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Bir Yenidoğan Yoğun Bakım Ünitesinde Geç Başlangıçlı Kan Akımı Enfeksiyonlarına Neden Olan Ajanlar ve Antibakteriyel Duyarlılıklarının Değerlendirilmesi; Gram Negatifl er Baskın

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 2, 45 - 50, 06.10.2017

Öz

Giriş: Kan akışı enfeksiyonları (KAE), yenidoğan yoğun bakım ünitelerinde (YYBÜ) hastane kaynaklı enfeksiyonlardır. Yenidoğan bakımında tıbbi tekniklerdeki gelişmeye rağmen yeni doğanlarda KAE tanısı hala sorunludur. Kan kültürleri, BSI’nın klinik bulguları ve belirtileri olan yenidoğanlar için temel doğrulayıcı yöntemlerdir. Kan kültürleri ayrıca patojenlerin ve bunların sürveyans amaçlı antimikrobiyal duyarlılıklarının belirlenmesinde de yararlıdırlar. Bu retrospektif çalışmada, aktif gözetim ve ampirik antimikrobiyal rejimler için başlangıç verileri oluşturmak için geç başlangıçlı yenidoğan sepsis etkeni bakterileri ve bunların antimikrobiyal yatkınlıklarını belirlemeyi amaçladık.
Materyal ve Metod: Çalışma, YYBÜ’de 2013’ten 2015’e kadar üç yıllık süre boyunca gerçekleştirildi. Geç retinopterol gelişimi tanısı ile yenidoğanların kan kültürlerini retrospektif olarak değerlendirdik.
Bulgular: Üç yıllık çalışma süresi boyunca Kan akımı şüphesi bulunan 516 yenidoğanın toplam 1245 kan kültür örneği, değerlendirildi. Çalışmaya dahil edilen 516 yenidoğanın 35’inde (% 6.8) KAE vardı. BSI’nın etken ajanı tüm örneklerin % 2.8’inde (n = 35) bildirildi. Kan kültürlerinin sonuçları yıllara göre değerlendirildiğinde anlamlı fark tespit etmedik (p> 0.05). Gram negatif bakteriler geç başlangıçlı yenidoğan sepsis vakalarına (% 88.9) gram pozitifl ere (% 17.1) göre daha sık neden oldu. K. pneumoniae en baskın bakteri (% 45.7), ve ardından E. cloaca (% 11.4) diğer enterik basil olarak tanımlandı. Olguların% 17.1’inde koagülaz negatif stafi lokoklar ve Enterococcus faecalis gram pozitif olarak bulundu. Beklenildiği gibi Gram negatif bakteriler için karbapenemler ve Gram pozitif bakteriler için glikopeptitler en duyarlı antimikrobik maddelerdi.
Tartışma ve Sonuç: Bu çalışmada yenidoğanların kan kültürü örneklerinden ağırlıklı olarak ve dikkat çekici derecede Gram-negatif bakteriler izole edilmiştir. Bu çalışmadan elde edilen antimikrobiyal yatkınlık test sonuçlarına göre, daha dirençli izolatlar için karbapenem püskürtmeyle birlikte alternatif olarak amikasin ve piperasilin-tazobaktam kullanımı ampirik tedaviyi planlamak için şimdilik mantıklı bir yaklaşım gibi gözükmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • 1.Stoll BJ, Hansen NI, Adams-Chapman I, et al. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network. Neurodevelopmental and growth impairment among extremely low birth-weight infants with neonatal infection. JAMA 2004; 292(19): 2357–65.
  • 2.Legeay C, Bourigault C, Lepelletier D, Zahar J. Prevention of healthcare-associated infections in neonates: room for improvement. J of Hosp Infect 2015; 89(4): 319-323.
  • 3.Manzoni P, Rizzollo S, Decembrino L, Ruffinazzi G, Rossi Ricci A, Farina D, et al. Recent advances in prevention of sepsis in the premature neonates in NICU. Early Hum Dev 2011; 87 :31-33.
  • 4.Jacqz-Aigrain E, Zhao W, Sharland M, van den Anker J. Use of antibacterial agents in the neonate: 50 years of experience with vancomycin administration. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 2013; 18: 28-34
  • 5.Cipolla D, Giuffrè M, Corsello G, Mammina C. Prevention of nosocomial infections and surveillance of emerging resistances in NICU. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2011; 24 :23-26.
  • 6.Tzialla C, Borghesi A, Pozzi M, Stronati M. Neonatal infections due to multi-resistant strains: Epidemiology, current treatment, emerging therapeutic approaches and prevention. Clin Chim Acta 2015; 451: 71-78
  • 7.Cailes B, Vergnano S, Kortsalioudaki C, Heath P, Sharland M. Review: The current and future roles of neonatal infection surveillance programmes in combating antimicrobial resistance. Early Hum Dev 2015; 91: 613-618
  • 8.Resende D, Peppe A, dos Reis H, Abdallah V, Ribas R, Gontijo Filho P. Original article: Late onset sepsis in newborn babies: epidemiology and effect of a bundle to prevent central line associated bloodstream infections in the neonatal intensive care unit. Braz J Infect Dis 2015; 19: 1952-57.
  • 9.Cohen-Wolkowiez M, Moran C, Benjamin DK, et al. Early and late onset sepsis in late preterm infants. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2009; 28: 1052-7. 

  • 10.Delanghe J, Speeckaert M. Translational research and biomarkers in neonatal sepsis. Clin Chim Acta 2015; 451: 46-64
  • 11.Clark RH, Bloom BT, Spitzer AR, Gerstmann DR. Empiric use of ampicillin and cefotaxime, compared with ampicillin and gentamicin, for neonates at risk for sepsis is associated with an increased risk of neonatal death. Pediatrics 2006; 117: 67–74.
  • 12.Depani SJ, Ladhani S, Heath PT, et al. The contribution of infections to neonatal deaths in England and Wales. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2011; 30: 345–7.
  • 13.Yalaz M, Cetin H, Akisu M, Kultursay N, Aydemir S, Tunger A. Neonatal nosocomial sepsis in a level-III NICU: Evaluation of the causative agents and antimicrobial susceptibilities. Turk J Of Pediatr 2006; 48(1): 13-18.
  • 14.Santos R, Tristram D. A Practical Guide to the Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention of Neonatal Infections. Pediatr Clin North Am 2015; 62: 491-508.
  • 15.Koroglu M, Ozbek A, Demiray T, Hafizoglu T, Guclu E, Durmaz R, et al. Investigation of clonal relationships of K. pneumoniae isolates from neonatal intensive care units by PFGE and rep-PCR. J of Infect In Dev Count 2015; 9(8): 829-836.
  • 16.Karabay O, Altindis M, Koroglu M, Aydemir A, Karatuna O, Erdem A. The carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae threat is growing: NDM-1 epidemic at a training hospital in Turkey. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2016:15(1):1-6
  • 17.van den Anker J. How to optimize the evaluation and use of antibiotics in neonates. Early Hum Dev 2014; 90(1): 10-12
  • 18.Cohen-Wolkowiez M, Poindexter B, Bidegain M, Weitkamp JH, Schelonka RL, Randolph DA, et al.; Meropenem Study Team. Safety and effectiveness 
of meropenem in infants with suspected or complicated intra-abdominal infections. Clin Infect Dis 2012; 55: 1495–1502.


Baseline Evaluation of Causative Agents and Their Susceptibility Patterns of Late-Onset Blood Stream İnfections İn A Nıcu; Gram-Negative Domination

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 2, 45 - 50, 06.10.2017

Öz

Background Blood stream infections (BSI) are the most common hospital-acquired infections in neonatal intensive care units (NICU). Despite the improvement of medical capabilities with neonatal care, diagnosis of BSI in neonates is still problematic. Blood cultures are main confi rmatory tool for neonates with clinical signs and symptoms of BSI. They are also useful for determination of pathogen and their antimicrobial susceptibilities for surveillance purposes. In this retrospective study, we aim to determine the causative bacteria of late-onset neonatal sepsis and their antimicrobial susceptibilities to create a baseline data for active surveillance and empiric antimicrobial regimens.
Materials and Methods: The study was conducted at NICU during three-year period from opening date 2013 to 2015. We retrospectively evaluated the blood cultures of the neonates with the proven diagnosis of late-onset blood stream infection.
Results: Total number of 1245 blood culture samples of 516 neonates with suspected blood stream infection was evaluated during the three-year study period. Among 516 neonate included in the study, 35 of them (6.8%) suffered BSI. Causative agent of BSI was reported in 2.8% (n=35) of all the samples. When the results of the blood cultures were evaluated through the years, we did not determine any signifi cant difference (p>0.05). Gram-negative bacteria caused late-onset neonatal sepsis cases (88.9%) more commonly than gram positive ones (17.1%). K. pneumoniae was identifi ed as the most predominant bacterium (45.7%), followed by E. cloaca (11.4%) and other enteric bacilli. Coagulase negative staphylococci and Enterococcus faecalis were the Gram-positives determined in 17.1% of the cases. Carbapenems for the Gram-negative bacteria and glycopeptides for the Gram-positive bacteria were the most susceptible antimicrobials as expected.
Discussion and Conclusion: The study was conducted at NICU during three-year period from opening date 2013 to 2015. We retrospectively evaluated the blood cultures of the neonates with the proven diagnosis of late-onset blood stream infection.

Kaynakça

  • 1.Stoll BJ, Hansen NI, Adams-Chapman I, et al. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network. Neurodevelopmental and growth impairment among extremely low birth-weight infants with neonatal infection. JAMA 2004; 292(19): 2357–65.
  • 2.Legeay C, Bourigault C, Lepelletier D, Zahar J. Prevention of healthcare-associated infections in neonates: room for improvement. J of Hosp Infect 2015; 89(4): 319-323.
  • 3.Manzoni P, Rizzollo S, Decembrino L, Ruffinazzi G, Rossi Ricci A, Farina D, et al. Recent advances in prevention of sepsis in the premature neonates in NICU. Early Hum Dev 2011; 87 :31-33.
  • 4.Jacqz-Aigrain E, Zhao W, Sharland M, van den Anker J. Use of antibacterial agents in the neonate: 50 years of experience with vancomycin administration. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 2013; 18: 28-34
  • 5.Cipolla D, Giuffrè M, Corsello G, Mammina C. Prevention of nosocomial infections and surveillance of emerging resistances in NICU. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2011; 24 :23-26.
  • 6.Tzialla C, Borghesi A, Pozzi M, Stronati M. Neonatal infections due to multi-resistant strains: Epidemiology, current treatment, emerging therapeutic approaches and prevention. Clin Chim Acta 2015; 451: 71-78
  • 7.Cailes B, Vergnano S, Kortsalioudaki C, Heath P, Sharland M. Review: The current and future roles of neonatal infection surveillance programmes in combating antimicrobial resistance. Early Hum Dev 2015; 91: 613-618
  • 8.Resende D, Peppe A, dos Reis H, Abdallah V, Ribas R, Gontijo Filho P. Original article: Late onset sepsis in newborn babies: epidemiology and effect of a bundle to prevent central line associated bloodstream infections in the neonatal intensive care unit. Braz J Infect Dis 2015; 19: 1952-57.
  • 9.Cohen-Wolkowiez M, Moran C, Benjamin DK, et al. Early and late onset sepsis in late preterm infants. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2009; 28: 1052-7. 

  • 10.Delanghe J, Speeckaert M. Translational research and biomarkers in neonatal sepsis. Clin Chim Acta 2015; 451: 46-64
  • 11.Clark RH, Bloom BT, Spitzer AR, Gerstmann DR. Empiric use of ampicillin and cefotaxime, compared with ampicillin and gentamicin, for neonates at risk for sepsis is associated with an increased risk of neonatal death. Pediatrics 2006; 117: 67–74.
  • 12.Depani SJ, Ladhani S, Heath PT, et al. The contribution of infections to neonatal deaths in England and Wales. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2011; 30: 345–7.
  • 13.Yalaz M, Cetin H, Akisu M, Kultursay N, Aydemir S, Tunger A. Neonatal nosocomial sepsis in a level-III NICU: Evaluation of the causative agents and antimicrobial susceptibilities. Turk J Of Pediatr 2006; 48(1): 13-18.
  • 14.Santos R, Tristram D. A Practical Guide to the Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention of Neonatal Infections. Pediatr Clin North Am 2015; 62: 491-508.
  • 15.Koroglu M, Ozbek A, Demiray T, Hafizoglu T, Guclu E, Durmaz R, et al. Investigation of clonal relationships of K. pneumoniae isolates from neonatal intensive care units by PFGE and rep-PCR. J of Infect In Dev Count 2015; 9(8): 829-836.
  • 16.Karabay O, Altindis M, Koroglu M, Aydemir A, Karatuna O, Erdem A. The carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae threat is growing: NDM-1 epidemic at a training hospital in Turkey. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2016:15(1):1-6
  • 17.van den Anker J. How to optimize the evaluation and use of antibiotics in neonates. Early Hum Dev 2014; 90(1): 10-12
  • 18.Cohen-Wolkowiez M, Poindexter B, Bidegain M, Weitkamp JH, Schelonka RL, Randolph DA, et al.; Meropenem Study Team. Safety and effectiveness 
of meropenem in infants with suspected or complicated intra-abdominal infections. Clin Infect Dis 2012; 55: 1495–1502.

Toplam 18 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Sağlık Kurumları Yönetimi
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Tayfur Demiray

Taner Hafızoğlu Bu kişi benim

Mehmet Köroğlu

Kerem Yılmaz

Mustafa Altındiş

Yayımlanma Tarihi 6 Ekim 2017
Kabul Tarihi 12 Eylül 2017
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2017 Cilt: 1 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

AMA Demiray T, Hafızoğlu T, Köroğlu M, Yılmaz K, Altındiş M. Baseline Evaluation of Causative Agents and Their Susceptibility Patterns of Late-Onset Blood Stream İnfections İn A Nıcu; Gram-Negative Domination. J Biotechnol and Strategic Health Res. Ekim 2017;1(2):45-50.
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