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Effects of Some Essential Oils on In Vitro Digestibility, Rumen Fermentation and Methane Gas Production of Alfalfa Hay

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 34 Sayı: 1, 19 - 35, 01.06.2020

Barışcan Curabay İsmail Filya Önder Canbolat

Öz

This research was carried out to determine the effect of some essential oil (garlic oil, peppermint oil, thyme oil and orange oil) on the in vitro gas production, volatile fatty acids production and digestibility of alfalfa hay. Essential oils used in this study significantly affected in vitro gas production and volatile fatty acids (P <0.05; P <0.01). Ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) in the rumen fluid significantly affected only the essential oil doses (P <0.01). As essential oil doses increased, rumen fluid parameters other than pH decreased significantly (P <0.01). Essential oil and doses have significantly reduced carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) production. Similarly, essential oils reduced the alfalfa dry matter digestion (DMD), organic matter digestion (OMD), crude protein digestion (CPD) and metabolic energy (ME) levels. Essential oils were found to be effective on the important parameters and the most effective oils were mint and thyme oil, respectively. When the essential oil doses were compared, the most effective dose was 1200 mg L-1 RF. It can be said that the more effective of the essential oils of thyme and peppermint are caused by the antimicrobial elements contained in their contents. When all the data were examined, it was concluded that the use of low doses of essential oils to prevent ruminant feed performance, feed utilization and rumen fermentation would be more appropriate.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Essential oil rumen fermentation gas production digestion

Kaynakça

  • Agarwal, N., Shekhar, C., Kumar, R., Chaudhary, L.C. and Kamra, D.N. 2009. Effect of peppermint (Mentha piperita) oil on in vitro methanogenesis and fermentation of feed with buffalo rumen liquor. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 148: 321-327.
  • Anonim, 2019. In vitro true digestibility using the Daisy incubator. https://www.ankom.com/productcatalog/daisy-incubator. (01.12.2019).
  • AOAC, 1990. Official methods of analysis. 16th. ed. Arlington, VA. U.S.A.
  • Benchaar, C. and Greathead, H. 2011. Essential oils and opportunities to mitigate enteric methane emissions from ruminants. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 166–167: 338-355.
  • Benchaar, C., Chaves, A.V., Fraser, G.R., Wang, Y., Beauchemin, K.A. and McAllister, T.A. 2007b. Effects of essential oils and their components on in vitro rumen microbial fermentation. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 87: 413-419.
  • Benchaar, C., Petit, H.V., Berthiaume, R., Ouellet D.R., Chiquette, J. and Chouinard, P.Y. 2007a. Effects of essential oils on digestion, ruminal fermentation, rumen microbial populations, milk production, and milk composition in dairy cows fed alfalfa silage or corn silage. Journal of Dairy Science, 90: 886–897.
  • Blümmel, M., Makkar, H.P.S. and Becker, K. 1997. In Vitro Gas Production- A Technique Revisied. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 77: 24-34.
  • Blümmel, M., Makkar, H.P.S. and Becker, K. 1998. The in vitro gas production characteristics of whole roughage versus extracted neutral-detergent fibre and their implications for analysing the fermentation of cell solubles by a differential approach: In vitro techniques for measuring nutrient supply to ruminants, Eds.: Deaville, E.R., Owen, E., Adesogan, A.T., Rymer, C., Huntington, J.A., Lawrence, T.L.J., BSAS No. 22, Edingburgh, pp: 85-88.
  • Boadi, D., Benchaar, C., Chiquette, J. and Masse, D. 2004. Mitigation strategies to reduce enteric methane emissions from dairy cows: Update review. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 84: 319-335.
  • Bodas, R., Lopez, S., Fernandez, M., Garcia-Gonzalez, R., Rodriguez, A.B., Wallace, R. J. and Gonzalez, J.S. 2008. In vitro screening of the potential of numerous plant species as antimethanogenic feed additives for ruminants. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 145: 245-258.
  • Busquet, M., Calsamiglia, S., Ferret, A. and Kamel, C. 2004. Effects of different doses of plant extracts on rumen microbial fermentation. Journal of Dairy Science, 87(1): 213.
  • Busquet, M., Calsamiglia, S., Ferret, A. and Kamel, C. 2006. Plant extracts affect in vitro rumen microbial fermentation. Journal of Dairy Science, 89(2): 761-771.
  • Busquet, M., Calsamiglia, S., Ferret, A., Carro, M.D. and Kamel, C. 2005. Effect of garlic oil and four of its compounds on rumen microbial fermentation. Journal of Dairy Science, 88: 4393-4404.
  • Calsamiglia, S., Busquet, M., Cardozo, P.W., Castillejos, L. and Ferret, A. 2007. Essential oils for modifying rumen fermentation. A review. Journal of Dairy Science, 90: 2580-2595.
  • Calsamiglia, S., Castillejos, L. and Busquet, M. 2006. Alternatives to antimicrobial growth promoters in cattle: Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition, Eds.: Garnsworthy, P.C., Wiseman, J., Nottingham University Press, Nottingham, UK, pp: 129-167.
  • Canbolat Ö. 2012. Bazı esansiyel yağların in vitro sindirim, rumen fermantasyonu ve metan gazı üretimi üzerine etkileri. Igdir University Journal of the Institute of Science & Techology, 2(1): 91-98.
  • Canbolat, Ö. 2006. Seçmeli yemlemenin kuzularda besi performansı, karkas özellikleri, bazı rumen sıvısı ve kan parametreleri üzerine etkileri. Doktora Tezi, Uludağ Üni. Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Zootekni Anabilim Dalı, Bursa.
  • Canbolat, Ö., Kalkan, H., Karaman, Ş. ve Filya İ. 2011. Esansiyel yağların sindirim, rumen fermantasyonu ve mikrobiyal protein üretimi üzerine etkileri. Kafkas Universitesi Veterinerlik Fakültesi Dergisi, 17 (4): 557565.
  • Canbolat, Ö., Kara, H. ve Filya, İ. 2013. Bazı Baklagil Kaba Yemlerinin in Vitro Gaz Üretimi, Metabolik Enerji, Organik Madde Sindirimi ve Mikrobiyal Protein Üretimlerinin Karşılaştırılması. Uludağ Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 27(2), 71-81.
  • Cardozo, P.W., Calsamiglia, S., Ferret, A. ve Kamel C. 2005. Screening for the effects of natural plant extracts at different pH on in vitro rumen microbial fermentation of a high-concentrate diet for beef cattle. Journal of Animal Science, 83: 2572- 2579.
  • Castillejos, L., Calsamiglia, S. and Ferret, A. 2006. Effect of essential oil active compounds on rumen microbial fermentation and nutrient flow in in vitro systems. Journal of Dairy Science, 89: 2649-2658.
  • Castillejos, L., Calsamiglia, S. and Ferret, A. 2006. Effect of essential oil active compounds on rumen microbial fermentation and nutrient flow in in vitro systems. Journal of Dairy Science, 89: 2649-2658.
  • Castillejos, L., Calsamiglia, S., Ferret, A. and Losa, R. 2005. Effects of a specific blend of essential oil compounds and the type of diet on rumen microbial fermentation and nutrient flow from a continuous culture system. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 119: 29-41.
  • Castillejos, L., Calsamiglia, S., Ferret, A. and Losa, R. 2007. Effects of dose and adaptation time of a specific blend of essential oil compounds on rumen fermentation. Animal. Feed Science and Technology, 132: 186201.
  • Chaves A.V., He, M.L., Yang ,W.Z., Hristov, A.N., McAllister, T.A. and Benchaar, C. 2008. Effects of essential oils on proteolytic, deaminative and methanogenic activities of mixed ruminal bacteria. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 88: 117-122.
  • Cobellis, G., Trabalza-Marinucci, M. and Yu Z. 2016b. Critical evaluation of essential oils as rumen modifiers in ruminant nutrition: a review. Sci. Total Environ., 545-546, 556-568.
  • Cobellis, G., Trabalza-Marinucci, M., Marcotullioc, M.C. and Yu, Z. 2016a. Evaluation of different essential oils in modulating methane and ammonia production, rumen fermentation and rumen bacteria in vitro. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 215: 25-36.
  • Dorman, H.J.D. and Deans, S.G. 2000. Antimicrobial agents from plants: Antibacterial activity of plant volatile oils. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 88: 308-316.
  • Erwin, E.S., Marco, G.J. and Emery, E.M. 1961. Volatile fatty acid analysis of blood and rumen fluid by gas chromatography. Journal of Dairy Science, 41: 1768-1770.
  • Friedman, M., Henika, P.R. and Mandrell, R.E. 2002. Bactericidal activities of plant essential oils and some of their isolated constituents against Campylobacter jejuni, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, and Salmonella enterica. Journal of Food Protection, 65: 1545-1560.
  • Garcia, V., Catala-Gregori, P., Madrid, J., Hernandez, F., Megias, M.D. and Andrade-Montemayor, H.M., 2007. Potential of carvacrol to modify in vitro rumen fermentation as compared with monensin. Animal, 1(5): 675680.
  • Gershenzon, J. and Croteau, R. 1991. Terpenoids: Herbivores: Their interactions with secondary plant metabolites, Eds.: Rosenthal G.A., Berenbaum M. R., Vol. 1. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, pp: 165-219.
  • Getachew, G., Makkar, H.P.S. and Becker, K. 2000. Stoichiometric relationship between short chain fatty acid and in vitro gas production in presence and absence of polyethylene glycol for tannin containing browses. EAAP Satellite Symposium, Gas production: fermentation kinetics for feed evaluation and to assess microbial activity, 18-19 August, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
  • Helander, I.M., Alakomi, H., Latva-Kala, K., Mattila-Sandholm, T., Pol, I., Smid, E.J., Gorris, L.G.M. and Wright, A. 1998. Characterization of the action of selected essential oil components on gram negative bacteria. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 46: 3590-3595.
  • Hili, P., Evans, C.S. and Veness, R.G. 1997. Antimicrobial action of essential oils: The effect of dimethylsulphoxide on the activity of cinnamon oil. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 24: 269–275.
  • Hu, W., Wu,Y., Liu, J., Guo, Y. and Ye, J., 2005. Tea saponins in vitro fermentation and methanogenesis in faunated and defaunated rumen fluid. Journal of Zhejiang University Science B, 6(8): 782-792.
  • Joch M., V. Kudrnaa, V., Haklc, J., Bo žikd, M., Homolkaa, P., Illeka, J., Tyrolováa, T. and Výbornáa, A. 2019. In vitro and in vivo potential of a blend of essential oil compounds to improve rumen fermentation and performance of dairy cows. Animal Feed Science and Technology 251. 176-186.
  • Johnson, K.A. and Johnson, D.E. 1995. Methane emissions from cattle. Journal of Animal Science, 73: 24832492. Kamalak, A., Atalay, A.I., Özkan, C.O., Tatlıyer, A. and Kaya, E. 2011. Effect of essential orange (Citrus sinensis L.) oil on rumen microbial fermentation using in vitro gas production technique. The Journal of Animal & Plant Sciences, 21(4): 764-769.
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Bazı Esansiyel Yağların Yonca Kuru Otunun İn Vitro Sindirilebilirliği, Rumen Fermantasyonu ve Metan Gazı Üretimi Üzerine Etkileri

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 34 Sayı: 1, 19 - 35, 01.06.2020

Barışcan Curabay İsmail Filya Önder Canbolat

Öz

Bu araştırma, bazı esansiyel yağların (sarımsak yağı, nane yağı, kekik yağı ve portakal yağı) yoncanın in vitro gaz üretimine, uçucu yağ asidine (UYA) ve sindirimine etkisini belirlemek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Esansiyel yağların etkilerinin belirlenmesi için yonca kuru otu ve in vitro gaz üretim tekniğinden yararlanılmıştır. Bu çalışmada kullanılan esansiyel yağlar in vitro gaz üretimi ve uçucu yağ asitlerini önemli düzeyde etkilemişlerdir (P<0.05; P<0.01).  Rumen sıvısı amonyak azotu (NH3-N)’nu ise yalnızca esansiyel yağ dozları önemli düzeyde etkilemiştir  (P<0.01). Esansiyel yağ dozları arttıkça rumen sıvısı parametrelerinden pH dışındakiler önemli düzeyde azalmıştır (P<0.01). Esansiyel yağ ve dozları karbondioksit (CO2) ve metan (CH4) üretimin önemli düzeyde düşürmüştür. Aynı şekilde esansiyel yağlar yoncanın kuru madde sindirim derecesini (KMSD), organik madde sindirim derecesini (OMSD), ham protein sindirim derecesini (HPSD) ve metabolik enerji (ME) düzeyini düşürmüştür. Saptanan önemli parametreler üzerinde esansiyel yağların etkili olduğu, en etkili yağların sırasıyla nane ve kekik yağı olduğu ortaya konmuştur. Esansiyel yağların dozları karşılaştırıldığında ise en etkili dozun 1200 mg L-1 RS olduğu saptanmıştır. Kekik ve nane esansiyel yağlarının daha etkili olmalarının içeriklerinde bulunan antimikrobiyal unsurlardan kaynaklandığı söylenebilir. Tüm veriler incelendiğinde esansiyel yağların ruminant beslemede hayvan performansı, yemden yararlanma ve rumen fermantasyonunu engellememesi için düşük dozların kullanımının daha uygun olacağı sonucuna varılmıştır. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

Esansiyel yağ Rumen fermantasyonu gaz üretimi sindirim

Kaynakça

  • Agarwal, N., Shekhar, C., Kumar, R., Chaudhary, L.C. and Kamra, D.N. 2009. Effect of peppermint (Mentha piperita) oil on in vitro methanogenesis and fermentation of feed with buffalo rumen liquor. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 148: 321-327.
  • Anonim, 2019. In vitro true digestibility using the Daisy incubator. https://www.ankom.com/productcatalog/daisy-incubator. (01.12.2019).
  • AOAC, 1990. Official methods of analysis. 16th. ed. Arlington, VA. U.S.A.
  • Benchaar, C. and Greathead, H. 2011. Essential oils and opportunities to mitigate enteric methane emissions from ruminants. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 166–167: 338-355.
  • Benchaar, C., Chaves, A.V., Fraser, G.R., Wang, Y., Beauchemin, K.A. and McAllister, T.A. 2007b. Effects of essential oils and their components on in vitro rumen microbial fermentation. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 87: 413-419.
  • Benchaar, C., Petit, H.V., Berthiaume, R., Ouellet D.R., Chiquette, J. and Chouinard, P.Y. 2007a. Effects of essential oils on digestion, ruminal fermentation, rumen microbial populations, milk production, and milk composition in dairy cows fed alfalfa silage or corn silage. Journal of Dairy Science, 90: 886–897.
  • Blümmel, M., Makkar, H.P.S. and Becker, K. 1997. In Vitro Gas Production- A Technique Revisied. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 77: 24-34.
  • Blümmel, M., Makkar, H.P.S. and Becker, K. 1998. The in vitro gas production characteristics of whole roughage versus extracted neutral-detergent fibre and their implications for analysing the fermentation of cell solubles by a differential approach: In vitro techniques for measuring nutrient supply to ruminants, Eds.: Deaville, E.R., Owen, E., Adesogan, A.T., Rymer, C., Huntington, J.A., Lawrence, T.L.J., BSAS No. 22, Edingburgh, pp: 85-88.
  • Boadi, D., Benchaar, C., Chiquette, J. and Masse, D. 2004. Mitigation strategies to reduce enteric methane emissions from dairy cows: Update review. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 84: 319-335.
  • Bodas, R., Lopez, S., Fernandez, M., Garcia-Gonzalez, R., Rodriguez, A.B., Wallace, R. J. and Gonzalez, J.S. 2008. In vitro screening of the potential of numerous plant species as antimethanogenic feed additives for ruminants. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 145: 245-258.
  • Busquet, M., Calsamiglia, S., Ferret, A. and Kamel, C. 2004. Effects of different doses of plant extracts on rumen microbial fermentation. Journal of Dairy Science, 87(1): 213.
  • Busquet, M., Calsamiglia, S., Ferret, A. and Kamel, C. 2006. Plant extracts affect in vitro rumen microbial fermentation. Journal of Dairy Science, 89(2): 761-771.
  • Busquet, M., Calsamiglia, S., Ferret, A., Carro, M.D. and Kamel, C. 2005. Effect of garlic oil and four of its compounds on rumen microbial fermentation. Journal of Dairy Science, 88: 4393-4404.
  • Calsamiglia, S., Busquet, M., Cardozo, P.W., Castillejos, L. and Ferret, A. 2007. Essential oils for modifying rumen fermentation. A review. Journal of Dairy Science, 90: 2580-2595.
  • Calsamiglia, S., Castillejos, L. and Busquet, M. 2006. Alternatives to antimicrobial growth promoters in cattle: Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition, Eds.: Garnsworthy, P.C., Wiseman, J., Nottingham University Press, Nottingham, UK, pp: 129-167.
  • Canbolat Ö. 2012. Bazı esansiyel yağların in vitro sindirim, rumen fermantasyonu ve metan gazı üretimi üzerine etkileri. Igdir University Journal of the Institute of Science & Techology, 2(1): 91-98.
  • Canbolat, Ö. 2006. Seçmeli yemlemenin kuzularda besi performansı, karkas özellikleri, bazı rumen sıvısı ve kan parametreleri üzerine etkileri. Doktora Tezi, Uludağ Üni. Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Zootekni Anabilim Dalı, Bursa.
  • Canbolat, Ö., Kalkan, H., Karaman, Ş. ve Filya İ. 2011. Esansiyel yağların sindirim, rumen fermantasyonu ve mikrobiyal protein üretimi üzerine etkileri. Kafkas Universitesi Veterinerlik Fakültesi Dergisi, 17 (4): 557565.
  • Canbolat, Ö., Kara, H. ve Filya, İ. 2013. Bazı Baklagil Kaba Yemlerinin in Vitro Gaz Üretimi, Metabolik Enerji, Organik Madde Sindirimi ve Mikrobiyal Protein Üretimlerinin Karşılaştırılması. Uludağ Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 27(2), 71-81.
  • Cardozo, P.W., Calsamiglia, S., Ferret, A. ve Kamel C. 2005. Screening for the effects of natural plant extracts at different pH on in vitro rumen microbial fermentation of a high-concentrate diet for beef cattle. Journal of Animal Science, 83: 2572- 2579.
  • Castillejos, L., Calsamiglia, S. and Ferret, A. 2006. Effect of essential oil active compounds on rumen microbial fermentation and nutrient flow in in vitro systems. Journal of Dairy Science, 89: 2649-2658.
  • Castillejos, L., Calsamiglia, S. and Ferret, A. 2006. Effect of essential oil active compounds on rumen microbial fermentation and nutrient flow in in vitro systems. Journal of Dairy Science, 89: 2649-2658.
  • Castillejos, L., Calsamiglia, S., Ferret, A. and Losa, R. 2005. Effects of a specific blend of essential oil compounds and the type of diet on rumen microbial fermentation and nutrient flow from a continuous culture system. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 119: 29-41.
  • Castillejos, L., Calsamiglia, S., Ferret, A. and Losa, R. 2007. Effects of dose and adaptation time of a specific blend of essential oil compounds on rumen fermentation. Animal. Feed Science and Technology, 132: 186201.
  • Chaves A.V., He, M.L., Yang ,W.Z., Hristov, A.N., McAllister, T.A. and Benchaar, C. 2008. Effects of essential oils on proteolytic, deaminative and methanogenic activities of mixed ruminal bacteria. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 88: 117-122.
  • Cobellis, G., Trabalza-Marinucci, M. and Yu Z. 2016b. Critical evaluation of essential oils as rumen modifiers in ruminant nutrition: a review. Sci. Total Environ., 545-546, 556-568.
  • Cobellis, G., Trabalza-Marinucci, M., Marcotullioc, M.C. and Yu, Z. 2016a. Evaluation of different essential oils in modulating methane and ammonia production, rumen fermentation and rumen bacteria in vitro. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 215: 25-36.
  • Dorman, H.J.D. and Deans, S.G. 2000. Antimicrobial agents from plants: Antibacterial activity of plant volatile oils. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 88: 308-316.
  • Erwin, E.S., Marco, G.J. and Emery, E.M. 1961. Volatile fatty acid analysis of blood and rumen fluid by gas chromatography. Journal of Dairy Science, 41: 1768-1770.
  • Friedman, M., Henika, P.R. and Mandrell, R.E. 2002. Bactericidal activities of plant essential oils and some of their isolated constituents against Campylobacter jejuni, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, and Salmonella enterica. Journal of Food Protection, 65: 1545-1560.
  • Garcia, V., Catala-Gregori, P., Madrid, J., Hernandez, F., Megias, M.D. and Andrade-Montemayor, H.M., 2007. Potential of carvacrol to modify in vitro rumen fermentation as compared with monensin. Animal, 1(5): 675680.
  • Gershenzon, J. and Croteau, R. 1991. Terpenoids: Herbivores: Their interactions with secondary plant metabolites, Eds.: Rosenthal G.A., Berenbaum M. R., Vol. 1. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, pp: 165-219.
  • Getachew, G., Makkar, H.P.S. and Becker, K. 2000. Stoichiometric relationship between short chain fatty acid and in vitro gas production in presence and absence of polyethylene glycol for tannin containing browses. EAAP Satellite Symposium, Gas production: fermentation kinetics for feed evaluation and to assess microbial activity, 18-19 August, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
  • Helander, I.M., Alakomi, H., Latva-Kala, K., Mattila-Sandholm, T., Pol, I., Smid, E.J., Gorris, L.G.M. and Wright, A. 1998. Characterization of the action of selected essential oil components on gram negative bacteria. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 46: 3590-3595.
  • Hili, P., Evans, C.S. and Veness, R.G. 1997. Antimicrobial action of essential oils: The effect of dimethylsulphoxide on the activity of cinnamon oil. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 24: 269–275.
  • Hu, W., Wu,Y., Liu, J., Guo, Y. and Ye, J., 2005. Tea saponins in vitro fermentation and methanogenesis in faunated and defaunated rumen fluid. Journal of Zhejiang University Science B, 6(8): 782-792.
  • Joch M., V. Kudrnaa, V., Haklc, J., Bo žikd, M., Homolkaa, P., Illeka, J., Tyrolováa, T. and Výbornáa, A. 2019. In vitro and in vivo potential of a blend of essential oil compounds to improve rumen fermentation and performance of dairy cows. Animal Feed Science and Technology 251. 176-186.
  • Johnson, K.A. and Johnson, D.E. 1995. Methane emissions from cattle. Journal of Animal Science, 73: 24832492. Kamalak, A., Atalay, A.I., Özkan, C.O., Tatlıyer, A. and Kaya, E. 2011. Effect of essential orange (Citrus sinensis L.) oil on rumen microbial fermentation using in vitro gas production technique. The Journal of Animal & Plant Sciences, 21(4): 764-769.
  • Kamel, C. 2000. A novel look at a classic approach of plant extracts. Feed Mix, pp: 19-21. Kıvanç, M. and Akgül, A. 1986. Antibacterial activities of essential oils from Turkish spices and citrus. Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 1: 175-179.
  • Koyuncu, M. and Canbolat, Ö. 2010. Effect of carvacrol on intake, rumen fermentation, growth performance and carcass characteristics of growing lambs. Journal of Applied Animal Research, 38: 245-248.
  • Langhout, P. 2000. New additives for broiler chicks. World Poultry-Elsevier, (16):22-27.
  • Lee, K.G. and Shibamoto, T. 2002. Determination of. antioxidant potential of volatile extracts isolated from various herbs and spicies. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 50: 4947-4952.
  • Lee, K.W., Evertsad, H. and Beynen, A.C. 2004. Essential oils in broiler nutrition. International Journal of Poultry Science, 3(12): 738-752.
  • Macheboeuf, D., Morgavi, D.P., Papon, Y., Mousset, J.L. and Arturo-Schaan, M. 2008. Dose–response effects of essential oils on in vitro fermentation activity of the rumen microbial population. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 145: 335-350.
  • Makkar, H.P.S. 2005. In vitro gas methods for evaluation of feeds containing phytochemicals. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 123-124: 291-302.
  • McIntosh, F.M., Newbold, C.J., Losa, R., Williams, P. and Wallace, R.J. 2000. Effects of essential oils on rumen fermentation. Reproduction, Nutrition and Development, 40: 221. (Abstract)
  • Menke, K.H. and Steingass, H. 1988. Estimation of the energetic feed value obtained from chemical analysis and in vitro gas production using rumen fluid. Animal Research and Development, 28: 9-55.
  • Newbold, C.J., McIntosh, F.M., Williams, P., Losa, R. and Wallace, R.J. 2004. Effect of a spesific blend of essential oil compounds on rumen fermentation. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 114: 105-112.
  • Paster, N., Menasherov, M., Ravid, U. and Juven, B. 1995. Antifungal activity of oregano and thyme essential oils applied as fumigants against fungi attacking stored grain. Journal of Food Protection, 58: 81-85.
  • Reuter, H. D., Koch, J. P. and Lawson, L. 1996. Therapeutic effects and applications of garlic and its preparations: Garlic: The science and therapeutic application of Allium sativum L. and related species, Eds.: Koch, H.P., Lawson, L.D., Baltimore, MD, pp: 135-212.
  • Skerget, M., Kotnik, P., Hadolin, M., Hras, A.R., Simonic, M. and Knez, Z. 2005. phenols, proanthocyanidis, flavones and flavonols in some plant materials and their antioxidant activities. Food Chemistry, 89: 191-198.
  • Steinfeld, H., Gerber, P., Wassenaar, T., Castel, V., Rosales, M. and De Haan, C. 2006. Livestock’s Long Shadow: Environmental Issues and Options. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, FAO, Italy, Rome.
  • Tassou, C., Koutsoumanis, K. and Nychas, G.J.E. 2000. Inhibition of Salmonella enteritidis and Staphylococcus aureous in nutrient broth by mint essential oil. Food Research International, 33: 273-280.
  • Uzatıcı, A. ve Canbolat, Ö. 2019. Farklı sarımsak yağı dozlarının, korunga otunun in vitro gaz üretimi, rumen fermantasyonu ve metan üretimi üzerine etkisi. Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 66, 289-296.
  • Van Soest, P. J., Robertson, J. D. and Lewis, B.A. 1991. Methods for dietary fibre, neutral detergent fibre and non-starch polysaccharides in relation to animals nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science, 74: 3583-3597.
  • Wallace, R.J., McEwan, N.R., McIntosh, M., Teferedegne, B. and Newbold C. J. 2002. Natural products as manipulators of rumen fermentation. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 15(10): 1458–1468.
  • Walsh, S.E., Maillard, J.Y., Russell, A.D., Catrenich, C.E., Charbonneau, D.L. and Bartolo, R.G. 2003. Activity and mechanisms of action of selected biocidal agents on gram positive and negative bacteria. Journal of Applied Microbiolology, 94: 240–427.
  • Wiedmeier, R.D., Arambell, M.J. and Walters, J.L. 1987. Effect of orally administered pilocarpine on ruminal characteristics and nutrient digestibility in cattle. Journal of Dairy Science, 70: 284-289.
Toplam 58 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Hayvansal Üretim (Diğer)
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Barışcan Curabay Bu kişi benim 0000-0003-2605-5838

İsmail Filya Bu kişi benim 0000-0002-6080-1083

Önder Canbolat 0000-0001-7139-1334

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Haziran 2020
Gönderilme Tarihi 25 Eylül 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 34 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Curabay, B., Filya, İ., & Canbolat, Ö. (2020). Bazı Esansiyel Yağların Yonca Kuru Otunun İn Vitro Sindirilebilirliği, Rumen Fermantasyonu ve Metan Gazı Üretimi Üzerine Etkileri. Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 34(1), 19-35.
 Kapak Resmi İndir

TR Dizin kriterleri gereği dergimize gönderilecek olan makalelerin mutlaka aşağıda belirtilen hususlara uyması gerekmektedir.

Tüm bilim dallarında yapılan, ve etik kurul kararı gerektiren klinik ve deneysel insan ve hayvanlar üzerindeki çalışmalar için ayrı ayrı etik kurul onayı alınmış olmalı, bu onay makalede belirtilmeli ve belgelendirilmelidir.
Makalelerde Araştırma ve Yayın Etiğine uyulduğuna dair ifadeye yer verilmelidir.
Etik kurul izni gerektiren çalışmalarda, izinle ilgili bilgiler (kurul adı, tarih ve sayı no) yöntem bölümünde ve ayrıca makale ilk/son sayfasında yer verilmelidir.
Kullanılan fikir ve sanat eserleri için telif hakları düzenlemelerine riayet edilmesi gerekmektedir.
Makale sonunda; Araştırmacıların Katkı Oranı beyanı, varsa Destek ve Teşekkür Beyanı, Çatışma Beyanı verilmesi.
Etik Kurul izni gerektiren araştırmalar aşağıdaki gibidir.
- Anket, mülakat, odak grup çalışması, gözlem, deney, görüşme teknikleri kullanılarak katılımcılardan veri toplanmasını gerektiren nitel ya da nicel yaklaşımlarla yürütülen her türlü araştırmalar
- İnsan ve hayvanların (materyal/veriler dahil) deneysel ya da diğer bilimsel amaçlarla kullanılması,
- İnsanlar üzerinde yapılan klinik araştırmalar,
- Hayvanlar üzerinde yapılan araştırmalar,
- Kişisel verilerin korunması kanunu gereğince retrospektif çalışmalar,
Ayrıca;
- Olgu sunumlarında “Aydınlatılmış onam formu”nun alındığının belirtilmesi,
- Başkalarına ait ölçek, anket, fotoğrafların kullanımı için sahiplerinden izin alınması ve belirtilmesi,
- Kullanılan fikir ve sanat eserleri için telif hakları düzenlemelerine uyulduğunun belirtilmesi.



Makale başvurusunda;

(1) Tam metin makale, Dergi yazım kurallarına uygun olmalı, Makalenin ilk sayfasında ve teşekkür bilgi notu kısmında Araştırma ve Yayın Etiğine uyulduğuna ve Etik kurul izni gerektirmediğine dair ifadeye yer verilmelidir. Etik kurul izni gerektiren çalışmalarda, izinle ilgili bilgiler (kurul adı, tarih ve sayı no) yöntem bölümünde ve ayrıca makale ilk/son sayfasında yer verilmeli ve sisteme belgenin yüklenmesi gerekmektedir. (Dergiye gönderilen makalelerde; konu ile ilgili olarak derginin daha önceki sayılarında yayımlanan en az bir yayına atıf yapılması önem arz etmektedir. Dergiye yapılan atıflarda “Bursa Uludag Üniv. Ziraat Fak. Derg.” kısaltması kullanılmalıdır.)

(2) Tam metin makalenin taratıldığını gösteren benzerlik raporu (Ithenticate, intihal.net) (% 20’nin altında olmalıdır),

(3) İmzalanmış ve taratılmış başvuru formu, Dergi web sayfasında yer alan başvuru formunun başvuran tarafından İmzalanıp, taratılarak yüklenmesi , (Ön yazı yerine)

(4) Tüm yazarlar tarafından imzalanmış telif hakkı devir formunun taranmış kopyası,

(5) Araştırmacıların Katkı Oranı beyanı, Çıkar Çatışması beyanı verilmesi Makale sonunda; Araştırmacıların Katkı Oranı beyanı, varsa Destek ve Teşekkür Beyanı, Çatışma Beyanı verilmesi ve sisteme belgenin (Tüm yazarlar tarafından imzalanmış bir yazı) yüklenmesi gerekmektedir.

Belgelerin elektronik formatta DergiPark sistemine https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/login adresinden kayıt olunarak başvuru sırasında yüklenmesi mümkündür. 


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