Peace and Security Issues in the Republic of Macedonia

Öz

This araticle has aimed to examine the issues that is about peace and security in the Republic of Macedonia by using historical institutionalist approach. The areas of dispute that threaten the peace and security of the Republic of Macedonia that has been selected as sampling and the mechanisms that establish stability through contributing to peace and security have been tried to be understood through the set of concepts of historical institutionalism. It has come to the conclusion that the role of political actor behaviors are influential on the issues such as the importance of micro-level processes in the field of conflict and the Republic of Macedonia’s institutional change and transformation. It has been shown that this approach can contribute to the maturation of the International Relations Discipline by applying the set of historical institutional concepts to specific events.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Historical Institutionalism,Republic of Macedonia,Peace and Security

Makedonya Cumhuriyeti'nde Barış ve Güvenlik Meseleleri

Öz

Bu makale Makedonya Cumhuriyeti’nde barış ve güvenlik konularını tarihsel kurumsalcı yaklaşım ile incelemeyi amaçlamıştır. Örneklem olarak seçilen Makedonya Cumhuriyeti’nin barış ve güvenliğine dair tehdit içeren anlaşmazlık alanları ve barış ve güvenliğe katkıda bulunmak yoluyla istikrarı tesis eden mekanizmalar tarihsel kurumsalcı yöntemin kavramlar seti aracılığıyla anlamlandırılmaya çalışılmıştır. Çatışma alanları ve Makedonya Cumhuriyeti’nin kurumsal değişim ve dönüşümü üzerinde, mikro-seviye süreçlerin önemi ve politik aktörlerin davranışlarının kademeli değişimi şekillendirmedeki rolleri gibi hususların etkili olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır. Tarihsel kurumsalcı kavramlar setinin tikel olaylara uygulanmasıyla bu yaklaşımın Uluslararası İlişkiler Disiplini’nin olgunlaşmasına katkı yapabileceği gösterilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Tarihsel Kurumsalcılık,Makedonya Cumhuriyeti,Barış ve Güvenlik

Kaynakça

1. Ackermann, Alice (1996). “The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia: A Relatively Successful Case of Conflict Prevention in Europe”, Security Dialogue, Cilt 27, Sayı 4, ss. 409-424.
2. Ackerman, Alice ve Antonio, Pala (1996). “From Peace keeping to Preventive Deployment: A Study of the United Nations in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia”, European Security, Cilt 5, Sayı 1, ss. 83-97.
3. Andonovski, Zoran (1991). “Bağımsız ve Egemen Makedonya”, Makedoniya, Sayı 462, s.11.
4. Annual Review of Global Peace Operations-2006 (2007). Center on International Cooperation, New York, http://peaceoperationsreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/2006_annual_review.pdf [Erişim Tarihi: 07.06.2018]
5. Arloth, Jana ve Seidensticker, Frauke (2007). “The ESDP Crisis Management Operations of the European Union and Human Rights”, German Institute for Human Rights, http://www.institut-fuer-menschenrechte.de/uploads/tx_commerce/study_the_esdp_crisis_management_operations_of_the_eu_and_human_rights.pdf [Erişim Tarihi: 07.06.2018]
6. Atanasov, Petar (1994). “Macedonia: A Peace to Keep”, War Report, Sayı 28, pp. 22-23.
7. Augustin, Pierre (2005). “Lessons learned from Operation Concordia in FYROM”, Doctrine, Sayı 6, ss. 57-59.
8. Avreiski, Nicolas (2006). “Balkan Policy of the Republic of Bulgaria”, Me dunarodni otnošenia, Cilt 1, Sayı 35, ss. 80-92.

9. Babuna, Aydın (2000). “The Albanians of Kosovo and Macedonia: Ethnic Identity Superseding Religion”, Nationalities Papers, Cilt 28, Sayı 1, ss. 67-92.
10. Balkan Insight (05.09.2013). “Fresh Macedonia Name Talks Announced”, http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/fresh-macedonia-name-talks-announced [Erişim Tarihi: 05.06.2018]
11. Balkan Insight (25.01.2012). “Greek and Macedonian Vice-PMs to Meet”, http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/greek-macedonian-vice-prime-ministers-meet [Erişim Tarihi: 05.06.2018]
12. Balkan Insight (22.06.2009). “Ivanov: Greece Provokes Macedonians”, 22 Haziran 2009, http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/ivanov-greece-provokes-macedonians [Erişim Tarihi: 05.06.2018]
13. Balkan Insight (05.12.2011). “Macedonia Savours World Court Victory Over Greece”, http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/icj-judgment [Erişim Tarihi: 05.06.2018]
14. BM Belge S/24923 (09.12.1992). http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/24923 [Erişim Tarihi: 06.06.2018)]
15. Brethfield, Julie (2006). “Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia”, BCPR Strategic Review, Small Arms Survey, s. 22.
16. Bumçi, Aldo (1998). “Albania’s Search for Security 1992 to date”, www.bmlv.gv.at/pdf_pool/publikationen/wg2_bumci.pdf [Erişim Tarihi: 26.08.2018]
17. Council Joint Action 2005/826/CFSP (24.11. 2005). “Establishment of an EU Police Advisory Team (EUPAT) in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM), http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32005E0826&from=EN [Erişim Tarihi: 06.06.2018]
18. Council of the European Union (2003). “Article by Javier Solana, A Milestone on the Path from Conflict to European Integration”, http://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cmsUpload/031215SkopjeConcordia-Proxima.pdf [Erişim Tarihi: 07.06.2017]
19. Council of the European Union (2003). “Draft Council Conclusions on Operation Concordia”, 11630/2/03 REV 2, http://data.consilium.europa.eu/doc/document/ST-11630-2003-REV-2/en/pdf [Erişim Tarihi: 07.06.2018]
20. Council of the European Union (2003). “Transcript of the speeches held at the European Union Welcoming Ceremony on 31 March, 2003, Speech of President of FYROM, Boris Trajkovski”, http://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cmsUpload/Speech%20of%20NATO%20SG%20Robertson.pdf [Erişim Tarihi: 06.06.2018]
21. Council of the European Union (2004). “Draft Council Joint Action amending Joint Action 2003/681/CFSP on the European Union Police Mission in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (EUPOL “Proxima”)”, 20 Ocak 2004, Brussels, http://register.consilium.europa.eu/doc/srv?l=EN&f=ST%205454%202004%20INIT [Erişim Tarihi: 06.06.2017]
22. Council of the European Union (2004). “Extension of the EU police mission Proxima in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia”, 14 December 2004, http://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cmsUpload/Extension%20of%20the%20EU%20police%20mission%20Proxima%2014.12.04.pdf [Erişim Tarihi: 06.06.2017]
23. Council of the European Union (2004). “2559th EXTERNAL RELATIONS Council Meeting”, 26 Ocak 2004, http://data.consilium.europa.eu/doc/document/ST-5655-2004-INIT/en/pdf [Erişim Tarihi: 07.06.2017]
24. Council of the European Union (2005). “EU Police Advisory Team in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (EUPAT)”, https://eeas.europa.eu/archives/csdp/missions-and-operations/eupat/pdf/01122005_factsheet_eupat_en.pdf [Erişim Tarihi: 06.06.2017]
25. Danforth, M. Loring (1993). “Claims to Macedonian Identity: The Macedonian Question and the Breakup of Yugoslavia”, Anthropology Today, Cilt 9, Sayı 4, ss. 3-10.
26. Demirtaş-Coşkun Birgül ve Türkoğlu, Emir (2001). “Makedonya’da Tehlike Çanları: Balkanların Eski “Model Ülke”si Yeni İstikrarsızlık Unsuru mu?”, Stratejik Analiz, Cilt 2, Sayı 13, ss. 5-19.
27. Doudoumis, N. Ioannis (1999). Perspectives on the Development of Relations between Macedonia and Bulgaria, Institute for Regional and International Studies Press, Sofia.
28. European Commission (2003). “EU launches Police Mission in the Former Yugoslavia Republic of Macedonia”, http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-03-1727_en.htm?locale=en [Erişim Tarihi: 06.06.2018]
29. European Commission (2014). “Commission Staff Working Document: The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 2014 Progress Report, SWD (2014) 303 Final”, http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/pdf/key_documents/2014/20141008-the-former-yugoslav-republic-of-macedonia-progress-report_en.pdf [Erişim Tarihi: 05.06.2017]
30. Flessenkemper, Tobias (2008). “EUPOL Proxima in Macedonia, 2003-05”, (ed. Merlingen M. ve Ostrauskaite R. içinde), European Security and Defence Policy: An Implementation Perspective, Routledge, London, ss. 78-96.
31. Gaber, Viktor (2002). Makedonya Diplomasisi Hakkında, Magor, Üsküp.
32. Giannakos, A. Symeon (1992). “The Macedonian Question Reexamined: Implications for Balkan Security”, Mediterranean Quarterly, Cilt 3, Sayı 3, ss. 26-47.
33. Gligorov, Kiro (2001). Makedonya Bizim Herşeyimizdir, Izdavacki Centar TRI, Üsküp.
34. Gow, James ve Pettifer, James (1993). “Macedonia - Handle with Care”, Jane’s Intelligence Review, Cilt 5, Sayı 9, ss. 387-388.
35. Hamza, Aktan (2007). “Makedonya Arnavutları”, (ed. Karatay, O. ve Gökdağ, B. A. içinde), Balkanlar El Kitabı, Cilt 2: Çağdaş Balkanlar, Vadi Yayınları, İstanbul.
36. Hellenic Republic Ministry of Foreign Affairs (2006). “Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia”, http://www.mfa.gr/en/blog/greece-bilateral-relations/fyrom/ [Erişim Tarihi: 05.06.2018]
37. ICG Balkans Report (2001). “Albania: State of the Nation 2001”, No. 111, 25 Mayıs 2001.
38. ICG Balkans Report (2003). “Albania: State of the Nation 2003”, No. 140, 11 Mart 2003.
39. International Crisis Group (2005). “EU Crisis Response Capability Revisited” Crisis Group Europe. Report N° 160, http://old.crisisgroup.org/_/media/Files/europe/160_eu_crisis_response_capability_revisited_edit.pdf [Erişim Tarihi: 07.06.2018]
40. Ioannides, Isabelle (2006). “EU Police Mission Proxima: testing the ‘European’ approach to building peace, in Civilian crisis management: the EU way”, Chaillot Paper, Sayı 90, s. 74.
41. Ioannides, Isabelle (2007). “Police Mission in Macedonia”, (ed. Emerson, M. ve Gross, E. içinde), Evaluating the EU’s Crisis Missions in the Balkans, Centre for European Policy Studies, Brussels.
42. Katsunov, Valery (2003). History of Bulgaria, Bulgarian Chronicle, Trud Press, Sofia.
43. Kaufman, J. Stuart (1996). “Preventive Peacekeeping. Ethnic Violence, and Macedonia”, Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, Cilt 19, Sayı 3, ss. 229-246.
44. Kentrotis, D. Kyriakos (2000). “Bulgaria and the Kosovo question”, (ed. Kontis, V. ve Manta, E. içinde), Kosovo and the Albanian Populations of the Balkans, Institute for Balkan Studies Press, Thessaloniki.
45. Kim, Julie (2005). “Report for Congress, Macedonia (FYROM): Post-Conflict Situation and U.S. Policy”, Congressional Research Service (CRS), https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL32172.pdf [Erişim Tarihi: 07.06.2018]
46. Koiwai, Mayura (1999). “Veto ends UN mission in Macedonia”, Peacekeeping & International Relations, Cilt 28, Sayı 2, s. 11.
47. Koppa, Maria-Eleni (1995). “Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia: The Strategic Dilemmas”, Eurobalkans, Sayı 20, ss. 38-43.
48. Koppa, Maria-Eleni (1997). Minorities in Post-Communist Balkans, Nea Sinora, Athens.
49. Kostovicova, Denisa (2006). “Old and new insecurity in the Balkans: Lessons from the EU’s involvement in Macedonia”, (ed. Glasius M. ve Kaldor M. içinde), A Human Security Doctrine for Europe: Project, principles, practicalities, Routledge, London.
50. Kut, Şule (2005). Balkanlarda Kimlik ve Egemenlik, Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları, İstanbul.
51. Lefebvre, Stephane (1994). “The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) Where to?”, European Security, Cilt 3, Sayı 4, ss. 711-733.
52. Liotta, H. Peter (2001). Dismembering The State: The Death Of Yugoslavia And Why It Matters, Lexington Books Press, Oxford.
53. Milosavlevski, Slavko (2001). “Makedonya’da Arnavut Sorunu”, (ed. Lazarevsli, P., Atanasovski, T., vd. içinde), Avtori na Nacionalnata Bezbednost na Republika Makedoniya, Institut za Socioloşki i Politiçko-Pravni Istrajuvanya, Üsküp.
54. Mircev, Dimitar (1993). “Macedonia’s Position on the Balkans: A Factor of Conflictualization or a Factor of Stability and Peace”, Balkan Forum, Cilt 1, Sayı 3, ss. 91-100.
55. Mirçeski, Sasa (1998). 1990-1997 Yılları Arası Makedonya Almanakı, NİP Nova Makedoniya, Üsküp.
56. Muhic, Ferid (1996). “Macedonia – An Island on the Balkan Mainland”, (ed. Dyker, D. A. ve Vejvvoda içinde), Yugoslavia and After: A Study in Framentation, Despair and Rebirth, Longman Press, London.
57. NATO (2000). “EU-NATO Declaration on ESDP”, Press Release 142. http://www.nato.int/docu/pr/2002/p02-142e.htm [Erişim Tarihi: 06.06.2018]
58. NATO (2003). “EU and NATO agree concerted approach for the Western Balkans”, Press Release 089, http://www.nato.int/docu/pr/2003/p03-089e.htm, [Erişim Tarihi: 06.06.2018]
59. NATO (2006). NATO Handbook, Public Diplomacy Division NATO, Brussels.
60. NATO (2014). “Peace Support Operations in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia”, http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/topics_52121.htm [Erişim Tarihi: 06.07.2018]
61. Nikas, Christos (2003). “The Effects of the Interim Accord on Economic Relations between Greece and FYROM”, (ed. Kofos E. ve Vlasidis, V. içinde), Athens and Skopje, the 7-year Symbiosis (1995-2002), Papazisis Press, Athens.
62. Nikolov, Chvdarov (2006). “On the Horizon – “The End of History’ in Bulgarian”, Politika, 11-17 Ağustos 2006.
63. Nuredin, Abdülmecit (2008). Osmanlı Sonrası Makedonya, Matüsiteb, Üsküp.
64. Official Journal of the European Union (2004). “Agreement between the European Union and the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia on the status and activities of the European Union Police Mission in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (EUPOL “Proxima”)”, http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_PRES-03-372_en.pdf [Erişim Tarihi: 07.06.2018]
65. Ohrid Framework Agreement, (2001). https://ec.europa.eu/neighbourhood-enlargement/sites/near/files/pdf/the_former_yugoslav_republic_of_macedonia/framework_agreement_ohrid_130801_en.pdf [Erişim Tarihi: 06.06.2018]
66. OSCE (2003). “Annual Report on OSCE Activities 2003”, http://www.osce.org/secretariat/13580?download=true [Erişim Tarihi: 07.06.2018]
67. OSCE (2004). “Annual Report on OSCE Activities 2004”, http://www.osce.org/secretariat/14430?download=true [Erişim Tarihi: 07.06.2017]
68. Pardew, James ve Bennett, Christopher (2006). “NATO’nun Gelişen Operasyonları”, NATO Dergisi, http://www.nato.int/docu/review/2006/issue1/turkish/art1.html [Erişim Tarihi: 06.06.2018]
69. Perry, Duncan M. (1992). “Macedonians. Bulgarians or Slavophone Greeks? A Question of National Consciousness”, The Polish Review of International Affairs, Cilt 1, Sayı 1-2, ss. 113-130.
70. Perry, Duncan M. (1994). “Une Crise en Gestation? La Macedoine et Ses Voisins”, Politique Etrangere, Cilt 59, Sayı 1, ss. 179-207.
71. Perry, Duncan M. (1995). “Civil Society or Civil Strife?”, War Report, Sayı 35, ss. 27-30.
72. Perry, Duncan M. (1996). “Macedonia: Balkan Miracle or Balkan Disaster?”, Current History, Cilt 95, Sayı 599, ss. 113-117.
73. Perry, Duncan M. (1996). “The Republic of Macedonia: Finding Its Way”, (ed. Dawisha, K. ve Parrott, B. içinde), Politics, Power, and The Struggle for Democracy in South-East Europe, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
74. Perry, Duncan M. (1998). “Destiny on Hold: Macedonia and the Dangers of Ethnic Discord”, Current History, Cilt 97, Sayı 617, ss. 119-126.
75. Perry, Duncan M. (2000). Conflicting Ambitions And Shared Fates: The Past, Present And Future Of Albanians And Macedonians, The Macedonian Question: Culture, Historiography, Politics, East European Monographs, Boulder Press, New York.
76. Pettifer, James (1992). “The New Macedonian Question”, International Affairs, Cilt 68, Sayı 3, ss. 475-485.
77. Republic of Macedonia Ministry of Foreign Affairs, “Bilateral Relations”, http://www.mfa.gov.mk/index.php/en/foreign-policy/bilateral-relations/neighbourhood [Erişim Tarihi: 05.06.2018]
78. Republic of Macedonia Ministry of Foreign Affairs, “Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE)”, http://www.mfa.gov.mk/index.php/en/foreign-policy/multilateral-relations/ocse [Erişim Tarihi: 05.06.2018]
79. Republic of Macedonia Ministry of Foreign Affairs, “Republic of Macedonia and the Partnership for Peace”, http://www.mfa.gov.mk/index.php/en/foreign-policy/goals-and-priorities/nato-membership [Erişim tarihi (5 Haziran 2017)
80. Reuter, Jens (1993). “Policy and Economy in Macedonia”, Balkan Forum, Cilt 1, Sayı 3, ss. 153-173.
81. Ruzin, Nano (2003). “Looking forward to a Balkan Big Mac”, http://www.nato.int/cps/en/SID634DE999-40B236BA/natolive/opinions_20494.htm?selectedLocale=en [Erişim Tarihi: 06.06.2018]
82. Serry, Robert ve Bennett, Cristopher (2004). “Doğru Rotada Kalmak”, NATO Dergisi, http://www.nato.int/docu/review/2004/issue4/turkish/art3.html [Erişim Tarihi: 06.06.2018]
83. Soğangöz, Murat (2007). “Makedonya Krizi ve ODGP’nin Rolü”, (Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi) Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü AB ve Uluslararası Ekonomik İlişkiler Anabilim Dalı.
84. Sokalski, J. Henry (2003). An Ounce Of Prevention: Macedonia And The UN Experience in Preventive Diplomacy, United States Institute of Peace Press, Washington D.C.
85. Spaseski, Jordan ve Aslimovski, Pere (2001). Savunma Bilimi, Institut za Istrajuvanye na Turizmot Pri Fakultetot za Turizam i Ugostitelstvo, Ohrid.
86. Starova, Arian (2004). “Security Issues in the Western Balkans” , (ed. Ateşoğlu Güney, N. ve Aksu, F. içinde), Proceedings of the International Conference on the Potential Crisis And Conflicts in the Western Balkans, Ortadoğu ve Balkan İncelemeleri Vakfı: 2005, İstanbul.
87. Stefanova, Radoslava (1997). “Preventing Violent Conflict in Europe: The Case of Macedonia”, The International Spectator, Cilt 32, Sayı 3, ss. 99-120.
88. Şenyuva, Coşkun (1999). Balkanlardaki Gelişmeler ve Türkiye’ye Etkileri ile Balkanlar - Türkiye Otoyol Projesi, Harp Akademileri Basımevi, İstanbul.
89. Talbott, Strobe (1992). “Greece’s Defense Seems Just Silly”, Time Magazine, s. 31.
90. Taylor, Scott (2002). İç Savaş, Knjiga Komerc, Belgrad.
91. Troebst, Stefan (1994). “Macedonia in a Hostile International and Ethnopolitical Environment - Six Scenarios”, Balkan Forum, Cilt 2, Sayı 1, ss. 25-44.
92. Tufan, Şirin (1997). “Macedonia and Its Neighbours”, Balkan Forum, Cilt 5, Sayı 2, ss. 281-293.
93. Tupurkovski, Vasil (1997). “The Balkan Crisis and The Republic of Macedonia”, (ed. Danopoulos. C. P. ve Messas. K. G. içinde), Crises in The Balkans: Views From The Participants, Westview Press, Boulder.
94. Van Moyland. Suzanna (1995). “Macedonia - Home But Not Yet Dry”, Jane’s Intelligence Review, Cilt 7, Sayı 2, ss. 64-67.
95. Varvaroussis, Paris (1995). “Macedonia: Focus of Greek Policy towards the Balkans”, Aussenpolitik, Cilt 46, Sayı 4, ss. 358-364.
96. Vichou, Maria (1997). “The Greek-FYROM Relations”, Epetirida Amintikis kai Eksoterikis Politikis, ss. 85-95.
97. Vickers Miranda ve Pettifer, James (1997). Albania – From Anarchy to a Balkan Identity. Hurst Company, London.
98. Xhudo. Gus (1993). “Macedonia: The Trouble from Within”, Terrorism and Political Violence, Cilt 5, Sayı 4, ss. 311-335.
99. Zahariadis, Nikolaos (1994). “As the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia a Security Threat to Greece?”, Mediterranean Quarterly, Cilt 5, Sayı 1, ss. 84-l05.
100. Zahariadis, Nikolaos (2003). “External Interventions and Domestic Ethnic Conflict in Yugoslav Macedonia”, Political Science Quarterly, Cilt 118, Sayı 2, ss. 259-279.
101. Zikov, Andrey (1993). “The Role of the Republic of Macedonia in Foreign-Trade Co-operation on the Balkans”, Balkan Forum, Cilt 1, Sayı 3, ss. 199-214.