Eski Sovyet Baltık Ülkeleri Estonya, Letonya ve Litvanya’nın Güvenlik Politikaları

Öz

Estonya, Letonya ve Litvanya Baltık ülkeleri olarak bilinir. Bu üç komşu Baltık ülkesinin ortak özelliği eski SSCB ülkesi olmalarıdır. Bu çalışmada, Baltık ülkelerinin, SSCB sonra elde ettikleri bağımsızlıklarını nasıl korudukları açıklanmıştır. Bu ülkelerin bağımsızlıkları açısından en önemli tehdit Rusya’dır. Bu sebeple, üç ülke de savunma stratejilerini, Rusya’nın ülkelerine müdahalesi veya işgali üzerine kurmuşlardır. Bağımsızlık sonrası Baltık ülkeleri kendilerini Batı ülkeleri tarafında konumlandırdılar. Bu sebeple AB ve NATO üyelikleri için çabaladılar. 2004 yılında hem AB hem de NATO üyesi olmuşlardır. Özellikle NATO üyeliği Baltık ülkelerin güvenliği için önemlidir. Çünkü bu ülkeler ulusal kaynaklarla Rusya’ya karşı ülkelerini koruyamayacaklarını düşündüler. Güvenlik politikalarını ulus üstü yapılara taşıdılar. Bu politikalarında başarılı oldular. Ulusal programlarla NATO üyelikleri Baltık ülkelerinin güvenlik kaygılarını en aza indirdi. Ancak Kırım’ın Rusya tarafından işgali ve 2022 Ukrayna-Rusya Savaşı Baltık ülkelerinin güvenlik politikalarını tekrar gözden geçirmelerine sebep oldu. Kırım işgali ve Ukrayna savaşıyla Baltık ülkeleri NATO iş birliğini artırmışlardır. Özellikle 2022 NATO Madrid toplantısında önemli kararlar alınmıştır. NATO’nın acil müdahale gücünün Baltık ülkelerinde konuşlanması sağlanmıştır. NATO’nun Baltık bölgesindeki askeri varlığı artırılmıştır. Baltık Denizi ile Karadeniz’in güvenliği aynı konseptte değerlendirilmiştir. Baltık bölgesinde NATO tarafından Rusya’ya karşı konuşlanan dört taburluk askeri yapı bugün kolordu düzeyine çıkmıştır. Baltık ülkeleri ulusal güvenliklerini bu sayede güvence altına almışlardır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Estonya
• Letonya
• Litvanya
• Baltık Ülkeleri
• NATO

Security Policies of Former Soviet Baltic States Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania

Abstract

Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania are known as the Baltic states. The common feature of these three neighboring Baltic countries is that they are the countries of the former USSR. In this study, it is explained how the Baltic countries have maintained their independence, which they achieved after the USSR. The most important threat to the independence of these countries is Russia. For this reason, all three countries have based their defense strategies on Russia's intervention or invasion of their countries. The Baltic states were liberated from the rule of Tsarist Russia after the First World War, but after World War II, they came under the rule of the USSR. The Russians are the only actors who have taken away the sovereignty of these countries throughout history. For this reason, throughout history, the Baltic states have fought with the Russians. In other words, the most important actor threatening the existence and security of the Baltic states is the Russians and Russia. Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, the three Baltic countries, have small state capacities in military matters. The Baltic countries, which have both a small geography and a small population, cannot ensure their security alone. Because the country that threatens the security of all three countries is Russia. All three countries are neighbors to Russia. There is a large Russian population in all three countries. It is impossible for them to ensure their security against Russia who is a nuclear power state only with national resources.

Keywords

• Estonia
• Latvia
• Lithuania
• Baltic States
• NATO

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