Artificial Intelligence As a Philosophical Problem

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 22 Sayı: 22, 97 - 126, 31.12.2022

Nazan Yeşilkaya

https://doi.org/10.51553/bozifder.1171640

Cited By: 2

Öz

In this article, which contains important philosophical arguments about artificial intelligence, the necessity of considering artificial intelligence as a philosophical problem is discussed. The purpose of the article is to draw attention to the role of philosophy in ensuring that the power brought about by artificial intelligence technologies, which make the impact felt in every aspect of our lives, does not get out of control. Based on the thesis that the artificial intelligence revolution in technology requires the birth of a new paradigm in the discipline of philosophy, it is argued that developing technologies such as artificial intelligence, algorithms, virtual reality and big data bring new challenges and opportunities to philosophy. It is within the scope of this study to base the possibility of artificial intelligence philosophy, which includes issues focusing on whether artificial intelligence is possible, within the historical process. Following the presentation of the problem, the philosophical origin of artificial intelligence based on thinkers such as Hobbes, Leibniz and Descartes was briefly touched upon in the first part, and three classical discussions about artificial intelligence were included in the second part. Then, the criteria that Diderot and Ayer considered necessary for the realization of artificial intelligence were summarized, and in the fourth section, the physical symbol system hypothesis was explained, shedding light on the starting point that triggered the creation of intelligent systems independent of humans. In the last section, where artificial intelligence is described as a philosophical problem, the interaction of artificial intelligence with philosophy is discussed, the discipline of philosophy is seriously involved in exploring the basics, limits and scope of artificial intelligence, and why artificial intelligence is a philosophical problem is discussed.

Anahtar Kelimeler

History of philosophy, artificial intelligence, philosophy of artificial intelligence, philosophy of technology, Philosophy of mind

FELSEFİ BİR SORUN OLARAK YAPAY ZEKÂ

Öz

Yapay zekâ ile ilgili önemli felsefi argümanları içeren bu makalede, yapay zekânın felsefi bir sorun olarak ele alınmasının gerekliliği konu edilmektedir. Makalenin amacı, hayatımızın her alanında etkisini hissettiren yapay zekâ teknolojilerinin beraberinde getirmiş olduğu gücün kontrolden çıkmamasını sağlamada, felsefenin rolüne dikkat çekmektir. Teknolojideki yapay zekâ devriminin felsefe disiplininde yeni bir paradigmanın doğmasını gerektirdiği tezinden hareketle yapay zekâ, algoritmalar, sanal gerçeklik ve büyük veri gibi teknolojilerin geliştirilmesinin felsefeye yeni zorluklar ve fırsatlar getirdiği savunulmaktadır. Yapay zekânın mümkün olup olmadığına odaklanan konuları içeren yapay zekâ felsefesinin olanağını, tarihsel süreç içerisinde temellendirmek bu çalışmanın kapsamı dâhilindedir. Sorunun takdiminin akabinde ilk bölümde Hobbes, Leibniz ve Descartes gibi düşünürlere dayanan yapay zekânın felsefi kökenine kısaca değinilmiş, ikinci bölümde yapay zekâ üzerine üç klasik tartışmaya yer verilmiştir. Ardından Diderot ve Ayer'in yapay zekânın gerçekleşmesi için gerekli gördükleri kriterler özetlenmiş, dördüncü bölümde ise insanlardan bağımsız akıllı sistemlerin oluşturulmasını tetikleyen başlangıç noktasına ışık tutan fiziksel sembol sistemi hipotezi açıklanmıştır. Yapay zekânın felsefi bir sorun olarak tanımlandığı son bölümde, yapay zekânın felsefe ile etkileşimi tartışılmakta, yapay zekânın temelleri, sınırları ve kapsamının araştırılmasında felsefe disiplini ciddi olarak yer almakta ve yapay zekânın neden felsefi bir sorun olduğu tartışılmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Felsefe tarihi, yapay zekâ, yapay zekâ felsefesi, teknoloji felsefesi, Zihin felsefesi, Philosophy of mind

Kaynakça

• “Loebner Ödülleri”. Erişim 8 Mart 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20101230195120/http://www.loebner.net/Prizef/loebner-prize.html
• Arkoudas, K. - Bringsjord, S. “Philosophical Foundations”. The Cambridge Handbook of Artificial Intelligence. ed. K. Frankish, W. M. Ramsey. 34-63. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014.
• Aydın, A. Yapay Zekâ: Bütünleşik Bilişe Doğru. İstanbul: İstanbul Gelişim Üniversitesi Yayınları, 2013.
• Ayer, Alfred Jules. Language, Truth and Logic. London: Penguin, 2001.
• Berkeley, Istvan S. N. “Machine Mentality?”. Philosophy and Theory of Artificial Intelligence. ed. Vincent C. Müller. 1-15. London: Springer, 2013.
• Boden, Margaret A. Mind as Machine: A History of Cognitive Science. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006.
• Bringsjord, Selmer ve Naveen Sundar Govindarajulu. “Artificial Intelligence”. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Archive. Erişim 30 Haziran 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20191109002442/https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2018/entries/artificial-intelligence/
• Carter, Matt. Minds and Computers an Introduction to the Philosophy of Artifıcial Intelligence. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2007.
• Copeland, B. Jack. “The Turing Test”. Minds and Machines 10 (2000), 519-539.
• Davenport, David. “The Two (Computational) Faces of AI”. Philosophy and Theory of Artificial Intelligence. ed. Vincent C. Müller. 43-58. London: Springer, 2013.
• Descartes, René. Discourse on Method and Meditations on First Philosophy. New Haven, London: Yale University Press, 1996.
• Descartes, René. Yöntem Üzerine Konuşma. çev. Afşar Timuçin, Yüksel Timuçin. İstanbul: Cumhuriyet Yayınevi, 1998.
• Deutsch, David. “Philosophy Will be the Key that Unlocks Artificial Intelligence”. The Guardian (2012-10-03). https://www.theguardian.com/science/2012/oct/03/philosophy-artificial-intelligence
• Diderot, Denis. Pensees Philosophiques, Addition aux Pensees Philosophiques. Paris: Flammarion, 2007.
• Dietrich, Eric. “Philosophy of Artificial Intelligence”. Encyclopedia of Cognitive Science. ed. Lynn Nadel. 203-208. London: Nature Publishing Group, 2003.
• Doğan, Mehtap. Yapay Zekâ Felsefesinde Bilinç Problemi. Doktora Tezi. Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt Üniversitesi, 2020.
• Dreyfus, Hubert L. What Computers Still Can’t Do: A Critique of Artificial Reason. London: Harper & Row Publishers, 1975.
• Dreyfus. Hubert L. “A History of First Step Fallacies”. Minds and Machines 22/2 (2012), 87-99.
• Feng, Tao. “Artificial Intelligence’s Turn of Philosophy”. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 646 (2019), 1-5.
• Flasinski, Mariusz. Introduction to Artificial Intelligence. Switzerland: Springer, 2016.
• Clark Glymour, “Artificial Intelligence is Philosophy”. Aspects of Artificial Intelligence, ed. James H. Fetzer. 195-208. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1988.
• Güzeldere, Güven. “Yapay Zekânın Dünü, Bugünü, Yarını”. Cogito 13 (1998) 27-41.
• Harnad, Stevan. “Other Bodies, Other Minds: A Machine Incarnation of an Old Philosophical Problem”. Minds and Machines 1/1 (1991), 43-54.
• Haugeland, J. Artificial Intelligence: The Very Idea. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1989.
• Hobbes, Thomas. Leviathan or the Matter, Forme and Power of a Common-Wealth Ecclesiastical And Civil. London: Andrew Crooke, 1651.
• IBM Cloud Learn Hub/What is Natural Language Processing? https://www.ibm.com/cloud/learn/natural-language-processing (Erişim 15 Şubat 2022).
• Koyuncu, M. “Çağdaş Zihin Felsefesinde Yapay Zekâ: Tartışmalarına Bir Giriş: Taklitçilik Oyunu ve Çince Odası Argümanı”. Çukurova Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 30. Yıl Özel Sayısı (2022), 75-89.
• Köse, Utku. Yapay Zekâ Felsefesi. İstanbul: Doğu Kitabevi, 2022.
• Kramer, Sybille. “Mind, Symbolism, Formalism: Is Leibniz a Precursor of Artificial Intelligence?”. KO Knowledge Organization 23/2 (1996). Erişim 20 Aralık 2021. https://www.nomos-elibrary.de/10.5771/0943-7444-1996-2-83.pdf?download_full_pdf=1
• Lungarella, M. vd. “AI in the 21st Century – With Historical Reflections”. 50 Years of Artificial Intelligence: Essays Dedicated to the 50th Anniversary of Artificial Intelligence. ed. M. Lungarella vd. 1-8. Berlin: Springer, 2007.
• McCarthy, John. vd. “A proposal for the Dartmouth summer research project on artificial intelligence”. AI Magazine 27/4 (August 31 1955), 12-12.
• McCarthy, John. “The Philosophy of AI and the AI of Philosophy”. Philosophy of Information. ed. Pieter Adriaans, Johan van Benthem. 8/711-740. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2008.
• McCarthy, John. “What has AI in Common with Philosophy?”. Proc. 14th International Joint Conference no Artificial Intelligence. 2041–2042. San Francisco: Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, 1995.
• Mikhaylovskiy, Nikolay. “How Do You Test the Strength of AI?”. Artificial General Intelligence: 13th International Conference AGI 2020 (September 16-19). 257–266. St. Petersburg: Springer, 2020.
• Moor, James H. “An Analysis of the Turing Test”. Philosophical Studies: An International Journal for Philosophy in the Analytic Tradition 30/4 (1976), 249-257.
• Müller, Vincent C. Philosophy and Theory of Artificial Intelligence. New York: Springer, 2013.
• Nath, Rajakishore. Philosophy of Artificial Intelligence a Critique of the Mechanistic Theory of Mind. Florida: Universal-Publishers Boca Raton, 2009.
• Newell, Allen – Simon, H. A. “Computer Science as Empirical Inquiry: Symbols and Search”. Communications of the ACM 19/3 (1976), 113-126.
• Nilsson, Nils. “The Physical Symbol System Hypothesis: Status and Prospects”. 50 Years of Artificial Intelligence: Essays Dedicated to the 50th Anniversary of Artificial Intelligence. ed. M. Lungarella vd. 9-17. Berlin: Springer, 2007.
• Pieters, Wolter. Free Will and Intelligent Machines: Why Case-Based Reasoning Systems Do What They Do. Trondheim: NTNU, 2001.
• Pollack, Jordan B. “Mindless Intelligence”. IEEE Intelligent Systems 21/3 (May/ June 2006), 50-56.
• Russell, S. J. - Norvig, Peter. Artificial Intelligence, A Modern Approach. Michigan: Univesity of Michigan Press, 2003.
• Say, Cem. 50 Soruda Yapay Zekâ. İstanbul: Yedi Renk Basım Yayın ve Filmcilik, 2019.
• Searle, John. The Mystery of Consciousness. New York: New York Review of Books, 1997.
• Searle, John. The Rediscovery of the Mind. Cambridge. Massachusetts: M.I.T. Press, 1992.
• Steger, Carsten vd. Machine Vision Algorithms and Applications. Germany: Weinheim, 2008.
• Susser, Daniel. “Artificial Intelligence and the Body: Dreyfus, Bickhard, and the Future of AI”. Philosophy and Theory of Artificial Intelligence. ed. V. C. Müller. 277-287. London: Springer, 2013.
• Turing, Alan. “Computing Machinery and Intelligence”. Mind 59 (1950), 433-460.
• Umut, Tuba Nur. “Ahlakî ‘Yapılmamalı’, İnsan Geliştirme Teknolojilerindeki Yapılabilirliği Sınırlandırmalı mı?”. Darulfunun İlahiyat 29/2 (2018), 229-251.
• Yeşilkaya, Nazan. Post-hümanizm ve Adalet. Ankara: Episteme Yayınları, 2021.