Effectiveness of Childbirth Education Class Given To Pregnant Women Who Have Experienced Prenatal Loss
Yıl 2024,
Cilt: 6 Sayı: 3, 513 - 522
Ayşegül Unutkan
,
Emel Elem
Öz
Aim: The aim of this study is to examine the effect of childbirth education given to women who have experienced prenatal loss on their prenatal self-evaluation levels and birth outcomes.
Material and Method: The research has a quasi-experimental design with pre-test and post-test groups. The sample size of the study consists of 30 intervention and 30 control, obtained through purposeful sampling. The intervention group received birth preparation training, and the control group received standard care. Data were collected with the “Prenatal Self-Assessment Scale (PSAS)” and “Birth Results Form” before, after and in the first month postpartum. Since the data showed normal distribution, they were analyzed with parametric tests.
Results: After the chilbirth education, a significant difference was found between the mean scores of the pregnant women in the intervention (196.50 ± 12.55) and control groups (217.00 ± 9.50) on the PSAS (p=0.00). There was no significant difference in birth outcomes between the intervention and control groups of the study (p>0.05).
Conclusion: In this study, it was concluded that childbirth education tailored to the needs of pregnant women who experienced prenatal loss contributed to their more positive self-perception during pregnancy, but did not affect birth outcomes.
Proje Numarası
TSA-2020-42
Kaynakça
- Armstrong, D. S. (2002). Emotional distress and prenatal attachment in pregnancy after perinatal loss. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 34(3), 339–345. doi:10.1111/j.1547-5069.2002.00339.x
- Armstrong, D. S. (2004). Impact of prior perinatal loss on subsequent preg¬nancies. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs, 33, 765-73. doi: 10.1177/0884217504270714.
- Ateş, S., Şevket, O., Özel, A., Yaşar, L., Savan, K. (2014). Tekrarlayan gebelik kaybı olan gebelerin tekrarlayan gebelik kaybı olmayan gebelerle doğum ve neonatal bulgularının karşılaştırılması. Kocatepe Medical Journal, 15(2), 137-41.
- Berle, J. I., Mykletun, A., Daltveit, A. K., Rasmussen, S., Holsten, F., Dahl, A. A. (2005). Neonatal outcomes in offspring of women with anxiety and depression during pregnancy. A linkage study from The Nord-Trondelag Health Study (HUNT) and Medical Birth Registry of Norway. Arch Women Ment Health, 8, 181-89. doi:10.1007/s00737-005-0090-z
- Boyle, F. M., Mutch, A. J., Barber, E. A., Carroll, C., Dean, J. H. (2015). Supporting parents following pregnancy loss: a cross-sectional study of telephone peer supporters. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 15(1), 291. doi: 10.1186/s12884-015-0713-y
- Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2017). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. (23. baskı). Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
- Caelli, K., Downie, J., Letendre, A. (2002). Parents’ experiences of midwife-managed care following the loss of a baby in a previous pregnancy. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 39(2), 127–136. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2648.2002.02252.x
- Côté‐Arsenault, D., Donato, K. L. (2007). Restrained expectations in late pregnancy following loss. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs, 36(6), 550–7. doi: 10.1111/j.1552-6909.2007.00185.x
- Côté-Arsenault, D., Schwartz, K., Krowchuk, H., McCoy, T. P. (2014). Evidence-based intervention with women pregnant after perinatal loss. MCN Am J Matern Child Nurs, 39(3), 177–86. doi:10.1097/NMC.0000000000000024
- Cote-Arsenault, D. (2003). The influence of perinatal loss on anxiety in multigravidas. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs, 32(5), 623–629. doi: 10.1177/0884217503257140
- Currie, E. R., Christian, B. J., Hinds, P. S., Perna, S. J., Robinson, C., … Meneses, K. (2019). Life after loss: Parent bereavement and coping experiences after infant death in the neonatal intensive care unit. Death Stud, 43(5), 33-342. doi:10.1080/07481187.2018.1474285
- Duman, M., Durgun Ozan, Y., Aksoy Derya, Y., Timur Taşhan, S. (2022). The effect of relaxation exercises training on pregnancy-related anxiety after perinatal loss: A pilot randomized control trial, Explore, 18(1), 44-50. doi:10.1016/j.explore.2020.11.002
- Gaudet, C. (2010). Pregnancy after perinatal loss: association of grief, anxiety and attachment. Journal of Reproductive & Infant Psychology, 28(3), 240-251. doi:10.1080/02646830903487342
- Gerber-Epstein, P., Leichtentritt, R. D., Benyamini, Y. (2009). The experience of miscarriage in first pregnany: The women's voices. Death Studies, 33(1), 1-29. doi:10.1080/07481180802494032
- Türkiye Nüfus ve Sağlık Araştırması (2018). Hacettepe Üniversitesi Nüfus Etütleri Enstitüsü, Sağlık Bakanlığı Ana Çocuk Sağlığı ve Aile Planlaması Genel Müdürlüğü, Başbakanlık Devlet Planlama Teşkilatı Müsteşarlığı ve TÜBİTAK, Ankara, Türkiye.
- Jivraj, S., Anstie, B., Cheong, Y. C., Fairlie, F. M., Laird, S. M., Li, T. C. (2001). Obstetric and neonatal outcome in women with a history of recurrent miscarriage: a cohort study. Hum Reprod, 16(1), 102-6. doi:10.1093/humrep/16.1.102
- Kersting, A., Kroker, K., Schlicht, S., Wagner, B. (2011). Internet-based treatment after pregnancy loss: concept and case study. J Psychosom Obstet Gynecol, 32(2), 72–8. doi:10.3109/0167482X.2011.553974
- Körükçü, Ö., Kukulu, K. (2010). Perinatal kayıp ve ebeveynlere yansıması. Dicle Tıp Derg, 37(4), 429-433.
- Lamb, E. H. (2002). The impact of previous perinatal loss on subsequent pregnancy and parenting. J Perinat Educ, 11(2), 33-40. doi:10.1624/105812402X88696
- Meredith, P., Wilson, T., Branjerdporn, G., Strong, J., Desha, L. (2017). “Not just a normal mum”: a qualitative investigation of a support service for women who are pregnant subsequent to perinatal loss. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 17(6), 1-12. doi: 10.1186/s12884-016-1200-9
- Nansel, T. R., Doyle, F., Frederick, M. M., Zhang, J. (2005). Quality of life in women undergoing medical treatment for early pregnancy fail¬ure. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs, 34, 473-81. doi:10.1177/0884217505278319
- Navae, M., Abedian, Z. (2015). Effect of role play education on primiparous women’s fear of natural delivery and their decision on the mode of delivery. Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research, 20(1), 40-46.
- Nieminen, K., Stephansson, O., Ryding, E. (2009). Women’s fear of childbirth and preferences for caesarean section - a cross sectional study at various stages of pregnancy in Sweden. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand, 88, 807-813. doi:10.1080/00016340902998436
- O’Leary, J., Warland, J. (2011). International parenting of childeren born after a perinatal loss. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 17, 137-157. doi: 10.1080/15325024.2011.595297
- O’Leary, J. (2015). Subsequent pregnancy: healing to attach after perinatal loss. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 15(Suppl 1), A15. doi:10.1186/1471-2393-15-S1-A15
- Raitio, K., Kaunonen, M., Aho, A. L. (2015). Evaluating a bereavement follow-up intervention for grieving mothers after the death of a child. Scand J Caring Sci, 29(3), 510–20. doi:10.1111/scs.12183
- Salomonsson, B., Bertero, C., Alehagen, S. (2013). Self-Efficacy in pregnant women with severe fear of childbirth. JOGNN, 42, 191-202. doi:10.1111/1552-6909.12024
- Setubal, M. S., Bolibio, R., Jesus, R. C., Benute. G. G, Gibelli M. A, Bertolassi N. (2021). A systematic review of instruments measuring grief after perinatal loss and factors associated with grief reactions. Palliat Support Care, 19(2), 246-256. doi:10.1017/S1478951520000826
- Shapiro, G. D., Seguin, J. R., Muckle, G., Monnier, P., Fraser, W. D. (2017). Previous pregnancy outcomes and subse- quent pregnancy anxiety in a Quebec prospective cohort. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol. 38(2), 121–132. doi:10.1080/0167482X.2016.1271979
- Sheiner, E., Levy, A., Katz, M., Mazor, M. (2005). Pregnancy outcome following recurrent spontaneous abortions. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol, 118(1), 61-5. doi:0.1016/j.ejogrb.2004.06.015
- Tektaş, P., Çam, O. (2017). The effects of nursing care based on Watson's theory of human caring on the mental health of pregnant women after a pregnancy loss. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 31(5), 440-446. doi:10.1016/j.apnu.2017.07.002
- Tsartsara, E., Johnson, M. P. (2006). The impact of miscarriage on women’s pregnancy-speci¢c anxiety and feelings of Prenatal maternal-fe¬tal attachment during the course of a subsequent pregnancy: An exploratory follow-up study. J Psychosom Obstet Gynecol, 27, 173-82. doi:10.1080/01674820600646198
- Uçum, E. Y., Kitapçıoğlu, G., Karadeniz, G. (2010). Kadınların doğum yöntemlerine bakış açısı, deneyim ve memnuniyetleri. Fırat Sağlık Hizmetleri Dergisi, 5(13), 108-118.
- Van, P., Meleis, A. I. (2003). Coping with grief after loss: Perspectives of African American women. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, and Neonatal Nursing, 32(1), 28–39. doi:10.1177/0884217502239798
- Warland, J., O’Leary, J., McCutcheon, H. (2011). Born after infant loss: The experiences of subsequent children. Midwifery, 27, 628-633. doi:10.1016/j.midw.2010.06.019
- Wright, P. M. (2005). Childbirth education for parents experiencing pregnancy after perinatal loss. Journal of Perinatal Education, 14(4), 9–15. doi:10.1624/105812405X72285
Prenatal Kayıp Deneyimi Olan Gebelere Verilen Doğuma Hazırlık Eğitiminin Etkinliği
Yıl 2024,
Cilt: 6 Sayı: 3, 513 - 522
Ayşegül Unutkan
,
Emel Elem
Öz
Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, prenatal kayıp yaşayan kadınlara verilen doğuma hazırlık eğitiminin kadınların prenatal kendilerini değerlendirme düzeylerine ve doğum sonuçlarına etkisini incelemektir.
Gereç ve Yöntem: Araştırma ön test son test gruplu yarı deneysel desendedir. Araştırmanın örneklem büyüklüğü, amaçlı örnekleme yoluyla elde edilen, 30 müdahale, 30 kontrol olmak üzere toplam 60 kişiden oluşmaktadır. Müdahale grubuna doğuma hazırlık eğitimi, kontrol grubuna ise standart bakım verildi. Veriler, “Prenatal Kendini Değerlendirme Ölçeği (PDKÖ)” ve “Doğum Sonuçları Formu” ile eğitim öncesi, sonrası ve postpartum 1. ay içerisinde toplandı. Veriler, normal dağılım gösterdiği için parametrik testler ile analiz edildi.
Bulgular: Doğuma hazırlık eğitimi sonrası müdahale (196.50 ± 12.55) ve kontrol grubundaki (217.00 ± 9.50) gebelerin PKDÖ’den aldıkları puan ortalamaları arasında anlamlı farklılık bulundu (p=0.00). Araştırmanın müdahale ve kontrol grupları arasında doğum sonuçları açısından anlamlı farklılık bulunmadı (p>0.05).
Sonuçlar: Bu araştırmada prenatal kayıp yaşayan gebelerin ihtiyaçlarına göre düzenlenmiş doğuma hazırlık eğitiminin gebelerin gebelik sürecinde kendilerini daha olumlu algılamalarına katkı sağladığı ancak doğum sonuçlarını etkilemediği sonucuna ulaşıldı.
Etik Beyan
Çalışmada kullanılan ölçekler için geliştiren yazarlardan izin alındı. Çalışmanın yapılabilmesi için Girişimsel Olmayan Klinik Araştırmalar Etik Kurulu’ndan 13.03.2020 tarih ve 2020/05 sayılı izin alınmıştır.
Destekleyen Kurum
Çalışmanın yürütülmesi için Kütahya Sağlık Bilimleri Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Birimi’nden TSA-2020-42 proje numarası ile destek alınmıştır.
Proje Numarası
TSA-2020-42
Teşekkür
Çalışmaya gönüllü olarak katılarak bu çalışmanın yapılabilmesine destek olan kadınlara ve çalışmayı finanse eden Kütahya Sağlık Bilimleri Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Birimine teşekkür ederiz.
Kaynakça
- Armstrong, D. S. (2002). Emotional distress and prenatal attachment in pregnancy after perinatal loss. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 34(3), 339–345. doi:10.1111/j.1547-5069.2002.00339.x
- Armstrong, D. S. (2004). Impact of prior perinatal loss on subsequent preg¬nancies. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs, 33, 765-73. doi: 10.1177/0884217504270714.
- Ateş, S., Şevket, O., Özel, A., Yaşar, L., Savan, K. (2014). Tekrarlayan gebelik kaybı olan gebelerin tekrarlayan gebelik kaybı olmayan gebelerle doğum ve neonatal bulgularının karşılaştırılması. Kocatepe Medical Journal, 15(2), 137-41.
- Berle, J. I., Mykletun, A., Daltveit, A. K., Rasmussen, S., Holsten, F., Dahl, A. A. (2005). Neonatal outcomes in offspring of women with anxiety and depression during pregnancy. A linkage study from The Nord-Trondelag Health Study (HUNT) and Medical Birth Registry of Norway. Arch Women Ment Health, 8, 181-89. doi:10.1007/s00737-005-0090-z
- Boyle, F. M., Mutch, A. J., Barber, E. A., Carroll, C., Dean, J. H. (2015). Supporting parents following pregnancy loss: a cross-sectional study of telephone peer supporters. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 15(1), 291. doi: 10.1186/s12884-015-0713-y
- Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2017). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. (23. baskı). Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
- Caelli, K., Downie, J., Letendre, A. (2002). Parents’ experiences of midwife-managed care following the loss of a baby in a previous pregnancy. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 39(2), 127–136. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2648.2002.02252.x
- Côté‐Arsenault, D., Donato, K. L. (2007). Restrained expectations in late pregnancy following loss. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs, 36(6), 550–7. doi: 10.1111/j.1552-6909.2007.00185.x
- Côté-Arsenault, D., Schwartz, K., Krowchuk, H., McCoy, T. P. (2014). Evidence-based intervention with women pregnant after perinatal loss. MCN Am J Matern Child Nurs, 39(3), 177–86. doi:10.1097/NMC.0000000000000024
- Cote-Arsenault, D. (2003). The influence of perinatal loss on anxiety in multigravidas. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs, 32(5), 623–629. doi: 10.1177/0884217503257140
- Currie, E. R., Christian, B. J., Hinds, P. S., Perna, S. J., Robinson, C., … Meneses, K. (2019). Life after loss: Parent bereavement and coping experiences after infant death in the neonatal intensive care unit. Death Stud, 43(5), 33-342. doi:10.1080/07481187.2018.1474285
- Duman, M., Durgun Ozan, Y., Aksoy Derya, Y., Timur Taşhan, S. (2022). The effect of relaxation exercises training on pregnancy-related anxiety after perinatal loss: A pilot randomized control trial, Explore, 18(1), 44-50. doi:10.1016/j.explore.2020.11.002
- Gaudet, C. (2010). Pregnancy after perinatal loss: association of grief, anxiety and attachment. Journal of Reproductive & Infant Psychology, 28(3), 240-251. doi:10.1080/02646830903487342
- Gerber-Epstein, P., Leichtentritt, R. D., Benyamini, Y. (2009). The experience of miscarriage in first pregnany: The women's voices. Death Studies, 33(1), 1-29. doi:10.1080/07481180802494032
- Türkiye Nüfus ve Sağlık Araştırması (2018). Hacettepe Üniversitesi Nüfus Etütleri Enstitüsü, Sağlık Bakanlığı Ana Çocuk Sağlığı ve Aile Planlaması Genel Müdürlüğü, Başbakanlık Devlet Planlama Teşkilatı Müsteşarlığı ve TÜBİTAK, Ankara, Türkiye.
- Jivraj, S., Anstie, B., Cheong, Y. C., Fairlie, F. M., Laird, S. M., Li, T. C. (2001). Obstetric and neonatal outcome in women with a history of recurrent miscarriage: a cohort study. Hum Reprod, 16(1), 102-6. doi:10.1093/humrep/16.1.102
- Kersting, A., Kroker, K., Schlicht, S., Wagner, B. (2011). Internet-based treatment after pregnancy loss: concept and case study. J Psychosom Obstet Gynecol, 32(2), 72–8. doi:10.3109/0167482X.2011.553974
- Körükçü, Ö., Kukulu, K. (2010). Perinatal kayıp ve ebeveynlere yansıması. Dicle Tıp Derg, 37(4), 429-433.
- Lamb, E. H. (2002). The impact of previous perinatal loss on subsequent pregnancy and parenting. J Perinat Educ, 11(2), 33-40. doi:10.1624/105812402X88696
- Meredith, P., Wilson, T., Branjerdporn, G., Strong, J., Desha, L. (2017). “Not just a normal mum”: a qualitative investigation of a support service for women who are pregnant subsequent to perinatal loss. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 17(6), 1-12. doi: 10.1186/s12884-016-1200-9
- Nansel, T. R., Doyle, F., Frederick, M. M., Zhang, J. (2005). Quality of life in women undergoing medical treatment for early pregnancy fail¬ure. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs, 34, 473-81. doi:10.1177/0884217505278319
- Navae, M., Abedian, Z. (2015). Effect of role play education on primiparous women’s fear of natural delivery and their decision on the mode of delivery. Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research, 20(1), 40-46.
- Nieminen, K., Stephansson, O., Ryding, E. (2009). Women’s fear of childbirth and preferences for caesarean section - a cross sectional study at various stages of pregnancy in Sweden. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand, 88, 807-813. doi:10.1080/00016340902998436
- O’Leary, J., Warland, J. (2011). International parenting of childeren born after a perinatal loss. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 17, 137-157. doi: 10.1080/15325024.2011.595297
- O’Leary, J. (2015). Subsequent pregnancy: healing to attach after perinatal loss. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 15(Suppl 1), A15. doi:10.1186/1471-2393-15-S1-A15
- Raitio, K., Kaunonen, M., Aho, A. L. (2015). Evaluating a bereavement follow-up intervention for grieving mothers after the death of a child. Scand J Caring Sci, 29(3), 510–20. doi:10.1111/scs.12183
- Salomonsson, B., Bertero, C., Alehagen, S. (2013). Self-Efficacy in pregnant women with severe fear of childbirth. JOGNN, 42, 191-202. doi:10.1111/1552-6909.12024
- Setubal, M. S., Bolibio, R., Jesus, R. C., Benute. G. G, Gibelli M. A, Bertolassi N. (2021). A systematic review of instruments measuring grief after perinatal loss and factors associated with grief reactions. Palliat Support Care, 19(2), 246-256. doi:10.1017/S1478951520000826
- Shapiro, G. D., Seguin, J. R., Muckle, G., Monnier, P., Fraser, W. D. (2017). Previous pregnancy outcomes and subse- quent pregnancy anxiety in a Quebec prospective cohort. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol. 38(2), 121–132. doi:10.1080/0167482X.2016.1271979
- Sheiner, E., Levy, A., Katz, M., Mazor, M. (2005). Pregnancy outcome following recurrent spontaneous abortions. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol, 118(1), 61-5. doi:0.1016/j.ejogrb.2004.06.015
- Tektaş, P., Çam, O. (2017). The effects of nursing care based on Watson's theory of human caring on the mental health of pregnant women after a pregnancy loss. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 31(5), 440-446. doi:10.1016/j.apnu.2017.07.002
- Tsartsara, E., Johnson, M. P. (2006). The impact of miscarriage on women’s pregnancy-speci¢c anxiety and feelings of Prenatal maternal-fe¬tal attachment during the course of a subsequent pregnancy: An exploratory follow-up study. J Psychosom Obstet Gynecol, 27, 173-82. doi:10.1080/01674820600646198
- Uçum, E. Y., Kitapçıoğlu, G., Karadeniz, G. (2010). Kadınların doğum yöntemlerine bakış açısı, deneyim ve memnuniyetleri. Fırat Sağlık Hizmetleri Dergisi, 5(13), 108-118.
- Van, P., Meleis, A. I. (2003). Coping with grief after loss: Perspectives of African American women. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, and Neonatal Nursing, 32(1), 28–39. doi:10.1177/0884217502239798
- Warland, J., O’Leary, J., McCutcheon, H. (2011). Born after infant loss: The experiences of subsequent children. Midwifery, 27, 628-633. doi:10.1016/j.midw.2010.06.019
- Wright, P. M. (2005). Childbirth education for parents experiencing pregnancy after perinatal loss. Journal of Perinatal Education, 14(4), 9–15. doi:10.1624/105812405X72285