Traditional Uses, Phytochemical Compositions and Biological Activities of Orchids

Yıl 2021, , 141 - 152, 01.07.2021

Erdi Can Aytar , Yasemin Özdener Kömpe

https://doi.org/10.34248/bsengineering.909879

Cited By: 1

Öz

Orchids are highly diverse plants in terms of color, size, blooming patterns, as well as their scent characteristics. Their distribution ranges from tropical regions to high mountains. Although orchids are primarily grown as ornamental plants, many are also rich in other chemical components such as polysaccharides and alkaloids. Therefore, it is used in different parts of the world and cultures in the pharmaceutical and food industries. Secondary metabolites are defined as low molecular weight organic compounds. Although these compounds are not primarily responsible for growth and development, they are produced under special conditions such as stress. Different classes of secondary metabolites have been reported in medicinal orchids to date and have been shown to play an important role in the pharmaceutical field. In this study, it is aimed to examine orchids in terms of their traditional uses, biological activities and bioactive compounds. It is thought that a detailed examination of these species will contribute to both public health and the national economy.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Traditional use, Bioactive compounds, Biological activity, Orchid

Orkidelerin Geleneksel Kullanımları, Fitokimyasal İçerikleri ve Biyolojik Aktiviteleri

Öz

Orkideler renk, boyut, çiçeklenme şekilleri ve aynı zamanda koku özellikleri bakımından oldukça çeşitlilik gösteren bitkilerdir. Yayılış alanları tropikal bölgelerden yüksek dağlara kadar değişmektedir. Orkideler öncelikle süs bitkisi olarak yetiştirilse de polisakkaritler ve alkaloidler gibi kimyasal bileşenler açısından da zengindirler. Bundan dolayı ilaç ve gıda sanayisinde dünyanın farklı yerlerinde ve kültürlerinde kullanılmaktadırlar. Sekonder metabolitler, moleküler ağırlığı düşük organik bileşikler olarak tanımlanır. Bu bileşikler birincil olarak büyüme ve gelişmeden sorumlu olmasa da stres gibi özel koşullar altında üretilirler. Tıbbi orkidelerde, bugüne kadar farklı sekonder metabolit sınıfları bildirilmiştir ve bunların farmasötik alanda önemli bir rol oynadıkları gösterilmiştir. Bu çalışmada, orkideleri geleneksel kullanımları, biyolojik aktiviteleri ve biyoaktif bileşikleri açısından incelemek amaçlanmıştır. Bu türlerin ayrıntılı şekilde incelenmesinin hem toplum sağlığına hem de ulusal ekonomiye katkıda bulunulacağı düşünülmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Geleneksel kullanım, Biyoktif bileşikler, Biyolojik aktivite, Orkide

Kaynakça

• Altundag E, Ozturk M. 2011. Ethnomedicinal studies on the plant resources of east Anatolia, Turkey. Procedia-Soc Behav Sci, 19: 756-777.
• Amjad MS, Arshad M. 2014. Ethnobotanical inventory and medicinal uses of some important woody plant species of Kotli, Azad Kashmir, Pakistan. Asian Pacific J Tropical Biomed, 4: 952-958.
• Aytar E, Akata İ, Açık L. 2020. Antıoxidant, antimicrobial and anti-proliferatıve actıvıty of Suillus luteus (L.) Rousell extracts. J Fac Pharma Ankara Univ, 44(3): 373-387.
• Balasundram N, Sundram K, Samman S. 2006. Phenolic compounds in plants and agri-industrial by-products: Antioxidant activity, occurrence, and potential uses. Food Chem, 99: 191-203.
• Baytop T. 1999. Türkiye'de bitkiler ile tedavi (geçmişte ve bugün). Nobel Tıp Kitabevi, İstanbul, Turkey, 480 pages.
• Boller A, Corrodi H, Gäumann E, Hardegger E, Kern H, Winterhalter-Wild N. 1957. Welkstoffe und Antibiotika. 20. Mitteilung. Über induzierte Abwehrstoffe bei Orchideen. I. Helvetica Chimica Acta, 40: 1062-1066.
• Bose T, Bhattacharjee SK, Das P, Basak U. 1999. Orchids of India. Naya Prokash, India, 532 pages.
• Boulos L.1983. Medicinal plants of North Africa. ISBN-10: 0917256166.
• Bulpitt CJ, Li Y, Bulpitt PF, Wang J. 2007. The use of orchids in Chinese medicine. J R Soc Med, 100: 558-563.
• Charoenrungruang S, Chanvorachote P, Sritularak B, Pongrakhananon V. 2014. Gigantol, a bibenzyl from dendrobium draconis, ınhibits the migratory behavior of non-small cell lung cancer cells. J Natural Products, 77: 1359-1366.
• Chauhan NS. 1990. Medicinal orchids of Himachal Pradesh. J Orchid Soc India 4: 99-105.
• Chauhan NS. 1999. Medicinal and aromatic plants of Himachal Pradesh. Indus publishing, India, 632 pages.
• Chen F, Tholl D, Bohlmann J, Pichersky E. 2011a. The family of terpene synthases in plants: a mid-size family of genes for specialized metabolism that is highly diversified throughout the kingdom. The Plant J, 66: 212-229.
• Chen PH, Peng CY, Pai HC, Teng CM, Chen CC, Yang CR. 2011b. Denbinobin suppresses breast cancer metastasis through the inhibition of Src-mediated signaling pathways. The J Nutri Biochem, 22: 732-740.
• Chen TH, Pan SL, Guh JH, Chen CC, Huang YT, et al. 2008. Denbinobin induces apoptosis by apoptosis-inducing factor releasing and DNA damage in human colorectal cancer HCT-116 cells. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol, 378: 447-457.
• Chinsamy M, Finnie JF, Van Staden J. 2011. The ethnobotany of South African medicinal orchids. South African J Botany, 77: 2-9.
• Chopra RN, Nayar SL, Chopra IC. 1956. Glossary of Indian medicinal plants. Council of Scientific & Industrial Research New Delhi, India.
• Crain BJ, Fernández M. 2020. Biogeographical analyses to facilitate targeted conservation of orchid diversity hotspots in Costa Rica. Diversity Distrib, 26: 853-866.
• Da Costa, Neil C, Michael P. 2006. The analysis of volatiles in Tahitian vanilla (Vanilla tahitensis) including novel compounds. Devel in Food Sci, 43: 161-164.
• Dash VB. 1994. Materia medica of Tibetan medicine (with illustrations), Shri Satguru Publications, India, 694 pages.
• Debnath B, Singh WS, Das M, Goswami S, Singh MK. 2018. Role of plant alkaloids on human health: A review of biological activities. Materials Today Chem, 9: 56-72.
• Debnath B, Uddin M, Patari P, Das M, Maiti D, Manna K. 2015. Estimation of alkaloids and phenolics of five edible cucurbitaceous plants and their antibacterial activity. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci, 7: 223-227.
• Dey AC. 1980. Indian medicinal plants used in ayurvedic preparations. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, India.
• Diao H, Li X, Chen J, Luo Y, Chen X. 2008. Bletilla striata polysaccharide stimulates inducible nitric oxide synthase and proinflammatory cytokine expression in macrophages. J Biosci Bioeng, 105: 85-89.
• Dolan LC, Matulka RA, Burdock GA. 2010. Naturally occurring food toxins. Toxins (Basel), 2: 289-332.
• Dormont L, Delle-Vedove R, Bessière JM, Schatz B. 2014. Floral scent emitted by white and coloured morphs in orchids. Phytochem, 100: 51-59.
• Dormont L, Fort T, Bessière J-M, Proffit M, Garcia Hidalgo E. 2020. Sources of floral scent variation in the food-deceptive orchid Orchis mascula. Acta Oecologica, 107: 103600.
• Dormont L, Joffard N, Schatz B. 2019. Intraspecific variation in floral color and odor in orchids. Int J Plant Sci, 180: 1036-1058.
• Duggal SC. 1971. Orchids in human affairs (A review). Pharmaceutical Biol, 11: 1727-1734.
• Fay MF. 2018. Orchid conservation: how can we meet the challenges in the twenty-first century? Botanical Stud, 59: 16.
• Friederich S, Maier UH, Deus-Neumann B, Yoshinori A, H. Zenk M. 1999. Biosynthesis of cyclic bis(bibenzyls) in Marchantia polymorpha. Phytochem, 50: 589-598.
• Ge L, Li SP, Lisak G. 2020. Advanced sensing technologies of phenolic compounds for pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis. J Pharmaceut Biomed Anal, 179: 112913.
• Gehlert R, Kindl H. 1991. Induced formation of dihydrophenanthrenes and bibenzyl synthase upon destruction of orchid mycorrhiza. Phytochem, 30: 457-460.
• Gelfand M. 1985. The traditional medical practitioner in Zimbabwe: his principles of practice and pharmacopoeia. Mambo Press, Zimbabwe, 411 pages.
• Gershenzon J, Dudareva N. 2007. The function of terpene natural products in the natural world. Nature Chemical Biol, 3: 408-414.
• Ghanaksh A, Kaushik P. 2007. Antibacterial potential of some therapeutic Orchids. J Orchid Soc India, 21(1-2): 23-27.
• Gong Y, Fan Y, Liu L, Wu D, Chang Z, Wang Z. 2004a. Erianin induces a JNK/SAPK-dependent metabolic inhibition in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. In Vivo, 18: 223-228.
• Gong YQ, Fan Y, Wu DZ, Yang H, Hu ZB, Wang ZT. 2004b. In vivo and in vitro evaluation of erianin, a novel anti-angiogenic agent. European J Cancer, 40: 1554-1565.
• Govindarajan R, Vijayakumar M, Pushpangadan P. 2005. Antioxidant approach to disease management and the role of 'Rasayana' herbs of Ayurveda. J Ethnopharmacol, 99: 165-178.
• Guo XY, Wang J, Wang NL, Kitanaka S, Liu HW, Yao XS. 2006. New stilbenoids from Pholidota yunnanensis and their inhibitory effects on nitric oxide production. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo), 54: 21-25.
• Hardegger E, Schellenbaum M, Corrodi H. 1963. Welkstoffe und Antibiotika. 27. Mitteilung. Über induzierte Abwehrstoffe bei Orchideen II. Helvetica Chimica Acta, 46: 1171-1180.
• Hossain MA, Haseen L, Jabin N. 2009. Dynamics and Causality among Exports, Imports and Income in Bangladesh. Bangladesh Develop Stud, 32: 101-113.
• Hossain MM. 2011. Therapeutic orchids: traditional uses and recent advances-an overview. Fitoterapia, 82: 102-140.
• Hsieh YS, Chien C, Liao SK, Liao SF, Hung WT. 2008. Structure and bioactivity of the polysaccharides in medicinal plant Dendrobium huoshanense. Bioorg Med Chem, 16: 6054-6068.
• Hua YF, Zhang M, Fu CX, Chen ZH, Chan GY. 2004. Structural characterization of a 2-O-acetylglucomannan from Dendrobium officinale stem. Carbohydr Res, 339: 2219-2224.
• Huang YC, Guh JH, Teng CM. 2005. Denbinobin-mediated anticancer effect in human K562 leukemia cells: role in tubulin polymerization and Bcr-Abl activity. J Biomedical Sci, 12: 113-121.
• Hulme M. 1954. Wild flowers of Natal. Shuter ve Shooter, Pitermritzburg, South Africa.
• Hutchings A. 1996. Zulu medicinal plants: An inventory. University of Natal press, South Africa.
• Jacquemyn H, Brys R, Jongejans E. 2010. Size-dependent flowering and costs of reproduction affect population dynamics in a tuberous perennial woodland orchid. J Ecology 98: 1204-1215.
• Jalal JS, Kumar P, Pangtey YPS. 2008. Ethnomedicinal orchids of Uttarakhand, Western Himalaya. Ethnobot Leaflets, 12: 1227-1230.
• Jersáková J, Johnson SD, Kindlmann P. 2006. Mechanisms and evolution of deceptive pollination in orchids. Biological Rev, 81: 219-235.
• Jing H, Liu J, Liu H, Xin H. 2014. Histochemical ınvestigation and kinds of alkaloids in leaves of different developmental stages in Thymus quinquecostatus. The Scient World J, 2014: 839548.
• Junka N, Kanlayanarat S, Buanong M, Wongs-aree C. 2012. Genetic alignment of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes cloned from vanda hybrid pale mauve. Acta Hortic, 943: 123-130.
• Kaiser RAJ. 1993. On the scent of orchids in bioactive volatile compounds from plants. ACS Symposium Series, 525: 240-268.
• Karaman Ö, Cebe GE. 2016. Diabetes and antidiabetic plants used in Turkey. Ankara Üniv Eczacılık Fak Derg, 40(3): 47-61.
• Kaushik P, Kishore N. 1991. Antibacterial potential of Pholidota articulata Lind: A study in vitro. J Orchid Soc, 5(1): 2.
• Kendir G, Güvenç A. 2010. Etnobotanik ve Türkiye’de yapılmış etnobotanik çalışmalara genel bir bakış. Hacettepe Univ J the Fac Pharm, (1): 49-80.
• Khory RN, Katrak NN. 1903. Materica mmedica of India and their therapeutics. Printed at the" Times of India" Press, India.
• Kim BG, Sung SH, Chong Y, Lim Y, Ahn JH. 2010. Plant flavonoid O-Methyltransferases: Substrate specificity and application. J Plant Biol, 53: 321-329.
• Kirtikar K, Basu B. 1935. Indian medicinal plants. India.
• Kirtikar K, Basu B. 1981. An ICS Indian medicinal plants. Allahabad Lalit Mohan Basu, India.
• Kong JM, Goh NK, Chia LS, Chia TF. 2003. Recent advances in traditional plant drugs and orchids. Acta Pharmacol Sin, 24: 7-21.
• Korkmaz M, Alpaslan Z. 2015. Ergan Dağı Erzincan-Türkiye’nin etnobotanik özellikleri. Bağbahçe Bilim Derg, 1(3): 1-31.
• Kovacs A, Vasas A, Hohmann J. 2008. Natural phenanthrenes and their biological activity. Phytochemistry, 69: 1084–1110.
• Kozlov O, Kalíková K, Gondová T, Budovská M, Salayová A, Tesařová E. 2019. Fast enantioseparation of indole phytoalexins in additive free supercritical fluid chromatography. J Chromatography A, 1596: 209-216.
• Kraus GA, Zhang N. 2002. A direct synthesis of denbinobin. Tetrahedron Lett, 43: 9597-9599.
• Kuo CT, Hsu MJ, Chen BC, Chen CC, Teng CM. 2008. Denbinobin induces apoptosis in human lung adenocarcinoma cells via Akt inactivation, Bad activation, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Toxicology Lett, 177: 48-58.
• Kültür Ş, Altınbaşak O, Anıl S, Melikoğlu G. 2017. Türkiye’de mide ülserinde kullanılan tıbbi bitkiler. Marmara Pharmaceutical J, 22(1): 1-14.
• Lal B, Negi HR, Singh RD, Ahuja PS. 2004. Medicinal uses of Dactylorhiza hatagirea among the natives of higher altitudes in western Himalaya. J Orchid Soc India, 18: 97-100.
• Larsen K. 1999. Medicinal and poisonous plants 1. PROSEA. Nordic J Botany, 19: 612-612.
• Leander K, Lüning B. 1967. Studies on orchidaceae alkaloids VII Structure of a glucosidic alkaloid from Malaxis congesta comb. nov. (Rchb. f.). Tetrahedron Lett, 8: 3477-3478.
• Lee YH, Park JD, Baek NI, Kim SI, Ahn BZ. 1995. In vitro and in vivo antitumoral phenanthrenes from the aerial parts of Dendrobium nobile. Planta Med, 61: 178-180.
• Letcher RM, Nhamo LRM. 1973. Structure of orchinol, loroglossol, and hircinol. J Chemical Soc, Perkin Transact, 1: 1263-1265.
• Li YM, Wang HY, Liu GQ. 2001. Erianin induces apoptosis in human leukemia HL-60 cells. Acta Pharmacol Sin, 22: 1018-1022.
• Liu H, Liu Z, Jin X, Gao J, Chen Y. 2020a. Assessing conservation efforts against threats to wild orchids in China. Biological Conserv, 243: 108484.
• Liu Q, Wang XL, Finnegan PM, Gao JY. 2020b. Reproductive ecology of Paphiopedilum spicerianum: Implications for conservation of a critically endangered orchid in China. Global Ecology and Conserv, 23: e01063.
• Liu WH, Hua YF, Zhan ZJ. 2007. Moniline, A New Alkaloid from Dendrobium moniliforme. J Chemical Res, 2007: 317-318.
• Lu H, Liu Z, Lan S. 2019a. Genome sequencing reveals the role of MADS-box gene families in the floral morphology evolution of orchids. Horticultural Plant J, 5: 247-254.
• Lu L, Fritsch PW, Matzke NJ, Wang H, Kron KA. 2019b. Why is fruit colour so variable? Phylogenetic analyses reveal relationships between fruit-colour evolution, biogeography and diversification. Global Ecol Biogeography, 28: 891-903.
• Luo JP, Deng YY, Zha XQ. 2008. Mechanism of polysaccharides from dendrobium huoshanense. On streptozotocin-ınduced diabetic cataract. Pharmaceutical Biol, 46: 243-249.
• Luo JJS, Wang CL. 2003. A general review of the conservation status of Chinese orchids. Biodiv Sci, 11: 70-77.
• Ma C, Meng CW, Zhou QM, Peng C, Liu F. 2019. New sesquiterpenoids from the stems of Dendrobium nobile and their neuroprotective activities. Fitoterapia, 138: 104351.
• Nicole F, Brzosko E, Till Bottraud I. 2005. Population viability analysis of Cypripedium calceolus in a protected area: longevity, stability and persistence. J Ecology, 93: 716-726.
• Nishikawa K, Hirata Y. 1967. Chemotaxonomical alkaloid studies I. Structure of nervosine. Tetrahedron Lett, 8: 2591-2596.
• Nishikawa K, Hirata Y. 1968. Chemotaxonomical alkaloid studies III. Further studies of liparis alkaloids. Tetrahedron Lett, 9: 6289-6291.
• Nuerxiati R, Abuduwaili A, Mutailifu P, Wubulikasimu A, Rustamova N. 2019. Optimization of ultrasonic-assisted extraction, characterization and biological activities of polysaccharides from Orchis chusua D. Don (Salep). Int J Biol Macromol, 141: 431-443.
• Onaka T, Kamata S, Maeda T, Kawazoe Y, Natsume M. 1964. The structure of dendrobine. Chem Pharm Bull, 12: 506-512.
• Paijmans K. 1976. New Guinea vegetation. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization in association with the Australian National University Press, Australia.
• Podstolski A, Havkin-Frenkel D, Malinowski J, Blount JW, Kourteva G, Dixon RA. 2002. Unusual 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde synthase activity from tissue cultures of the vanilla orchid Vanilla planifolia. Phytochemistry, 61: 611-620.
• Rao TA. 1998. Conservation of wild orchids of Kodagu in the Western Ghats. Centre for Technology Development and Agricultural Technologies and Services Private Ltd, Bangalore, India, 242 pages.
• Rastogi RP, Dhawan BN. 1990. Anticancer and antiviral activities in indian medicinal plants: A review. Drug Development Res, 19: 1-12.
• Reddy KN, Subba Raju GV, Reddy CS, Raju VS. 2005. Ethnobotany of certain orchids of Eastern Ghats of Andhra Pradesh. EPTRI-ENVIS Newslett: 5-9.
• Reinecke T, Kindl H. 1993. Characterization of bibenzyl synthase catalysing the biosynthesis of phytoalexins of orchids. Phytochemistry, 35: 63-66.
• Reinecke T. 1994. Inducible enzymes of the 9,10-dihydro-phenanthrene pathway. Sterile orchid plants responding to fungal infection. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interact, 7: 449-454.
• Ren Z, Qiu F, Wang Y, Yu W, Liu C. 2020. Network analysis of transcriptome and LC-MS Reveals a possible biosynthesis pathway of anthocyanins in dendrobium officinale. BioMed Res Int, 2020: 6512895.
• Roy M, Gonneau C, Rocheteau A, Berveiller D, Thomas JC. 2013. Why do mixotrophic plants stay green? A comparison between green and achlorophyllous orchid individuals in situ. Ecol Monographs, 83: 95-117.
• Roy N. 2007. Un psychoéducateur averti en vaut deux! intervenir en milieu scolaire autochtone innu. En Pratique, 7: 15-18.
• Salzmann CC, Nardella AM, Cozzolino S, Schiestl FP. 2007. Variability in floral scent in rewarding and deceptive orchids: the signature of pollinator-imposed selection? Annals of Botany, 100: 757-765.
• Samant SS, Dhar U, Rawal RS. 1998. Biodiversity status of a protected area in West Himalaya: Askot Wildlife Sanctuary. The Int J Sustainable Devel & World Ecol, 5(3): 194-203.
• Sargın SA, Selvi S ve Akçiçek E. 2013. Alaşehir (Manisa) ve çevresinde yetişen bazı geofitlerin etnobotanik açıdan incelenmesi. Erciyes Üniv Fen Bil Enst Fen Bil Derg, 29(2): 170-178.
• Schiestl FP. 2005. On the success of a swindle: pollination by deception in orchids. Naturwissenschaften, 92: 255-264.
• Sezik E. 1984. Orkidelerimiz (Türkiye’nin Orkideleri). Sandoz Kültür Yayınları. İstanbul, Turkey.
• Shefferson RP, Jacquemyn H, Kull T, Hutchings MJ. 2019. The demography of terrestrial orchids: life history, population dynamics and conservation. Botanical J Linnean Soc, 192: 315-332.
• Shih CC, Wu YW, Lin WC. 2002. Antihyperglycaemic and anti-oxidant properties of anoectochilus formosanus in diabetic rats. Clinical and Exp Pharm and Physiology, 29: 684-688.
• Singh A, Duggal S. 2009. Medicinal orchids: An overview. Ethnobotl Leaflets, 13: 351-363.
• Singh A. 2006. Raj Nighantu. Chaukhambha Orientalia, New Delhi, India. 1306 pages.
• Singh D, Pathak P, Sehgal R, Shekhar N, Sharma M, Sood A. 2001. Orchids: Science and commerce. New Delhi, India. 35 pages.
• Singh DK, Semwal RC. 2001. A new species of notothylas sull. from dehradun, India. Phytotaxonomy, 1: 35-39.
• Song JI, Kang YJ, Yong H-Y, Kim YC, Moon A. 2012. Denbinobin, a phenanthrene from Dendrobium nobile, inhibits invasion and induces apoptosis in SNU-484 human gastric cancer cells. Oncol Rep, 27: 813-818.
• Sun J, Wang C, Zhang J. 2005. Effect of polysaccharides from Bletilla striata on the adhesion of human umbilical venous endothelial cells. Zhong Yao Cai, 28: 1006-1008.
• Swarts ND, Dixon KW. 2009. Terrestrial orchid conservation in the age of extinction. Annals of Botany, 104: 543-556.
• Tekinşen KK, Güner A. 2010. Chemical composition and physicochemical properties of tubera salep produced from some Orchidaceae species. Food Chem, 121: 468-471.
• Teoh ES. 2016. Secondary metabolites of plants. In Medicinal Orchids of Asia. Springer Nature, Switzerland, 59-73.
• Tezuka Y, Ji L, Hirano H, Ueda M, Nagashima K, Kikuchi T. 1990. Studies on the constituents of orchidaceous plants. IX.: Constituents of Spiranthes sinensis (PERS.) AMES var. amoena (M. BIEBERSON) HARA. (2). Structures of Spirantheosol, Spiranthoquinone, Spiranthol-C, and Spirasineol-B, New Isopentenyldihydrophenanthrenes. Chem & Pharmac Bull, 38: 629-635.
• Tholl D. 2006. Terpene synthases and the regulation, diversity and biological roles of terpene metabolism. Current Opinion in Plant Biol, 9: 297-304.
• Thomas SR, Neuzil J, Stocker R. 1997. Inhibition of LDL oxidation by ubiquinol-10. A protective mechanism for coenzyme Q in atherogenesis? Molecular Aspects of Medicine, 18: 85-103.
• Tikendra L, Potshangbam AM, Amom T, Dey A, Nongdam P. 2021. Understanding the genetic diversity and population structure of Dendrobium chrysotoxum Lindl.-An endangered medicinal orchid and implication for its conservation. South African J Botany, 138: 364-376.
• Tollsten L, Bergström J. 1989. Variation and post‐pollination changes in floral odours released by Platanthera bifolia (Orchidaceae). Nordic J Botany, 9: 359-362.
• Tsai AC, Pan SL, Lai CY, Wang CY, Chen CC. 2011. The inhibition of angiogenesis and tumor growth by denbinobin is associated with the blocking of insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor signaling. The J Nutritional Biochem, 22: 625-633.
• Wang J, Liu Z, Zhang G, Niu S, Zhang Y, Peng C. 2020. Evolution of two ubiquitin-like system of autophagy in orchid. Horticultural Plant J, 5: 321-334.
• Wang JH, Luo JP, Yang XF, Zha XQ. 2010. Structural analysis of a rhamnoarabinogalactan from the stems of Dendrobium nobile Lindl. Food Chem, 122: 572-576.
• Wang YC, Lin CH, Chen CM, Liou JP. 2005. A concise synthesis of denbinobin. Tetrahedron Lett, 46: 8103-8104.
• Woo KJ, Jeong YJ, Inoue H, Park JW, Kwon TK. 2005. Chrysin suppresses lipopolysaccharide-induced cyclooxygenase-2 expression through the inhibition of nuclear factor for IL-6 (NF-IL6) DNA-binding activity. FEBS Lett, 579: 705-711.
• Wu S, Schoenbeck MA, Greenhagen BT, Takahashi S, Lee S. 2005. Surrogate splicing for functional analysis of sesquiterpene synthase genes. Plant Phys, 138: 1322-1333.
• Xue Z, Li S, Wang S, Wang Y, Yang Y. 2006. Mono-, Bi-, and triphenanthrenes from the tubers of Cremastra appendiculata. J Nat Prod, 69: 907-913.
• Yamaki M, Bai L, Kato T, Inoue K, Takagi S. 1993. Blespirol, a phenanthrene with a spirolactone ring from Bletilla striata. Phytochemistry, 33: 1497-1498.
• Yan L, Wang X, Liu H, Tian Y, Lian J. 2015. The genome of dendrobium officinale ılluminates the biology of the ımportant traditional Chinese orchid herb. Molecular Plant, 8: 922-934.
• Yan XF, Ni Q, Wei JP, Lin L. 2014. A systematic review and meta-analysis of type 2 diabetes mellitus treatment based on the “three-typed syndrome differentiation” theory in Chinese medicine. Chinese J Integrative Med, 20: 633-640.
• Yang H, Lee PJ, Jeong EJ, Kim HP, Kim YC. 2012. Selective apoptosis in hepatic stellate cells mediates the antifibrotic effect of phenanthrenes from Dendrobium nobile. Phytother Res, 26: 974-980.
• Yang L, Qin LH, Bligh SW, Bashall A, Zhang CF. 2006. A new phenanthrene with a spirolactone from Dendrobium chrysanthum and its anti-inflammatory activities. Bioorg Med Chem, 14: 3496-3501.
• Ye QH, Zhao WM, Qin GW. 2003. New fluorenone and phenanthrene derivatives from Dendrobium chrysanthum. Nat Prod Res, 17: 201-205.
• Yeow LC, Chew BL, Sreeramanan S. 2020. Elevation of secondary metabolites production through light-emitting diodes (LEDs) illumination in protocorm-like bodies (PLBs) of Dendrobium hybrid orchid rich in phytochemicals with therapeutic effects. Biotech Rep, 27: e00497.
• Yusuf M, Chowdhury J, Wahab M, Begum J. 1994. Medicinal plants of Bangladesh. Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh. 192 pages.
• Zheng C, Feng G, Liang H. 1998. Bletilla striata as a vascular embolizing agent in interventional treatment of primary hepatic carcinoma. Chin Med J (Engl), 111: 1060-1063.
• Zhou XM, Zheng CJ, Wu JT, Chen GY, Chen J, Sun CG. 2016. Five new lactone derivatives from the stems of Dendrobium nobile. Fitoterapia, 115: 96-100.
• Zhou XM, Zheng CJ, Wu JT, Chen GY, Zhang B, Sun CG. 2017. A new phenolic glycoside from the stem of Dendrobium nobile. Natural Product Res, 31: 1042-1046.
• Zou Y, Xiao CF, Zhong RQ, Wei W, Huang WM, He SJ. 2008. Synthesis of Combretastatin A-4 and Erianin. J Chemical Res, 2008: 354-356.