Araştırma Makalesi
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Problems in The Use of Barnyard Manure in Balıkesir Province and The Importance of Soil Organic Matter

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 39 Sayı: 1, 143 - 166, 18.06.2025
https://doi.org/10.20479/bursauludagziraat.1623712

Öz

The organic matter content of the soils in terms of sustainable soil management and soil health constitutes a key factor. However, the necessary importance to soil organic matter is not given sufficiently. In the study area, there are some problems or a lack of information on the application of agricultural methods to raise the level of organic matter in the soil to a sufficient level. In particular, the construction of suitable pits for storing barnyard manure has become a major problem. In this study, the importance of soil organic substance was emphasized, the issues in the storage and application of barnyard manure in Balıkesir province were discussed, the expectations of the producers were questioned and some solutions were given. According to the results, the common problem of small enterprises in the region is that they cannot meet the appropriate storage conditions for barnyard manure and they cannot find economic resources for the construction of appropriate fertilizer tanks. Further, a large majority are unaware that inappropriate storage of barn manure can lead to environmental pollution. In this regard, the regional producer needs comprehensive financial support and practical training.

Kaynakça

  • Anonim. 2008. Toprak ve Arazi Sınıflaması Standartları Teknik Talimatı ve İlgili Mevzuat. T.C. Tarım ve Köy İşleri Bakanlığı, Tarımsal Üretim ve Geliştirme Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara, 184s.
  • Anonim. 2017. Designing, constructing and operating composting facilities. Victoria State Gov. Publication 1588.1. Authorised and published by environment protection authority Victoria, Carlton. 25p.
  • Anonim. 2022. Balıkesir İlinde Tarım ve Hayvancılık. T.C. Balıkesir Valiliği. http://www.balikesir.gov.tr/tarim ve-hayvancilik (Erişim tarihi: Haziran, 2024).
  • Anonim. 2024. Balıkesir İli İklim Verileri. T.C. Çevre, Şehircilik ve İklim Değişikliği Bakanlığı Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğü. https://www.mgm.gov.tr/veridegerlendirme/il-ve-ilceler-istatistik.aspx?m=BALIKESIR (Erişim tarihi: Haziran, 2024).
  • Anonim. 2025. Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education Program: A program of UC Agriculture and Natural Resources. https://sarep.ucdavis.edu/sustainable-ag (Erişim tarihi: Ocak, 2025).
  • Brady, N.C. and Weil, R.R. 1999. The Nature and Properties of Soil. 12th ed. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Print.
  • Cangir, C. 1991. Toprak Bilgisi. Trakya Üniversitesi, Tekirdağ Ziraat Fakültesi, Yay No:116, Ders Kitabı No:5, Tekirdağ.178s.
  • Doran, J.W. and Parkin, T.B. 1994. Defining and Assessing Soil Quality. Defining soil quality for a sustainable environment, 35, 1-21.
  • Doran, J.W., Coleman D.C., Bezdicek D.F. and Stewart. B.A. 1994. Defining Soil Quality for a Sustainable Environment. SSSA Special Publication No. 35. Soil Science Society of America, Madison, WI.
  • Doran, J.W. and Jones. A.J. 1996. Methods for Assessing Soil Quality. SSSA Special Publication No. 49. Soil Science Society of America, Madison, WI.
  • Eyüpoğlu, F. 1999. Türkiye Topraklarının Verimlilik Durumu. Toprak ve Gübre Arş. Ens. Yayınları. No: 220, Ankara.
  • Florentin, M.A., Pennalva, M., Calegari, A. and Derpsch, R. 2011. Green manure/cover crops and crop rotation in Conservation Agriculture on small farms. Integrated Crop Management Vol.12-2010. Plant Production and Protection division, Food and agriculture organization of the United Nations, Rome. 97P.
  • Gong, W., Yan, X., Wang, J., Hu, T. and Gong, Y. 2009. Long-term manure and fertilizer effects on soil organic matter fractions and microbes under a wheat–maize cropping system in northern China. Geoderma, 149(3-4):318-324.
  • Haddaway, N.R., Hedlund, K., Jackson, L.E., Kätterer, T., Lugato, E., Thomsen, I.K., Jørgensen, H.B. and Isberg, P.E. 2016. How does tillage intensity affect soil organic carbon? A systematic review protocol. Environmental Evidence, 5:1.
  • Havlin, J.L., Tisdale, S.L., Nelson, W.L. and Beaton, J.D. 2023. Soil Fertility and Fertilizers: An introduction to nutrient management, 8th edition. Pearson publ. 528p.
  • Liu, S., An, N., Yang, J., Dong, S., Wang, C. and Yin, Y. 2015. Prediction of soil organic matter variability associated with different land use types in mountainous landscape in southwestern Yunnan province, China. Catena, 133:137-144.
  • Magdoff, F. and Weil, R. R. 2004. Soil Organic Matter in Sustainable Agriculture. CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group, Boca Raton, FL. Magdoff, F.R. and H.M. van Es. 2009. Building Soils for Better Crops: Sustainable Soil Management.
  • Handbook Series Book 10. Sustainable Agric. Research and Education, Waldorf, MD. 285p.
  • Maltas, A., Kebli, H., Oberholzer, H. R., Weisskopf, P. and Sinaj, S. 2018. The effects of organic and mineral fertilizers on carbon sequestration, soil properties, and crop yields from a long‐term field experiment under a Swiss conventional farming system. Land degradation and development, 29(4): 926-938.
  • Oldfield, E.E., Bradford, M.A. and Wood, S.A. 2019. Global meta-analysis of the relationship between soil organic matter and crop yields. Soil, 5(1): 15-32.
  • Ordu, D. ve Aşık, B.B. 2021. Mısır Tarımı Yapılan Toprakların Verimlilik Durumu (Yolağzı Bölgesi Karacabey/ Bursa Örneği). Bursa Uludag Üniv. Ziraat Fak. Derg., 35(1):145-161.
  • Özsoy, G. 2012. Toprak Bilgisi ders notları. Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi, Toprak Bilimi ve Bitki Besleme Bölümü, Bursa. Basılmamış.
  • Reeves, D.W. 1997. The role of soil organic matter in maintaining soil quality in continuous cropping systems. Soil and Tillage research, 43(1-2): 131-167.
  • Richards, L.A. 1954. Diagnosis and Improvement Saline and Alkaline Soils. U.S. Agricultural handbook 60. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Washington D.C., 160 p.
  • Sağlam, M.T., Bahtiyar, M., Cangir, C. ve Tok, H.H. 1993. Toprak Bilimi. Trakya Üniversitesi, Tekirdağ Ziraat Fakültesi, Toprak Bölümü. Anadolu Matbaa Tic.Koll.Şti, Tekirdağ, 446s.
  • Schindelbeck, R., Ristow, A. J., Kurtz, K. S., Fennell, L. F., and van Es, H. M. 2017. Comprehensive Assessment of Soil Health Laboratory Soil Health Manual Series. Cornell University, Ithaca, NY. 123p.
  • Schnachtschabel, P., Blume, H.P., Brümmer, G., Hartge, K.H. and Schwertmann, U. 1989. Lehrbuch der Bodenkunde (editors: Scheffer, F., Schachtschabel, P.). Stuttgart: Enke, 1989. ISBN:3-432-84772-6. Toprak Bilimi-12. baskı (çeviri: Özbek, H., Kaya, Z., Gök, M., Kaptan, H.). Ç.Ü. Ziraat Fakültesi Genel Yayın No:73, Ders Kitapları Yayın No:16. Adana, 1993. 792s.
  • Schrumpf, M., Kaiser, K., Guggenberger, G., Persson, T., Kögel-Knabner, I. and Schulze, E.-D., 2013. Storage and stability of organic carbon in soils as related to depth, occlusion within aggregates, and attachment to minerals. Biogeosciences, 10(3): 1675-1691.
  • Shi, R.-Y., Liu, Z.-D., Li, Y., Jiang, T., Xu, M., Li, J.-Y. and Xu, R.-K. 2019. Mechanisms for increasing soil resistance to acidification by long-term manure application. Soil and Tillage Research, 185, 77-84.
  • Weber, J., Chen, Y., Jamroz, E., and Miano, T. 2018. Preface: Humic substances in the environment. Journal of Soils and Sediments, 18(8):2665-2667.
  • Wysocka-Czubaszek, A. 2019. Effect of digestate, liquid and solid manure application on chemical properties of soil. Polish J. Nat. Sci., 34:337-354.
  • Xu, J., Han, H., Ning, T., Li, Z. and Lal, R. 2019. Long-term effects of tillage and straw management on soil organic carbon, crop yield, and yield stability in a wheat-maize system. Field Crops Research, 233:33-40.
  • Zhong, Y.Q.W., Yan, W.M. and Shangguan, Z.P. 2015. Soil carbon and nitrogen fractions in the soil profile and their response to long-term nitrogen fertilization in a wheat field. Catena, 135:38-46.

Balıkesir İlinde Ahır Gübresi Kullanımındaki Sorunlar ve Toprak Organik Maddesinin Önemi

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 39 Sayı: 1, 143 - 166, 18.06.2025
https://doi.org/10.20479/bursauludagziraat.1623712

Öz

Sürdürülebilir toprak yönetimi ve toprak sağlığı açısından toprağın organik madde içeriği kilit faktörü oluşturmaktadır. Ancak toprak organik maddesine gereken önem yeteri kadar verilmemektedir. Çalışma alanında, topraktaki organik madde düzeyini yeterli bir seviyeye yükseltmek için tarımsal yöntemlerin uygulanmasında bazı sorunlar veya bilgi eksikliği bulunmaktadır. Özellikle, ahır gübresinin depolanması için uygun gübre çukurlarının inşası büyük bir sorun haline gelmiştir. Bu çalışmada toprak organik maddesinin önemi vurgulanmış, Balıkesir ilinde ahır gübresinin depolanması ve tarlaya uygulanmasındaki sorunlar tartışılmış, ahır gübresi konusunda üreticilerin beklentileri sorgulanmış ve bazı çözüm önerileri getirilmiştir. Sonuçlara göre, bölgedeki küçük işletmelerin ortak sorunu, ahır gübresi için uygun depolama koşullarını sağlayamamaları ve uygun gübre depolarının inşası için ekonomik kaynak bulamadıklarıdır. Ayrıca, büyük bir çoğunluk ahır gübresinin uygunsuz depolanmasının çevre kirliliğine yol açabileceğinin farkında değildir. Bu konuda bölge üreticisinin kapsamlı maddi desteğe ve uygulamalı eğitime ihtiyacı bulunmaktadır.

Destekleyen Kurum

Doğa Koruma Merkezi ve Tarım Reformu Genel Müdürlüğü

Kaynakça

  • Anonim. 2008. Toprak ve Arazi Sınıflaması Standartları Teknik Talimatı ve İlgili Mevzuat. T.C. Tarım ve Köy İşleri Bakanlığı, Tarımsal Üretim ve Geliştirme Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara, 184s.
  • Anonim. 2017. Designing, constructing and operating composting facilities. Victoria State Gov. Publication 1588.1. Authorised and published by environment protection authority Victoria, Carlton. 25p.
  • Anonim. 2022. Balıkesir İlinde Tarım ve Hayvancılık. T.C. Balıkesir Valiliği. http://www.balikesir.gov.tr/tarim ve-hayvancilik (Erişim tarihi: Haziran, 2024).
  • Anonim. 2024. Balıkesir İli İklim Verileri. T.C. Çevre, Şehircilik ve İklim Değişikliği Bakanlığı Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğü. https://www.mgm.gov.tr/veridegerlendirme/il-ve-ilceler-istatistik.aspx?m=BALIKESIR (Erişim tarihi: Haziran, 2024).
  • Anonim. 2025. Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education Program: A program of UC Agriculture and Natural Resources. https://sarep.ucdavis.edu/sustainable-ag (Erişim tarihi: Ocak, 2025).
  • Brady, N.C. and Weil, R.R. 1999. The Nature and Properties of Soil. 12th ed. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Print.
  • Cangir, C. 1991. Toprak Bilgisi. Trakya Üniversitesi, Tekirdağ Ziraat Fakültesi, Yay No:116, Ders Kitabı No:5, Tekirdağ.178s.
  • Doran, J.W. and Parkin, T.B. 1994. Defining and Assessing Soil Quality. Defining soil quality for a sustainable environment, 35, 1-21.
  • Doran, J.W., Coleman D.C., Bezdicek D.F. and Stewart. B.A. 1994. Defining Soil Quality for a Sustainable Environment. SSSA Special Publication No. 35. Soil Science Society of America, Madison, WI.
  • Doran, J.W. and Jones. A.J. 1996. Methods for Assessing Soil Quality. SSSA Special Publication No. 49. Soil Science Society of America, Madison, WI.
  • Eyüpoğlu, F. 1999. Türkiye Topraklarının Verimlilik Durumu. Toprak ve Gübre Arş. Ens. Yayınları. No: 220, Ankara.
  • Florentin, M.A., Pennalva, M., Calegari, A. and Derpsch, R. 2011. Green manure/cover crops and crop rotation in Conservation Agriculture on small farms. Integrated Crop Management Vol.12-2010. Plant Production and Protection division, Food and agriculture organization of the United Nations, Rome. 97P.
  • Gong, W., Yan, X., Wang, J., Hu, T. and Gong, Y. 2009. Long-term manure and fertilizer effects on soil organic matter fractions and microbes under a wheat–maize cropping system in northern China. Geoderma, 149(3-4):318-324.
  • Haddaway, N.R., Hedlund, K., Jackson, L.E., Kätterer, T., Lugato, E., Thomsen, I.K., Jørgensen, H.B. and Isberg, P.E. 2016. How does tillage intensity affect soil organic carbon? A systematic review protocol. Environmental Evidence, 5:1.
  • Havlin, J.L., Tisdale, S.L., Nelson, W.L. and Beaton, J.D. 2023. Soil Fertility and Fertilizers: An introduction to nutrient management, 8th edition. Pearson publ. 528p.
  • Liu, S., An, N., Yang, J., Dong, S., Wang, C. and Yin, Y. 2015. Prediction of soil organic matter variability associated with different land use types in mountainous landscape in southwestern Yunnan province, China. Catena, 133:137-144.
  • Magdoff, F. and Weil, R. R. 2004. Soil Organic Matter in Sustainable Agriculture. CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group, Boca Raton, FL. Magdoff, F.R. and H.M. van Es. 2009. Building Soils for Better Crops: Sustainable Soil Management.
  • Handbook Series Book 10. Sustainable Agric. Research and Education, Waldorf, MD. 285p.
  • Maltas, A., Kebli, H., Oberholzer, H. R., Weisskopf, P. and Sinaj, S. 2018. The effects of organic and mineral fertilizers on carbon sequestration, soil properties, and crop yields from a long‐term field experiment under a Swiss conventional farming system. Land degradation and development, 29(4): 926-938.
  • Oldfield, E.E., Bradford, M.A. and Wood, S.A. 2019. Global meta-analysis of the relationship between soil organic matter and crop yields. Soil, 5(1): 15-32.
  • Ordu, D. ve Aşık, B.B. 2021. Mısır Tarımı Yapılan Toprakların Verimlilik Durumu (Yolağzı Bölgesi Karacabey/ Bursa Örneği). Bursa Uludag Üniv. Ziraat Fak. Derg., 35(1):145-161.
  • Özsoy, G. 2012. Toprak Bilgisi ders notları. Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi, Toprak Bilimi ve Bitki Besleme Bölümü, Bursa. Basılmamış.
  • Reeves, D.W. 1997. The role of soil organic matter in maintaining soil quality in continuous cropping systems. Soil and Tillage research, 43(1-2): 131-167.
  • Richards, L.A. 1954. Diagnosis and Improvement Saline and Alkaline Soils. U.S. Agricultural handbook 60. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Washington D.C., 160 p.
  • Sağlam, M.T., Bahtiyar, M., Cangir, C. ve Tok, H.H. 1993. Toprak Bilimi. Trakya Üniversitesi, Tekirdağ Ziraat Fakültesi, Toprak Bölümü. Anadolu Matbaa Tic.Koll.Şti, Tekirdağ, 446s.
  • Schindelbeck, R., Ristow, A. J., Kurtz, K. S., Fennell, L. F., and van Es, H. M. 2017. Comprehensive Assessment of Soil Health Laboratory Soil Health Manual Series. Cornell University, Ithaca, NY. 123p.
  • Schnachtschabel, P., Blume, H.P., Brümmer, G., Hartge, K.H. and Schwertmann, U. 1989. Lehrbuch der Bodenkunde (editors: Scheffer, F., Schachtschabel, P.). Stuttgart: Enke, 1989. ISBN:3-432-84772-6. Toprak Bilimi-12. baskı (çeviri: Özbek, H., Kaya, Z., Gök, M., Kaptan, H.). Ç.Ü. Ziraat Fakültesi Genel Yayın No:73, Ders Kitapları Yayın No:16. Adana, 1993. 792s.
  • Schrumpf, M., Kaiser, K., Guggenberger, G., Persson, T., Kögel-Knabner, I. and Schulze, E.-D., 2013. Storage and stability of organic carbon in soils as related to depth, occlusion within aggregates, and attachment to minerals. Biogeosciences, 10(3): 1675-1691.
  • Shi, R.-Y., Liu, Z.-D., Li, Y., Jiang, T., Xu, M., Li, J.-Y. and Xu, R.-K. 2019. Mechanisms for increasing soil resistance to acidification by long-term manure application. Soil and Tillage Research, 185, 77-84.
  • Weber, J., Chen, Y., Jamroz, E., and Miano, T. 2018. Preface: Humic substances in the environment. Journal of Soils and Sediments, 18(8):2665-2667.
  • Wysocka-Czubaszek, A. 2019. Effect of digestate, liquid and solid manure application on chemical properties of soil. Polish J. Nat. Sci., 34:337-354.
  • Xu, J., Han, H., Ning, T., Li, Z. and Lal, R. 2019. Long-term effects of tillage and straw management on soil organic carbon, crop yield, and yield stability in a wheat-maize system. Field Crops Research, 233:33-40.
  • Zhong, Y.Q.W., Yan, W.M. and Shangguan, Z.P. 2015. Soil carbon and nitrogen fractions in the soil profile and their response to long-term nitrogen fertilization in a wheat field. Catena, 135:38-46.
Toplam 33 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Bitki Besleme ve Toprak Verimliliği
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Gökhan Özsoy 0000-0002-4421-7936

Abdullah Orhan 0009-0004-1543-1265

Rojin Güler 0009-0003-6422-2227

Yayımlanma Tarihi 18 Haziran 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 21 Ocak 2025
Kabul Tarihi 3 Mart 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 39 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Özsoy, G., Orhan, A., & Güler, R. (2025). Balıkesir İlinde Ahır Gübresi Kullanımındaki Sorunlar ve Toprak Organik Maddesinin Önemi. Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 39(1), 143-166. https://doi.org/10.20479/bursauludagziraat.1623712

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