.15, p=0.003).
Sonuç: COVID-19 korkusu ve kadercilik algısı bireylerin sosyo-demografik özelliklerinden etkilenmektedir.
Albayrak, A.., Akdümbek Atan, B. (2019). Hükümlülerde kader ve kadercilik. Kader, 17(1), 124–152. https://doi.org/10.18317/kaderdergi.544062
Altıntaş, H. K., Aslan, G. K. (2019). The effect of breast cancer fatalism perception on breast cancer health beliefs of the midwives and nurses. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Fakültesi Dergisi, 6(1), 10–19. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.31125/hunhemsire.544103
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic And Statistical Manual Of Mental Disorders Fifth Edition (DSM-V). American Psychiatric Publishing.
Aydın, C. (2019). Kader inancının savunma mekanizması ve dini başa çıkma kavramları açısından değerlendirilmesi. Hitit Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 1(35), 101–122. https://doi.org/10.14395/hititilahiyat.469645
Aydoğdu, N. G., Çapık, C., Ersin, F., Kissal, A., Bahar, Z. (2017). The reliability and validity of prostate cancer fatalism inventory in turkish language. Journal of Religion and Health, 56(5), 1670–1682. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-016-0302-z
Bakioğlu, F., Korkmaz, O., Ercan, H. (2020). Fear of COVID-19 and positivity: mediating role of ıntolerance of uncertainty, depression, anxiety, and stress. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00331-y
Beck, U. (1992). Risk society towards a new modernity. Sage Publications.
Bobov, G., Capik, C. (2020). The reliability and validity of the religious health fatalism scale in turkish language. Journal of Religion and Health, 59(2), 1080–1095. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-018-0731-y
Briscese, G., Lacetare, N., Macis, M., Tonin, M. (2020). Expectations, reference points, and compliance with COVID-19 social distancing measures. National Bureau of Economic Research, 9, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.3386/w26916
Doshi, D., Karunakar, P., Sukhabogi Rao, J., Prasanna, J. S., Mahajan, S. V. (2020). Could there be a link between oral hygiene and the severity of SARS-CoV-2 infections? British Dental Journal, 228(12), 971–975. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41415-020-1747-8
Duman, N. (2020). Üniversite öğrencilerinde COVID-19 korkusu ve belirsizliğe tahammülsüzlük. The Journal of Social Science, 8, 0–2. https://doi.org/10.30520/tjsosci.748404
Franklin, M. D., Schlundt, D. G., Wallston, K. A. (2008). Development and validation of a religious health fatalism measure for the African-American faith community. Journal of Health Psychology, 13(3), 323–335. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105307088137
Gashi, F. (2020). Kosova toplumunda Covid-19 korkusu, anksiyete ve bireysel dindarlık üzerine bir araştırma. Trabzon İlahiyat Dergisi, 2, 227–262. https://doi.org/10.33718/tid.800472
Gencer, N. (2020). Pandemi sürecinde bireylerin koronavirüs (Kovid-19) korkusu: Çorum Örneği. Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Akademi Dergisi, 4(4). https://doi.org/10.47994/usbad.791577
Guan, W., Ni, Z., Hu, Y., Liang, W., Ou, C., He, J., … Zhong, N. (2020). Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China. New England Journal of Medicine, 382(18), 1708–1720. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2002032
Haktanir, A., Seki, T., Dilmaç, B. (2020). Adaptation and evaluation of Turkish version of the fear of COVID-19 scale. Death Studies, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2020.1773026
Huang, C., Wang, Y., Li, X., Ren, L., Zhao, J., Hu, Y., … Cao, B. (2020). Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. The Lancet, 395(10223), 497–506. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5
Jimenez, T., Restar, A., Helm, P. J., Cross, R. I., Barath, D., Arndt, J. (2020). Fatalism in the context of COVID-19: Perceiving coronavirus as a death sentence predicts reluctance to perform recommended preventive behaviors. SSM - Population Health, 11. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SSMPH.2020.100615
Karataş, Z. (2020). COVID-19 Pandemisinin toplumsal etkileri , değişim ve güçlenme. Türkiye Sosyal Hizmet Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4(1), 3–17.
Kasapoğlu, A. (2008). Kur’an açısından fatalizm. Hikmet Yurdu, 1(1), 87–107.
Kasapoğlu, F. (2020). Examining the relationship between fear of COVID-19 and spiritual well-being. Spiritual Psychology and Counseling, 5(3), 341–354. https://doi.org/10.37898/spc.2020.5.3.121
Kwasi Ahorsu, D., Lin, C.-Y., Imani, V., Saffari, M., Griffiths, M. D., Pakpour, A. H. (2020). The fear of COVID-19 scale: Development and initial validation. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00270-8
Li, S., Wang, Y., Xue, J., Zhao, N., Zhu, T. (2020). The ımpact of COVID-19 epidemic declaration on psychological consequences: a study on active weibo users. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17(2032). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17062032
Mayo, R. M., Ureda, J. R., Parker, V. G. (2001). Importance of fatalism in understanding mammography screening in rural elderly women. Journal of Women and Aging, 13(1), 57–72. https://doi.org/10.1300/J074v13n01_05
Myers, R. E., Wolf, T. A., McKee, L., McGrory, G., Burgh, D. Y., Nelson, G., Nelson, G. A. (2000). Factors associated with intention to undergo annual prostate cancer screening among African American men in Philadelphia. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers ve Prevention, 9(12), 1323–1328. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(19960801)78:3<471::AID-CNCR14>3.0.CO;2-W
Orhan, K. (2017). Kadercilik eğilimi ölçeği’nin geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Uluslararası Medeniyet Çalışmaları Dergisi, 2(2), 83–102.
Pappas, G., Kiriaze, I. J., Giannakis, P., Falagas, M. E. (2009). Psychosocial consequences of infectious diseases. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 15(8), 743–747. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2009.02947.x
Powe, B. D., Finnie, R. (2004). Cancer fatalism: the state of the science. Cancer Nursing, 26(6), 454–467. https://doi.org/10.1097/00002820-200312000-00005
Ramirez, A. S. (2014). Fatalism and cancer risk knowledge among a sample of highly acculturated latinas. Journal of Cancer Education, 29(1), 50–55. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13187-013-0541-6
Sharf, B. F., Stelljes, L. A., Gordon, H. S. (2005). “A little bitty spot and i’m a big man”: Patients’ perspectives on refusing diagnosis or treatment for lung cancer. Psycho-Oncology, 14(8), 636–646. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.885
Şirin, H., Ketrez, G., Ahmadì, A. A., Arslan, A., Altunel, E., Güneş, I. S., … Hasde, M. (2020). Community approach towards COVID-19 in Turkey: one month after the first confirmed case. Turk Hijyen ve Deneysel Biyoloji Dergisi, 77(4), 381–398. https://doi.org/10.5505/TurkHijyen.2020.87059
Sobol-Kwapinska, M. (2013). Hedonism, fatalism and “carpe diem”: Profiles of attitudes towards the present time. Time ve Society, 22(3), 371–390. https://doi.org/10.1177/0961463X13487043
Sümbüloğlu, K., ve Sümbüloğlu, V. (2007). Biyoistatistik. Hatioğlu Yayınları.
T.C Sağlık Bakanlığı. (2020). COVİD-19 (SARS-CoV-2 ENFEKSİYONU) Genel bi̇lgi̇ler, epi̇demi̇yoloji̇ ve tanı. In Halk Sağlığı Genel Müdürlüğü (Vol. 19).
T.C Sağlık Bakanlığı. (2020b, September 7). Genel Koronavirüs Tablosu. Erişim Tarihi 07.09.2020 https://covid19.saglik.gov.tr/TR-66122/genel-koronavirus-tablosu.html
Unger, J. B., Ritt-Olson, A., Teran, L., Huang, T., Hoffman, B. R., Palmer, P. (2002). Cultural values and substance use in a multiethnic sample of California adolescents. Addiction Research and Theory, 10(3), 257–279. https://doi.org/10.1080/16066350211869
World Health Organization. (2020a, March 18). WHO Director-General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19 - 18 March 2020. Erişim Tarihi 07.09.2020 https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---18-march-2020
World Health Organization. (2020b, April 17). Q&A on coronaviruses (COVID-19). Erişim Tarihi 07.09.2020 https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/question-and-answers-hub/q-a-detail/q-a-coronaviruses
World Health Organization. (2020c, September 7). WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard | WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard. Erişim Tarihi 07.09.2020 https://covid19.who.int/
Is Fear of COVİD-19 Associated with Perception of Fatalism?
Aim: It was aimed to examine the fear of coronavirus (COVID-19) in terms of fatalism perception. In addition, coronavirus fear level and fatalism perception level were examined with sociodemographic data.
Material and Methods: The research was descriptive, relational type. The study group of the research consisted of 384 adults (256 females, 128 males) were selected by the convenient sampling method. Data was obtained from using Demographic Information Form, COVID-19 Fear Scale, and Religious Health Fatalism Scale.
Results: It was found that women had higher level of COVID-19 fear than men. It was determined that individuals with postgraduate education had higher level of fear of COVID-19 than with undergraduate education, and married people compared to singles. The level of COVID-19 fear individuals between the ages of 18-25 was found to be lower than those in other age ranges. Fatalism perception levels of those with low education level and those who was married are higher. A very weak, positive and statistically significant linear relationship was found between the COVID-19 fear level and the perception of fatalism (r=0.15, p=0.003).
Conclusion: The fear of COVID-19 and the perception of fatalism were influenced by the socio-demographic characteristics of individuals.
Albayrak, A.., Akdümbek Atan, B. (2019). Hükümlülerde kader ve kadercilik. Kader, 17(1), 124–152. https://doi.org/10.18317/kaderdergi.544062
Altıntaş, H. K., Aslan, G. K. (2019). The effect of breast cancer fatalism perception on breast cancer health beliefs of the midwives and nurses. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Fakültesi Dergisi, 6(1), 10–19. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.31125/hunhemsire.544103
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic And Statistical Manual Of Mental Disorders Fifth Edition (DSM-V). American Psychiatric Publishing.
Aydın, C. (2019). Kader inancının savunma mekanizması ve dini başa çıkma kavramları açısından değerlendirilmesi. Hitit Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 1(35), 101–122. https://doi.org/10.14395/hititilahiyat.469645
Aydoğdu, N. G., Çapık, C., Ersin, F., Kissal, A., Bahar, Z. (2017). The reliability and validity of prostate cancer fatalism inventory in turkish language. Journal of Religion and Health, 56(5), 1670–1682. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-016-0302-z
Bakioğlu, F., Korkmaz, O., Ercan, H. (2020). Fear of COVID-19 and positivity: mediating role of ıntolerance of uncertainty, depression, anxiety, and stress. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00331-y
Beck, U. (1992). Risk society towards a new modernity. Sage Publications.
Bobov, G., Capik, C. (2020). The reliability and validity of the religious health fatalism scale in turkish language. Journal of Religion and Health, 59(2), 1080–1095. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-018-0731-y
Briscese, G., Lacetare, N., Macis, M., Tonin, M. (2020). Expectations, reference points, and compliance with COVID-19 social distancing measures. National Bureau of Economic Research, 9, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.3386/w26916
Doshi, D., Karunakar, P., Sukhabogi Rao, J., Prasanna, J. S., Mahajan, S. V. (2020). Could there be a link between oral hygiene and the severity of SARS-CoV-2 infections? British Dental Journal, 228(12), 971–975. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41415-020-1747-8
Duman, N. (2020). Üniversite öğrencilerinde COVID-19 korkusu ve belirsizliğe tahammülsüzlük. The Journal of Social Science, 8, 0–2. https://doi.org/10.30520/tjsosci.748404
Franklin, M. D., Schlundt, D. G., Wallston, K. A. (2008). Development and validation of a religious health fatalism measure for the African-American faith community. Journal of Health Psychology, 13(3), 323–335. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105307088137
Gashi, F. (2020). Kosova toplumunda Covid-19 korkusu, anksiyete ve bireysel dindarlık üzerine bir araştırma. Trabzon İlahiyat Dergisi, 2, 227–262. https://doi.org/10.33718/tid.800472
Gencer, N. (2020). Pandemi sürecinde bireylerin koronavirüs (Kovid-19) korkusu: Çorum Örneği. Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Akademi Dergisi, 4(4). https://doi.org/10.47994/usbad.791577
Guan, W., Ni, Z., Hu, Y., Liang, W., Ou, C., He, J., … Zhong, N. (2020). Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China. New England Journal of Medicine, 382(18), 1708–1720. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2002032
Haktanir, A., Seki, T., Dilmaç, B. (2020). Adaptation and evaluation of Turkish version of the fear of COVID-19 scale. Death Studies, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2020.1773026
Huang, C., Wang, Y., Li, X., Ren, L., Zhao, J., Hu, Y., … Cao, B. (2020). Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. The Lancet, 395(10223), 497–506. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5
Jimenez, T., Restar, A., Helm, P. J., Cross, R. I., Barath, D., Arndt, J. (2020). Fatalism in the context of COVID-19: Perceiving coronavirus as a death sentence predicts reluctance to perform recommended preventive behaviors. SSM - Population Health, 11. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SSMPH.2020.100615
Karataş, Z. (2020). COVID-19 Pandemisinin toplumsal etkileri , değişim ve güçlenme. Türkiye Sosyal Hizmet Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4(1), 3–17.
Kasapoğlu, A. (2008). Kur’an açısından fatalizm. Hikmet Yurdu, 1(1), 87–107.
Kasapoğlu, F. (2020). Examining the relationship between fear of COVID-19 and spiritual well-being. Spiritual Psychology and Counseling, 5(3), 341–354. https://doi.org/10.37898/spc.2020.5.3.121
Kwasi Ahorsu, D., Lin, C.-Y., Imani, V., Saffari, M., Griffiths, M. D., Pakpour, A. H. (2020). The fear of COVID-19 scale: Development and initial validation. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00270-8
Li, S., Wang, Y., Xue, J., Zhao, N., Zhu, T. (2020). The ımpact of COVID-19 epidemic declaration on psychological consequences: a study on active weibo users. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17(2032). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17062032
Mayo, R. M., Ureda, J. R., Parker, V. G. (2001). Importance of fatalism in understanding mammography screening in rural elderly women. Journal of Women and Aging, 13(1), 57–72. https://doi.org/10.1300/J074v13n01_05
Myers, R. E., Wolf, T. A., McKee, L., McGrory, G., Burgh, D. Y., Nelson, G., Nelson, G. A. (2000). Factors associated with intention to undergo annual prostate cancer screening among African American men in Philadelphia. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers ve Prevention, 9(12), 1323–1328. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(19960801)78:3<471::AID-CNCR14>3.0.CO;2-W
Orhan, K. (2017). Kadercilik eğilimi ölçeği’nin geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Uluslararası Medeniyet Çalışmaları Dergisi, 2(2), 83–102.
Pappas, G., Kiriaze, I. J., Giannakis, P., Falagas, M. E. (2009). Psychosocial consequences of infectious diseases. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 15(8), 743–747. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2009.02947.x
Powe, B. D., Finnie, R. (2004). Cancer fatalism: the state of the science. Cancer Nursing, 26(6), 454–467. https://doi.org/10.1097/00002820-200312000-00005
Ramirez, A. S. (2014). Fatalism and cancer risk knowledge among a sample of highly acculturated latinas. Journal of Cancer Education, 29(1), 50–55. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13187-013-0541-6
Sharf, B. F., Stelljes, L. A., Gordon, H. S. (2005). “A little bitty spot and i’m a big man”: Patients’ perspectives on refusing diagnosis or treatment for lung cancer. Psycho-Oncology, 14(8), 636–646. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.885
Şirin, H., Ketrez, G., Ahmadì, A. A., Arslan, A., Altunel, E., Güneş, I. S., … Hasde, M. (2020). Community approach towards COVID-19 in Turkey: one month after the first confirmed case. Turk Hijyen ve Deneysel Biyoloji Dergisi, 77(4), 381–398. https://doi.org/10.5505/TurkHijyen.2020.87059
Sobol-Kwapinska, M. (2013). Hedonism, fatalism and “carpe diem”: Profiles of attitudes towards the present time. Time ve Society, 22(3), 371–390. https://doi.org/10.1177/0961463X13487043
Sümbüloğlu, K., ve Sümbüloğlu, V. (2007). Biyoistatistik. Hatioğlu Yayınları.
T.C Sağlık Bakanlığı. (2020). COVİD-19 (SARS-CoV-2 ENFEKSİYONU) Genel bi̇lgi̇ler, epi̇demi̇yoloji̇ ve tanı. In Halk Sağlığı Genel Müdürlüğü (Vol. 19).
T.C Sağlık Bakanlığı. (2020b, September 7). Genel Koronavirüs Tablosu. Erişim Tarihi 07.09.2020 https://covid19.saglik.gov.tr/TR-66122/genel-koronavirus-tablosu.html
Unger, J. B., Ritt-Olson, A., Teran, L., Huang, T., Hoffman, B. R., Palmer, P. (2002). Cultural values and substance use in a multiethnic sample of California adolescents. Addiction Research and Theory, 10(3), 257–279. https://doi.org/10.1080/16066350211869
World Health Organization. (2020a, March 18). WHO Director-General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19 - 18 March 2020. Erişim Tarihi 07.09.2020 https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---18-march-2020
World Health Organization. (2020b, April 17). Q&A on coronaviruses (COVID-19). Erişim Tarihi 07.09.2020 https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/question-and-answers-hub/q-a-detail/q-a-coronaviruses
World Health Organization. (2020c, September 7). WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard | WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard. Erişim Tarihi 07.09.2020 https://covid19.who.int/
Aksu, D. F., Sercekus, P., & Özkan, S. (2022). COVİD-19 Korkusu Kadercilik Algısı İle İlişkili Midir? Bandırma Onyedi Eylül Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri ve Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.46413/boneyusbad.952962
AMA
Aksu DF, Sercekus P, Özkan S. COVİD-19 Korkusu Kadercilik Algısı İle İlişkili Midir? Bandırma Onyedi Eylül Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri ve Araştırmaları Dergisi. Nisan 2022;4(1):1-10. doi:10.46413/boneyusbad.952962
Chicago
Aksu, Damla Feriştah, Pınar Sercekus, ve Sevgi Özkan. “COVİD-19 Korkusu Kadercilik Algısı İle İlişkili Midir?”. Bandırma Onyedi Eylül Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri ve Araştırmaları Dergisi 4, sy. 1 (Nisan 2022): 1-10. https://doi.org/10.46413/boneyusbad.952962.
EndNote
Aksu DF, Sercekus P, Özkan S (01 Nisan 2022) COVİD-19 Korkusu Kadercilik Algısı İle İlişkili Midir? Bandırma Onyedi Eylül Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri ve Araştırmaları Dergisi 4 1 1–10.
IEEE
D. F. Aksu, P. Sercekus, ve S. Özkan, “COVİD-19 Korkusu Kadercilik Algısı İle İlişkili Midir?”, Bandırma Onyedi Eylül Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri ve Araştırmaları Dergisi, c. 4, sy. 1, ss. 1–10, 2022, doi: 10.46413/boneyusbad.952962.
ISNAD
Aksu, Damla Feriştah vd. “COVİD-19 Korkusu Kadercilik Algısı İle İlişkili Midir?”. Bandırma Onyedi Eylül Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri ve Araştırmaları Dergisi 4/1 (Nisan2022), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.46413/boneyusbad.952962.
JAMA
Aksu DF, Sercekus P, Özkan S. COVİD-19 Korkusu Kadercilik Algısı İle İlişkili Midir? Bandırma Onyedi Eylül Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri ve Araştırmaları Dergisi. 2022;4:1–10.
MLA
Aksu, Damla Feriştah vd. “COVİD-19 Korkusu Kadercilik Algısı İle İlişkili Midir?”. Bandırma Onyedi Eylül Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri ve Araştırmaları Dergisi, c. 4, sy. 1, 2022, ss. 1-10, doi:10.46413/boneyusbad.952962.
Vancouver
Aksu DF, Sercekus P, Özkan S. COVİD-19 Korkusu Kadercilik Algısı İle İlişkili Midir? Bandırma Onyedi Eylül Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri ve Araştırmaları Dergisi. 2022;4(1):1-10.