Structural Features and Laboratory Diagnosis of Monkeypox Virus

Öz

Monkeypox virus is a zoonosis that was previously endemic in Africa and causes a smallpox-like disease. The disease has recently gained at- tention due to increasing human-to-human transmission and the occurrence of outbreaks outside of Africa. The disease is usually self-limiting, but up to 10% mortality and severe complications can occur. The clinical manifestations of the disease are not specific, and Monkeypox Virus exhibits structural similarity to some other virus strains. Since there is no specific vaccine and treatment yet, rapid and early recognition of this agent will be the most effective step in epidemic management. This review discusses the structure of monkeypox virus and the methods used in laboratory diagnosis.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Monkeypox virus
• Orthopoxvirus
• diagnosis
• outbreak.

Maymun Çiçeği Virüsünün Yapısal Özellikleri ve Laboratuvar Tanısı

Öz

Maymun Çiçek Virüsü daha önce endemik olarak Afrika'da görülen ve çiçek hastalığı benzeri hastalığa neden olan bir zoonozdur. Son zamanlarda insandan insana bulaşların artışı ve Afrika'nın ötesindeki salgınların ortaya çıkması ile dikkatleri üzerine çekmiştir. Hastalık genellikle kendini sınırlamakta ancak %10‘a varan mortalite ve ciddi komplikasyonlar görülebilmektedir. Hastalığın spesifik bir klinik tablosu yoktur ve Maymun Çiçeği Virüsü diğer bazı virüs türleri ile yapısal benzerlik sergilemektedir. Henüz spesifik bir aşısı ve tedavisi olmayan bu etkenin hızlı ve erken tanınması salgın yönetimindeki en etkili basamak olacaktır. Bu derlemede Maymun çiçeği virüsünün yapısı ve laboratuvar tanısında kullanılan yöntemler gözden geçirilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Maymun çiçek virüsü
• Orthopox virüs
• tanı
• salgın

Kaynakça

1. ttps://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/all-topics-z/monkeypox/factsheet-health-professionals
2. HSGM Maymun Çiçeği (Monkeypox) Rehberi, Ankara 2022 https://hsgm.saglik.gov.tr/depo/birimler/Bulasici-hastaliklar-db/hastaliklar/monkeypox/Maymun_Cicegi_Monkeypox_Virusu_Hastaligi_Rehber.pdf Erişim Tarihi: 05.08.2022
3. Bunge EM, Hoet B, Chen L, et al. The changing epidemiology of human monkeypox-A potential threat? A systematic review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2022;16(2):e0010141. Published 2022 Feb 11. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0010141
4. Moore MJ, Rathish B, Zahra F. Monkeypox. [Updated 2022 Jul 16]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK574519/
5. Kmiec D, Kirchhoff F. Monkeypox: A New Threat?. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(14):7866. Published 2022 Jul 17. doi:10.3390/ijms23147866
6. Alakunle E, Moens U, Nchinda G, Okeke MI. Monkeypox Virus in Nigeria: Infection Biology, Epidemiology, and Evolution. Viruses. 2020;12(11):1257. Published 2020 Nov 5. doi:10.3390/v12111257
7. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/monkeypox Erişim tarihi: 05.08.2022
8. Petersen E, Kantele A, Koopmans M, et al. Human Monkeypox: Epidemiologic and Clinical Characteristics, Diagnosis, and Prevention. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2019;33(4):1027-1043. doi:10.1016/j.idc.2019.03.001

9. Moore MJ, Rathish B, Zahra F. Monkeypox. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; July 16, 2022.
10. Ogoina D, Izibewule JH, Ogunleye A, et al. The 2017 human monkeypox outbreak in Nigeria-Report of outbreak experience and response in the Niger Delta University Teaching Hospital, Bayelsa State, Nigeria. PLoS One. 2019;14(4):e0214229. Published 2019 Apr 17. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0214229
11. Hraib M, Jouni S, Albitar MM, Alaidi S, Alshehabi Z. The outbreak of monkeypox 2022: An overview. Ann Med Surg (Lond). 2022;79:104069. Published 2022 Jun 24. doi:10.1016/j.amsu.2022.104069
12. P. Vidal-Cortés, et al. Impact of one year of pandemic on Spanish Intensive Care Units. Rev Esp Quimioter 2022;35(4): 392-400 doi:10.37201/req/025.2022
13. Modrow S, Falke D, Truyen U, Schätzl H. Viruses: Definition, Structure, Classification. Molecular Virology. 2013;829-851. Published 2013
14. Li Y, Zhao H, Wilkins K, Hughes C, Damon IK. Real-time PCR assays for the specific detection of monkeypox virus West African and Congo Basin strain DNA. J Virol Methods. 2010;169(1):223-227. doi:10.1016/j.jviromet.2010.07.012
15. Hudson PN, Self J, Weiss S, et al. Elucidating the role of the complement control protein in monkeypox pathogenicity. PLoS One. 2012;7(4):e35086. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0035086
16. Remichkova M. Poxviruses: smallpox vaccine, its complications and chemotherapy. Virus Adaptation and Treatment. 2010;2:41-46 https://doi.org/10.2147/VAAT.S8563
17. Bunge, Eveline M., et al. "The changing epidemiology of human monkeypox—A potential threat? A systematic review." PLoS neglected tropical diseases 16.2 (2022): e0010141.
18. Gong Q, Wang C, Chuai X, Chiu S. Monkeypox virus: a re-emergent threat to humans [published online ahead of print, 2022 Jul 9]. Virol Sin. 2022;S1995-820X(22)00120-1. doi:10.1016/j.virs.2022.07.006
19. Titanji BK, Tegomoh B, Nematollahi S, Konomos M, Kulkarni PA. Monkeypox: A Contemporary Review for Healthcare Professionals. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2022;9(7):ofac310. Published 2022 Jun 23. doi:10.1093/ofid/ofac310
20. Walsh D. Poxviruses: Slipping and sliding through transcription and translation [published correction appears in PLoS Pathog. 2018 Jan 4;14 (1):e1006832]. PLoS Pathog. 2017;13(11):e1006634. Published 2017 Nov 16. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1006634
21. Ashley V. Kondas,Victoria A. Olson Clinical Virology Manual, Fifth Edition. First published: 15 April 2016 https://doi.org/10.1128/9781555819156.ch33
22. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/354488/WHO-MPX-Laboratory-2022.1-eng.pdf Erişim tarihi: 05.08.2022
23. https://acikders.ankara.edu.tr/pluginfile.php/10217/mod_resource/content/0/ETY%20Uygulama.pdf Erişim tarihi: 05.08.2022
24. Maksyutov RA, Gavrilova EV, Shchelkunov SN. Species-specific differentiation of variola, monkeypox, and varicella-zoster viruses by multiplex real-time PCR assay. J Virol Methods. 2016;236:215-220. doi:10.1016/j.jviromet.2016.07.024
25. Ropp SL, Jin Q, Knight JC, Massung RF, Esposito JJ. PCR strategy for identification and differentiation of small pox and other orthopoxviruses. J Clin Microbiol. 1995;33(8):2069-2076. doi:10.1128/jcm.33.8.2069-2076.1995
26. Li D, Wilkins K, McCollum AM, et al. Evaluation of the GeneXpert for Human Monkeypox Diagnosis. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2017;96(2):405-410. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.16-0567