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Medical Leech Therapy (Hirudotherapy)

Yıl 2019, , 29 - 46, 30.09.2019
https://doi.org/10.34084/bshr.576663

Öz











Leeches
are a class of segmented invertebrates, known for their blood-feeding habits
and used in phlebotomy to treat various ailments since antiquity. Hirudotherapy
is the application of medicinal leeches for therapeutic use. The therapeutic
use of leech therapy is an established method and dates back to ancient Egypt
and the beginning of civilization. At the end of the 20th century new therapy
concepts took the place of leech therapy. With microvascular surgery techniques
there has been a “rebirth” in the use of medicinal leeches in recent years.
Hirudo medicinalis has widest therapeutic usage among the leeches, but
worldwide, many different species were tested and studied. Leech therapy
involves an initial bite, which is usually a painless bite, followed by the
sucking of 5 and 15 ml of blood. It’s major therapeutic benefits are not only
due to blood sucked during the biting, but also from the various bioactive
substances. Saliva of leech contains various bioactive compounds such as:
eglins, bdellins, hirudin, hyaluronidase, calin, destabilase, apyrase,
decorsin, hirustatin, tryptase inhibitors, and histamine like substances,
complement inhibitors, carboxypeptidase A- inhibitors and acetylcholine. These
substances are responsible for inhibiting blood coagulation, analgesic effect,
dilating effect on muscles and regulation on immune system. Hirudotherapy has a
broad spectrum of therapeutic application in the medical field ranging from
cardiology, orthopedy, gynaecology, ophthalmology, plastic and reconstructive
surgeries. This review presents an overview of leech including the history,
general characteristics and mechanisms of action of leeches, and its
application as medical device.

Kaynakça

  • 1) Abdullah S, Dar ML, Rashid A, Tewari A.Hirudotherapy /Leech therapy: Applications and Indications in Surgery:ArchClinExpSurg 2012;1:172-180.
  • 2) Whitaker IS, Rao J, Izadi D, Butler PE. Historicalarticle:Hirudomedicinalis: ancientorigins of, andtrends in theuseofmedicinalleechesthroughouthistory:Br J Oral MaxillofacSurg 2004;42:133–7.
  • 3) Hildebrandt JP, Lemke S. 2011. Small bite, large impact – saliva and salivary molecules in the medical leech, Hirudo medicinalis. Naturwissenschaften. 2011; 98:995-1008.
  • 4) Bernard Aschner. Theories and Philosophies of Medicine. Institude of History of Medicine and Medical Research, New Delhi, 1973; 242-253.
  • 5) Weinfeld AB, Yuksel E, Boutros S, Gura DH, Akyu¬rek M, Friedman JD. Clinical and scientific consid¬erations in leech therapy for the management of acute venous congestion: an updated review. Ann Plast Surg 2000;45:207-212.
  • 6) Gödekmerdan A, Arusan S, Bayar B, Sağlam N. Tıbbi Sülükler ve Hirudoterapi :Turkiye Parazitol Derg 2011; 35: 234-9.
  • 7) Porshinsky BS, Saha S, Grossman MD, Beery II PR, Stawicki SP. Clinical uses of the medicinal leech: a practical review.: J Postgrad Med. 2011; 57(1):65-71.
  • 8) Wells MD, Ralp T, Manktelow RT, Boyd JE. Bowen V. The medical leech: an old treatment revisited, Microsurgery 1993; 14: 183–6.
  • 9) Galen ‘On the natural faculties’ translated by A.J. Brock, The Loeb Classical Library. Harvard University Pres, Cambridge. Massachusetts and William Heinemann, London, 1952.
  • 10) Papavramidou N, Christopoulou-Aletra H. Medicinal use of leeches in the texts of ancient Greek, Roman and early Byzantine writers. Intern Med J 2009; 39 (9): 624-7.
  • 11) Ibn-i Sina, El-Kanun Fi’t-Tıbb, Vol. 1, Translated by Esin Kahya. Atatürk Language and Culture Center, Ankara, 2009: 413-4.
  • 12) Rolleston JD. Francois-Joseph-Victor Broussais 1772 to 1832: his life and doctrines. Proc R Soc Med 1959; 22: 405.
  • 13) Adams SL. The medicinal leech. A page from Annelids of internal medicine. Ann Int Med 1988; (109):399-405.
  • 14) Erdemir AD. Folklorik Tıpda Sülük Kullanımı ve Evrensel Gelişimi. İstanbul Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası 1979; (42):523-29.
  • 15) Haycraft JB. On the action of secretion obtained from the medicinal leech on coagulation of blood. Proc R Soc London 1884; 36: 478.
  • 16) Okka B. Hirudotherapy from Past to Present. Eur J Basic Med Sci 2013;3(3): 61-65.
  • 17) Whitaker IS, Izadi D, Oliver DW, Monteath G, But¬ler PE. Hirudo Medicinalis and the plastic surgeon. Br J Plast Surg 2004;57:348-353.
  • 18) Mory RN, Mindell D, Bloom DA. The leech and the physician: Biology, etymology, and medical practice with Hirudinea medicinalis. World J Surg 2000;24:878-83.
  • 19) Singh PA. Medicinal leech therapy (Hirudotherapy): a brief overview, Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice 2010; 16 (4): 213-215.
  • 20) Dwivedi AP. Case study of leech applicationin diabetic foot ulcer. IJRAP. 2012;3(5):748-51.
  • 21) Fort CW. Leech Therapy: Current Uses for an Old Treatment. Delaware Nurses Association (DNA) Reporter 2001; 26:16-17.
  • 22) Kozur H. Fossile Hirudinea aus demOberjura von Bayern. Lethaia 1970; 3: 225–232.
  • 23) Kutschera U, Roth M. Cocoon deposition and cluster formation in populations of the leech Hirudo verbana (Hirudinae: Hirudinidae).Lauterbornia 2006; 56: 5-8.
  • 24) Sivachandran P. et al An overview of leech and its therapeutic applications.Journal of Coastal Life Medicine 2015; 3(5): 405-413.
  • 25) Sağlam N. Tatlı Su ve Deniz Sulukleri Tanı Anahtarı, Elazığ: FıratUniversitesi Basım Evi; 2004.
  • 26) Todorov M, Grozeva S, Hubenov Z, Kenderov L, Trichkova T. Taxonomic status and distribution of medicinal leeches of the genus Hirudo L. (Hirudinea) in Bulgaria Acta zool. bulg., 2016; 68(2): 171-182.
  • 27) Kutschera U, Elliott JM. The European medicinal leech Hirudo medicinalis L.: Morphology and occurrence of an endangered species. Zoosyst. Evol. 2014; 91(2): 271–280.
  • 28) Sağlam, N. Tıbbi Sülük Hirudo medicinalis 'in (L., 1758, Hirudinidae) İncelenmesi, . Sümder Su Ürünleri Mühendisleri Derneği Dergisi, 1998; (1): 28-30.
  • 29) Sağlam N. Bazı Tıbbi Sülük Türlerinin (Hirudo medicinalis L., 1758 ve Hirudo verbana Carena, 1820) ihracatı, Korunması ve Sürdürülebilirliği. Jfscom, 2011; 5(1): 1-15 .
  • 30) Lone AH, Ahmad T, Anwar M, Habib S, Sofi G, Imam H. Leech Therapy-A Holistic approach of treatment in Unani (Greeko-Arab) Medicine. Ancient Science of Life. 2011; 31(1):31-35.
  • 31) Alam SS, Ahmad W, Yunus SS. Irsal-e-Alaq (Leech Therapy/ Hirudo therapy) in Surgical Diseases: A review. IJMR; 2016 (4):23-27.
  • 32) Sig AK, Guney M, Guclu AU, Ozmen E. Medicinal leech therapy—an overall perspective. Integr Med Res,2017; 337–343.
  • 33) Fields WS. The History of Leeching and Hirudin. Haemostasis 1991; (1):3-10.
  • 34) Electricwala A, Sawyer RT, Jones CP, Atkinson T.Isolation of thrombin inhibitor from the leech Hirudinaria manillensis. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis1991;2:83-89.
  • 35) Bichler J, Fritz H. Hirudin, a new therapeutic tool? Ann Hematol 1991;(63):67-76.
  • 36) Zaidi SMA, Jameel SS, Zaman F, Jilani S, Sultana A, Khan SA. A Systematic Overview of the Medicinal Importance of Sanguivorous Leeches. Alternative Medicine Review 2011; (16):59-65.
  • 37) Johnson PH. Hirudin: clinical potential of a thrombin inhibitor. Annu Rev Med 1994;45:165-177.
  • 38) Hovingh P, Linker A. Hyaluronidase activity in leeches (Hirudinea). Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol1999;124:319-326.
  • 39) Harsfalvi J, Stassen JM, Hoylaerts MF, et al. Calin from Hirudo medicinalis, an inhibitor of von Willebrand factor binding to collagen under static and flow conditions. Blood 1995;85:705-711.
  • 40) Nikonov GI, Titova EA. Destabilase complexes – natural liposome produced by medicinal leeches Hirudo medicinalis. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 1999;13:102-106.
  • 41) Abdisa T. Therapeutic importance of leech and impact of leech in domestic animals. MOJ Drug Des Develop Ther. 2018; 2(6):235‒242.
  • 42) Siebeck M, Hoffmann H, Weipert J, Fritz H. Effect of the elastase inhibitor eglin c in porcine endotoxin shock. Circ Shock 1992;36:174-179.
  • 43) Seemuller U, Dodt J, Fink E, Fritz H. Proteinase inhibitors of the leech Hirudo medicinalis (hirudins, bdellins, eglins). In: Barettand AJ, Salvesen G, eds. Proteinase Inhibitors. New York, NY: Elsevier Science Ltd; 1986:337-359.
  • 44) Seymour JL, Henzel WJ, Nevins B, et al. Decorsin. A potent glycoprotein IIb-IIIa antagonist and platelet aggregation inhibitor from the leech Macrobdella decora. J Biol Chem 1990;265:10143-10147.
  • 45) Hauptmann J, Kaiser B. Anticoagulant and antithrombotic action of the factor Xa inhibitor antistasin (ATS). Thromb Res 1993;71:169-174.
  • 46) Jung HI, Kim SI, Ha KS, et al. Isolation and characterization of Guamerin, a new human leucocyte elastase inhibitor from Hirudo nipponia. J Biol Chem 1995;270:13879-13884.
  • 47) Kim DR, Kang KW. Amino acid sequence of piguamerin, an antistasin-type protease inhibitor from the blood sucking leech Hirudo nipponia. Eur J Biochem 1998;254:692-697.
  • 48) Grumbine NA, Nicholas A. Feature: reviving an ancient therapy to manage chronic pain. Podiatry Today 2003;16:46-53.
  • 49) Tanyuksel M, Mumcuoğlu KY. Multidisipliner yaklaşımlı Biyolojik Temelli Doğal Tedaviler- Biyoterapi. Meta Basım İzmir 2017; 283-309 .
  • 50) Michalsen A, Roth M, Dobos G. Medicinal Leech Therapy. Thieme, New York. 2007;58-60.
  • 51) Rahul S, Swarnasmita P, Janhavi D, Bhuvan J, Shobhit P. Hirudotherapy – A Holistic Natural Healer: A Review IJOCR 2014; (2): 60-70.
  • 52) Mumcuoglu KY. Recommendations for the use of leeches in reconstructive plastic surgery. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2014:205-29.
  • 53) Das BK. An Owerview on Hirudotherapy/Leech Therapy. İndian Research Journal of Pharmacy and Science 2013;1(1): 33-45.
  • 54) Isaac M. Leech Therapy: an introduction to a natural healing alternative. Bread Line Publishing, 2011.
  • 55) Yantis MA, O’Toole NK, Ring P. Leech Therapy, Hirudo medicinalis has made a comeback. AJN. 2009 ;(109):36-42.
  • 56) Duruhan S, Biçer B, Tuncay MS, Uyar M, Güzel S. Travma ve Plastik Cerrahi Operasyonları Sonrası Sülük Uygulamaları. Integr Tıp Derg 2014;2(2):32‐7.
  • 57) U.S. Food and Drug Administration Dept of Health and Human Services. http://www.fda.gov/fdac/features/2004/504_leech.html
  • 58) Geleneksel ve Tamamlayıcı Tıp Uygulamaları Yönetmeliği. Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Başbakanlık Resmi Gazete. 2014; 29158.http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2014/10/20141027‐3.htm
  • 59) Gileva OS. Modern hirudotherapy: Experimental background and clinical efficacy. 8th International Conference on Biotherapy, Abstract no:22, November 11-14, 2010, Los Angeles, CA.
  • 60) Pooja K, Pareek RK, Vikas S. Clinical Assessment of Jalaukavcharan in Management of Varicose Veins IAMJ. 2014 (2); 199-204.
  • 61) Yakışan Maden RŞ (2015). Varis Tedavisinde Rutin Tedaviler ile Tıbbi Sülük Tedavisinin Karşılaştırılması (Uzmanlık Tezi, Atatürk Üniversitesi) Erişim Adresi: https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/TezGoster?key=sY7m19PfcL6F1NUw-cr80KfCKaCYybIC8B7in6edEPCFq9esgnQO4ARd--pT4Kmp
  • 62) Lauche R, Cramer H, Langhorst J, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of medical leech therapy for osteoarthritis of the knee. Clin J Pain. 2014;30(1):63–72.
  • 63) Rai PK, Singh AK, Singh OP, Dwiwedi AK. Efficacy of leech therapy in the management of osteoarthritis (Sandhivata). Ayu 2011 Apr-Jun; 32(2): 213–217.
  • 64) Shiffa M, et al. Comparative clinical evaluation of leech therapy in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis European Journal of Integrative Medicine 2013(5); 261–269.
  • 65) Abdualkader AM, Ghawi AM, Alaama M, Awang M, Merzouk A. Leech Therapeutic Applications Indian J Pharm Sci. 2013; 75(2): 127–137.
  • 66) Knobloch K. Leeches in microsurgery – An evidence-based approach. In: Kini RM, Clemetson KJ, Markland FS, McLane MA, Morita T, editors. Toxins and Hemostasis. Netherlands: Springer Science; 2011. pp. 735–45.
  • 67) Shanker KMP, Rao SD, Umar SN, Gopalkrishnaiah V. A clinical trial for evaluation of leech application in the management of Vicarcikā (Eczema); Anc Sci Life. 2014; 33(4):236-241.
  • 68) Jahangir U, Akram M, Urooj S. Leech therapy in Dermatology. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 2016; 5(3): 214-216.
  • 69) Mohammed AA, MohammadGA, Mohamed A, Mohamed A, AhmedM. In vivo anti-hyperglycemic activity of saliva extract from the tropical leech Hirudinaria manillensis. Chinese Journal ofNatural Medicines. 2013;11(5): 488-93.
  • 70) Dwivedi AP. Case study of leech applicationin diabetic foot ulcer. IJRAP. 2012;3(5):748-51.
  • 71) Gönen İ, Özşahin M, Turan H, Uslu M, et al. Acinetobacter Infection Developed After Leech Therapy In a Patient with Gonarthrosis: A Case Report. Turkish Journal of Geriatrics, 2013; 16 (2): 237-240.
  • 72) Pietrzak A, Kanitakis J, Tomasiewicz K, Wawrzycki B, Kozłowska-Łój J, Dybiec E, Chodorowska G. Cutaneous complications of improper leech application, Ann Agric Environ Med. 2012;19(4):790-2.
  • 73) Houschyar KS, Momeni A, Maan ZN, Pyles MN, Jew OS, Strathe M, Michalsen A. Medical leech therapy in plastic reconstructive surgery. Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift 2014;164(5‐6):95‐102.
  • 74) Schnabl et al. Acute postoperative infection with Aeromonas hydrophila after using medical leeches for treatment of venous congestion. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg, 2010; (130):1323–1328.

Tıbbi Sülük Terapisi (Hirudoterapi)

Yıl 2019, , 29 - 46, 30.09.2019
https://doi.org/10.34084/bshr.576663

Öz

Sülükler
halkalı omurgasızlar sınıfındadır, kan ile beslenirler ve antik dönemden beri
çeşitli hastalıkları tedavi etmek için flebotomide kullanılırlar. Hirudoterapi,
tedavi için tıbbi sülüklerin uygulanmasıdır. Sülük tedavisinin terapötik
kullanımı köklü bir yöntemdir ve eski Mısır'a, medeniyetin başlangıcına
dayanır. 20. yüzyılın sonunda yeni terapi kavramları sülük tedavisinin yerini
almıştır. Mikrovasküler cerrahi tekniklerle birlikte son yıllarda tıbbi
sülüklerin kullanımında bir “yeniden doğuş” olmuştur. Hirudo medicinalis, sülükler
arasında en geniş terapotik kullanıma sahiptir ancak dünya çapında birçok
farklı tür test edilmiş ve incelenmiştir. Sülük tedavisi genellikle ağrısız
olan bir ilk ısırığı, ardından 5 ila 15 ml kan emmeyi içerir. Başlıca terapötik
faydaları sadece ısırma sırasında emilen kandan değil, aynı zamanda çeşitli
biyoaktif maddelerden de kaynaklanmaktadır. Sülük tükürüğü; eglin, bdellin,
hirudin, hyaluronidaz, calin, destabilas, apiraz, dekorin, hirustatin, triptaz
inhibitörleri ve histamin benzeri maddeler, kompleman inhibitörleri,
karboksipeptidaz A-inhibitörleri ve asetilkolin gibi çeşitli biyoaktif
bileşikler içerir. Bu bileşikler; koagülasyonun inhibisyonundan, analjezik
etkiden, kas gevşetici etkiden ve bağışıklık sistemi üzerindeki düzenlemeden sorumludur.
Hirudoterapi; kardiyoloji, ortopedi, jinekoloji, oftalmoloji, plastik ve
rekonstrüktif cerrahi gibi alanlarda geniş bir terapötik uygulama yelpazesine
sahiptir. Bu derleme sülükler hakkında; tarihçesi, genel özellikleri, etki
mekanizmaları ve tıbbi bir cihaz olarak uygulanmasını içeren genel bir bakış
sunar.

Kaynakça

  • 1) Abdullah S, Dar ML, Rashid A, Tewari A.Hirudotherapy /Leech therapy: Applications and Indications in Surgery:ArchClinExpSurg 2012;1:172-180.
  • 2) Whitaker IS, Rao J, Izadi D, Butler PE. Historicalarticle:Hirudomedicinalis: ancientorigins of, andtrends in theuseofmedicinalleechesthroughouthistory:Br J Oral MaxillofacSurg 2004;42:133–7.
  • 3) Hildebrandt JP, Lemke S. 2011. Small bite, large impact – saliva and salivary molecules in the medical leech, Hirudo medicinalis. Naturwissenschaften. 2011; 98:995-1008.
  • 4) Bernard Aschner. Theories and Philosophies of Medicine. Institude of History of Medicine and Medical Research, New Delhi, 1973; 242-253.
  • 5) Weinfeld AB, Yuksel E, Boutros S, Gura DH, Akyu¬rek M, Friedman JD. Clinical and scientific consid¬erations in leech therapy for the management of acute venous congestion: an updated review. Ann Plast Surg 2000;45:207-212.
  • 6) Gödekmerdan A, Arusan S, Bayar B, Sağlam N. Tıbbi Sülükler ve Hirudoterapi :Turkiye Parazitol Derg 2011; 35: 234-9.
  • 7) Porshinsky BS, Saha S, Grossman MD, Beery II PR, Stawicki SP. Clinical uses of the medicinal leech: a practical review.: J Postgrad Med. 2011; 57(1):65-71.
  • 8) Wells MD, Ralp T, Manktelow RT, Boyd JE. Bowen V. The medical leech: an old treatment revisited, Microsurgery 1993; 14: 183–6.
  • 9) Galen ‘On the natural faculties’ translated by A.J. Brock, The Loeb Classical Library. Harvard University Pres, Cambridge. Massachusetts and William Heinemann, London, 1952.
  • 10) Papavramidou N, Christopoulou-Aletra H. Medicinal use of leeches in the texts of ancient Greek, Roman and early Byzantine writers. Intern Med J 2009; 39 (9): 624-7.
  • 11) Ibn-i Sina, El-Kanun Fi’t-Tıbb, Vol. 1, Translated by Esin Kahya. Atatürk Language and Culture Center, Ankara, 2009: 413-4.
  • 12) Rolleston JD. Francois-Joseph-Victor Broussais 1772 to 1832: his life and doctrines. Proc R Soc Med 1959; 22: 405.
  • 13) Adams SL. The medicinal leech. A page from Annelids of internal medicine. Ann Int Med 1988; (109):399-405.
  • 14) Erdemir AD. Folklorik Tıpda Sülük Kullanımı ve Evrensel Gelişimi. İstanbul Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası 1979; (42):523-29.
  • 15) Haycraft JB. On the action of secretion obtained from the medicinal leech on coagulation of blood. Proc R Soc London 1884; 36: 478.
  • 16) Okka B. Hirudotherapy from Past to Present. Eur J Basic Med Sci 2013;3(3): 61-65.
  • 17) Whitaker IS, Izadi D, Oliver DW, Monteath G, But¬ler PE. Hirudo Medicinalis and the plastic surgeon. Br J Plast Surg 2004;57:348-353.
  • 18) Mory RN, Mindell D, Bloom DA. The leech and the physician: Biology, etymology, and medical practice with Hirudinea medicinalis. World J Surg 2000;24:878-83.
  • 19) Singh PA. Medicinal leech therapy (Hirudotherapy): a brief overview, Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice 2010; 16 (4): 213-215.
  • 20) Dwivedi AP. Case study of leech applicationin diabetic foot ulcer. IJRAP. 2012;3(5):748-51.
  • 21) Fort CW. Leech Therapy: Current Uses for an Old Treatment. Delaware Nurses Association (DNA) Reporter 2001; 26:16-17.
  • 22) Kozur H. Fossile Hirudinea aus demOberjura von Bayern. Lethaia 1970; 3: 225–232.
  • 23) Kutschera U, Roth M. Cocoon deposition and cluster formation in populations of the leech Hirudo verbana (Hirudinae: Hirudinidae).Lauterbornia 2006; 56: 5-8.
  • 24) Sivachandran P. et al An overview of leech and its therapeutic applications.Journal of Coastal Life Medicine 2015; 3(5): 405-413.
  • 25) Sağlam N. Tatlı Su ve Deniz Sulukleri Tanı Anahtarı, Elazığ: FıratUniversitesi Basım Evi; 2004.
  • 26) Todorov M, Grozeva S, Hubenov Z, Kenderov L, Trichkova T. Taxonomic status and distribution of medicinal leeches of the genus Hirudo L. (Hirudinea) in Bulgaria Acta zool. bulg., 2016; 68(2): 171-182.
  • 27) Kutschera U, Elliott JM. The European medicinal leech Hirudo medicinalis L.: Morphology and occurrence of an endangered species. Zoosyst. Evol. 2014; 91(2): 271–280.
  • 28) Sağlam, N. Tıbbi Sülük Hirudo medicinalis 'in (L., 1758, Hirudinidae) İncelenmesi, . Sümder Su Ürünleri Mühendisleri Derneği Dergisi, 1998; (1): 28-30.
  • 29) Sağlam N. Bazı Tıbbi Sülük Türlerinin (Hirudo medicinalis L., 1758 ve Hirudo verbana Carena, 1820) ihracatı, Korunması ve Sürdürülebilirliği. Jfscom, 2011; 5(1): 1-15 .
  • 30) Lone AH, Ahmad T, Anwar M, Habib S, Sofi G, Imam H. Leech Therapy-A Holistic approach of treatment in Unani (Greeko-Arab) Medicine. Ancient Science of Life. 2011; 31(1):31-35.
  • 31) Alam SS, Ahmad W, Yunus SS. Irsal-e-Alaq (Leech Therapy/ Hirudo therapy) in Surgical Diseases: A review. IJMR; 2016 (4):23-27.
  • 32) Sig AK, Guney M, Guclu AU, Ozmen E. Medicinal leech therapy—an overall perspective. Integr Med Res,2017; 337–343.
  • 33) Fields WS. The History of Leeching and Hirudin. Haemostasis 1991; (1):3-10.
  • 34) Electricwala A, Sawyer RT, Jones CP, Atkinson T.Isolation of thrombin inhibitor from the leech Hirudinaria manillensis. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis1991;2:83-89.
  • 35) Bichler J, Fritz H. Hirudin, a new therapeutic tool? Ann Hematol 1991;(63):67-76.
  • 36) Zaidi SMA, Jameel SS, Zaman F, Jilani S, Sultana A, Khan SA. A Systematic Overview of the Medicinal Importance of Sanguivorous Leeches. Alternative Medicine Review 2011; (16):59-65.
  • 37) Johnson PH. Hirudin: clinical potential of a thrombin inhibitor. Annu Rev Med 1994;45:165-177.
  • 38) Hovingh P, Linker A. Hyaluronidase activity in leeches (Hirudinea). Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol1999;124:319-326.
  • 39) Harsfalvi J, Stassen JM, Hoylaerts MF, et al. Calin from Hirudo medicinalis, an inhibitor of von Willebrand factor binding to collagen under static and flow conditions. Blood 1995;85:705-711.
  • 40) Nikonov GI, Titova EA. Destabilase complexes – natural liposome produced by medicinal leeches Hirudo medicinalis. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 1999;13:102-106.
  • 41) Abdisa T. Therapeutic importance of leech and impact of leech in domestic animals. MOJ Drug Des Develop Ther. 2018; 2(6):235‒242.
  • 42) Siebeck M, Hoffmann H, Weipert J, Fritz H. Effect of the elastase inhibitor eglin c in porcine endotoxin shock. Circ Shock 1992;36:174-179.
  • 43) Seemuller U, Dodt J, Fink E, Fritz H. Proteinase inhibitors of the leech Hirudo medicinalis (hirudins, bdellins, eglins). In: Barettand AJ, Salvesen G, eds. Proteinase Inhibitors. New York, NY: Elsevier Science Ltd; 1986:337-359.
  • 44) Seymour JL, Henzel WJ, Nevins B, et al. Decorsin. A potent glycoprotein IIb-IIIa antagonist and platelet aggregation inhibitor from the leech Macrobdella decora. J Biol Chem 1990;265:10143-10147.
  • 45) Hauptmann J, Kaiser B. Anticoagulant and antithrombotic action of the factor Xa inhibitor antistasin (ATS). Thromb Res 1993;71:169-174.
  • 46) Jung HI, Kim SI, Ha KS, et al. Isolation and characterization of Guamerin, a new human leucocyte elastase inhibitor from Hirudo nipponia. J Biol Chem 1995;270:13879-13884.
  • 47) Kim DR, Kang KW. Amino acid sequence of piguamerin, an antistasin-type protease inhibitor from the blood sucking leech Hirudo nipponia. Eur J Biochem 1998;254:692-697.
  • 48) Grumbine NA, Nicholas A. Feature: reviving an ancient therapy to manage chronic pain. Podiatry Today 2003;16:46-53.
  • 49) Tanyuksel M, Mumcuoğlu KY. Multidisipliner yaklaşımlı Biyolojik Temelli Doğal Tedaviler- Biyoterapi. Meta Basım İzmir 2017; 283-309 .
  • 50) Michalsen A, Roth M, Dobos G. Medicinal Leech Therapy. Thieme, New York. 2007;58-60.
  • 51) Rahul S, Swarnasmita P, Janhavi D, Bhuvan J, Shobhit P. Hirudotherapy – A Holistic Natural Healer: A Review IJOCR 2014; (2): 60-70.
  • 52) Mumcuoglu KY. Recommendations for the use of leeches in reconstructive plastic surgery. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2014:205-29.
  • 53) Das BK. An Owerview on Hirudotherapy/Leech Therapy. İndian Research Journal of Pharmacy and Science 2013;1(1): 33-45.
  • 54) Isaac M. Leech Therapy: an introduction to a natural healing alternative. Bread Line Publishing, 2011.
  • 55) Yantis MA, O’Toole NK, Ring P. Leech Therapy, Hirudo medicinalis has made a comeback. AJN. 2009 ;(109):36-42.
  • 56) Duruhan S, Biçer B, Tuncay MS, Uyar M, Güzel S. Travma ve Plastik Cerrahi Operasyonları Sonrası Sülük Uygulamaları. Integr Tıp Derg 2014;2(2):32‐7.
  • 57) U.S. Food and Drug Administration Dept of Health and Human Services. http://www.fda.gov/fdac/features/2004/504_leech.html
  • 58) Geleneksel ve Tamamlayıcı Tıp Uygulamaları Yönetmeliği. Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Başbakanlık Resmi Gazete. 2014; 29158.http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2014/10/20141027‐3.htm
  • 59) Gileva OS. Modern hirudotherapy: Experimental background and clinical efficacy. 8th International Conference on Biotherapy, Abstract no:22, November 11-14, 2010, Los Angeles, CA.
  • 60) Pooja K, Pareek RK, Vikas S. Clinical Assessment of Jalaukavcharan in Management of Varicose Veins IAMJ. 2014 (2); 199-204.
  • 61) Yakışan Maden RŞ (2015). Varis Tedavisinde Rutin Tedaviler ile Tıbbi Sülük Tedavisinin Karşılaştırılması (Uzmanlık Tezi, Atatürk Üniversitesi) Erişim Adresi: https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/TezGoster?key=sY7m19PfcL6F1NUw-cr80KfCKaCYybIC8B7in6edEPCFq9esgnQO4ARd--pT4Kmp
  • 62) Lauche R, Cramer H, Langhorst J, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of medical leech therapy for osteoarthritis of the knee. Clin J Pain. 2014;30(1):63–72.
  • 63) Rai PK, Singh AK, Singh OP, Dwiwedi AK. Efficacy of leech therapy in the management of osteoarthritis (Sandhivata). Ayu 2011 Apr-Jun; 32(2): 213–217.
  • 64) Shiffa M, et al. Comparative clinical evaluation of leech therapy in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis European Journal of Integrative Medicine 2013(5); 261–269.
  • 65) Abdualkader AM, Ghawi AM, Alaama M, Awang M, Merzouk A. Leech Therapeutic Applications Indian J Pharm Sci. 2013; 75(2): 127–137.
  • 66) Knobloch K. Leeches in microsurgery – An evidence-based approach. In: Kini RM, Clemetson KJ, Markland FS, McLane MA, Morita T, editors. Toxins and Hemostasis. Netherlands: Springer Science; 2011. pp. 735–45.
  • 67) Shanker KMP, Rao SD, Umar SN, Gopalkrishnaiah V. A clinical trial for evaluation of leech application in the management of Vicarcikā (Eczema); Anc Sci Life. 2014; 33(4):236-241.
  • 68) Jahangir U, Akram M, Urooj S. Leech therapy in Dermatology. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 2016; 5(3): 214-216.
  • 69) Mohammed AA, MohammadGA, Mohamed A, Mohamed A, AhmedM. In vivo anti-hyperglycemic activity of saliva extract from the tropical leech Hirudinaria manillensis. Chinese Journal ofNatural Medicines. 2013;11(5): 488-93.
  • 70) Dwivedi AP. Case study of leech applicationin diabetic foot ulcer. IJRAP. 2012;3(5):748-51.
  • 71) Gönen İ, Özşahin M, Turan H, Uslu M, et al. Acinetobacter Infection Developed After Leech Therapy In a Patient with Gonarthrosis: A Case Report. Turkish Journal of Geriatrics, 2013; 16 (2): 237-240.
  • 72) Pietrzak A, Kanitakis J, Tomasiewicz K, Wawrzycki B, Kozłowska-Łój J, Dybiec E, Chodorowska G. Cutaneous complications of improper leech application, Ann Agric Environ Med. 2012;19(4):790-2.
  • 73) Houschyar KS, Momeni A, Maan ZN, Pyles MN, Jew OS, Strathe M, Michalsen A. Medical leech therapy in plastic reconstructive surgery. Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift 2014;164(5‐6):95‐102.
  • 74) Schnabl et al. Acute postoperative infection with Aeromonas hydrophila after using medical leeches for treatment of venous congestion. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg, 2010; (130):1323–1328.
Toplam 74 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Tıp Etiği
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

M.öner Küçük 0000-0001-9670-8879

Ozan Yaman Bu kişi benim 0000-0002-2136-6947

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Eylül 2019
Kabul Tarihi 3 Temmuz 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019

Kaynak Göster

AMA Küçük M, Yaman O. Tıbbi Sülük Terapisi (Hirudoterapi). J Biotechnol and Strategic Health Res. Eylül 2019;3:29-46. doi:10.34084/bshr.576663
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