Global Solution for the Global Problem: Tobin Tax

Yıl 2009, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1, 22 - 48, 01.06.2009

Nihal Kargı Ekrem Karayılmazlar

Öz

Globalization together with increasing developments in information and communication technologies has narrowed the world and necessiated restructuring political economy in the global scale. The concept of “global public goods” has been appeared because nation states, alone, are weakened to produce and to finance public goods related with whole globe. Nowadays, the definition, characteristics, contents and borders of this concept has been discussing. Though benefiters of public goods are not in a certain geographical area, it is necessary to provide a concensus among national states especially in financing of those goods. Because of high income creating potential, Tobin Tax is seen as one of the popular funding resources. Tobin tax, one hand, would diminish the severity of financial crises (public good itself) through deterring the speculative capital flows; on the other hand, it would create funds to finance other global public goods

Anahtar Kelimeler

Global public goods, Tobin tax, International capital flows

KÜRESEL PROBLEME KÜRESEL ÇÖZÜM: TOBİN VERGİSİ

Öz

Küreselleşme ile başlayan süreç, bilişim teknolojilerindeki hızlı gelişmeyle birlikte dünyanın küçülmesini sağlamış ve ekonomi-politiğin küre ölçeğinde yeniden yapılandırılmasını zorunlu kılmıştır. Küresel toplumu ilgilendiren kamusal nitelikteki bazı mal ve hizmetlerin arzı ve finansmanında ülkelerin tek başlarına yetersiz kalması sebebiyle, “küresel kamusal mal” kavramı doğmuştur. Son yıllarda bu kavramın tanımı, özellikleri, içeriği ve sınırları hakkında yoğun bir ilgi ve tartışma başlamıştır. Bu malların yararlanıcıları belli bir coğrafi sınır içinde yer almadığından özellikle finansman konusunda ulus devletlerarasında bir işbirliği ve fon kaynaklarının oluşturulması zorunlu görülmektedir. Üzerinde en fazla durulan fon kaynağı ise yüksek gelir yaratma kapasitesi nedeniyle Tobin Vergisi’dir. Tobin vergisi bir taraftan spekülatif sermayenin hızını keserek finansal krizlerin şiddetini azaltacak (kamusal mal) diğer taraftan da diğer küresel kamusal mallar için kaynak yaratacaktır

Anahtar Kelimeler

Küresel kamusal mallar, Tobin Vergisi, Uluslararası sermaye hareketleri

Kaynakça

• Alford, H. (2000), Putting Human Development at the Centre: Applying the Common Good http://www.stthomas.edu/CathStudies/cst/conferences/puebla/papers/ to alford.pdf, (erişim:22.11.2008). Global Wealth Distribution,
• Altınkemer, M., (2003), Recent Experiences With Capital Controls:Is There A Lesson for Turkey?
• http://www.tcmb.gov.tr/research/discus/dpaper65/pdf, erişim:05.12.2008).
• Anand, P.B. (2002); Financing the Provision of Global Public Goods, Discussion Paper No: 2002/10, UNU-WIDER.
• Anand, P.B. (2004), Who Pays and How for the Global Public Goods, The ACP-EU Courier, ss. 20-21,
• http://ec.europa.eu/development/body/publications/courier/courier202/pdf/en _20_ni.pdf, (erişim: 10.12.2008).
• Anderson,E. ve Waddington,H., (2006), Aid and the MDG poverty target: How much is required and how should it be allocated?, http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/odi-publications/working-papers/275- aid-mdg-poverty-target.pdf , (erişim: 01.12.2008)
• Arsan, H.Ü (1992) “Kamu Maliyesi Alanında Yeni Bir İnceleme Konusu: Uluslararası Kamusal Mallar”, A.Ü. S.B.F. Dergisi, 47(1-2), 403-426. http://dergiler.ankara.edu.tr/dergiler/42/454/5174.pdf 01.11.2008). (erişim:
• Balkan, E. ,Bicer, G. ve Yeldan, E. (2002) ‘Patterns of Financial Capital Flows and Accumulation in the Post-1990 Turkish Economy’, http://www.econ.utah.edu/~ehrbar/erc2002/pdf/i043.pdf, (erişim:21.12.2008).
• Besley, T ve Ghatak,M., (2003) “Incentives, Choice, and Accountability in the Provision of Public Services”, Oxford Review of Economic Policy, Vol. 19, No. 2, s. 235–249.
• Binger, A.(2003), "Global Public Goods and Potential Mechanism forFinancial Availability". erişim:12.12.2008). http://www.un.org/esa/analysis/devplan/al_binger.pdf,
• BIS (2007), Triennial Central Bank Survey of Foreign Exchange and Derivatives Market Activity in 2007, www.bis.org. (erişim: 01.12.2008)
• Delice, G. (2002), “Arjantin’de Finansal Reformlar ve 2001 Krizi,” Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi İsletme Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt 3, Sayı 2, No. 2, 162- 186.
• Dünya Bankası (2000), Poverty Reduction and Global Public Goods, The World Bank Development Committee, Washington DC.
• Dünya Bankası (2001), Global Development Finance, The World Bank, Washington DC.
• Erdoğdu, S., 2001. Küresel Mali Reform ve Tobin Vergisi, Mülkiye Dergisi, Temmuz-Ağustos 2001, Cilt: XXV, ISSN 1300-2775, Ankara, ss. 131- 162
• Guillaumont, P. (2002), “Linkages between official development assistance and global public goods”, Global Public Goods Financing: New Tools for New Challenges - A policy dialogu, http://www. undp.org/ods/ffd- monterrey.html, (erişim:12.12.2008). Haugen, H. M. (2001), “A Global Public Goods Approach to a CTT”, HalifaxInitiative, Conference Papers, (erişim: 12.12.2008). http://www.halifaxinitiative.org/updir/Conference_Papers.pdf
• Held, D., McGrew A., (2003); “Political Globalization Trends and Choices”, içinde ed. by. Kaul, I., Conceicao, P., le Goulven, K. Mendoza, R.U.; Providing Global Public Goods, New York : Oxford University Press, s. 185-199. Jessop, B., (2000),
• "Globalization And The National State",
• http://www.lancs.ac.uk/fass/ sociology/papers/jessop-globalization-and
• the-national-state.pdf , (erişim:12.12.2008).
• Kanbur R., Sandler T. ve Morrison K. (1999); The Future of Development Assistance: Common Pools and International Goods, Policy Essay, No: 25, Overseas Development Council, Washington D.C.
• Kanbur, R., (2002), “International Financial Institutions and International Public Goods:Operational Implications for the World Bank”, G-24 Discussion Paper Series No:19, United Nations, December, New York.
• Kanbur, R., (2006); “Cross-Border Externalities, İnternationa Public Goods and Their Implications for Aid Agencies”, (erişim:17.05.2006) www.people.cornell.edu/pages/sk145/papers/Kanbur_Intersection.pdf
• Kaplinsky, R.,(2006); “For Whom Is A Level Playing Field A Global Public Good?”, (erişim:16.05.2006).
• Kaul, I., (2006); “Global Public Goods: A Key to Achieving the Millennium DevelopmentGoals”, (erişim:16.05.2006).
• http://www.hdr.undp.org/docs/events/globalforum/2005/papers/IngeKaul.pdf
• Kaul, I. and J. Langmore (1996), “Potential Uses of the Revenue from a Tobin Tax”, (ed.) M. Ul Haq, I. Kaul and I. Grunberg The Tobin Tax, Coping with Financial Volatility içinde, New York: Oxford University Press, ss. 255-272.
• Kaul, I., Grunberg, I. and Stern M. (1999) Global Public Goods: International Cooperation in the 21st Century. http://www.undp.org/globalpublicgoods , (erişim: 11.11.2008).
• Kaul, I., le Goulven, K., (2003); “Financing Global Public Goods: A New Frontier of Public Finance”, (ed.) Kaul, I., Conceicao, P. le Goulven, K. And Mendoza, R.U.; Providing Global Public Goods içinde, New York : Oxford University Press. s. 329-370.
• Kaul, I.-R.U. Mendoza (2006), “Advancing The Concept of Public Goods”, http://www.globalpublic goods.org (erişim:20.05.2006).
• Michalos, A.C. (1997): Good Taxes. The Case for Taxing Foreign Currency Exchange and Other Financial Transactions, Dundurn Press: Toronto.,
• Ministry of Finance, Finland, (2001), “Promoting the stability of international 1.http://www.imf.org/external/spring/2001/imfc/fin.htm. 13.11.2008) movements”, Research Report (erişim:
• Ministry of Foreign Affairs, France (2002) “Global Public Goods”, http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/ (erişim:17.05.2006). IMG/ pdf/ biens_publ_gb.pdf
• Morrissey, O.- D.K.Velde-A.Hewitt (2006); “Defining İnternational Public Goods: Conceptual Issues”, (erişim:17.05.2008). http://www.earthsummit2002.org/es/issues/GPG/ODI.rtf ,
• ODI (1996), Overseas Development Institute, “New sources of Finance for Development” ODI Briefing Paper 1/96, (erişim: 11.12.2008). http://www.odi.org.uk/publications/briefing/odi_briefing196.html, OECD (2009), Development Co-Operatıon Report 2009, http://oberon.sourceoecd.org/pdf/dac09/432009011e-07- statisticalannex.pdf, (erişim: 10.01.2009)
• Palley T. (2001), Destabilizing Speculation and the Case for an International Currency Transaction Tax, Challenge v. 44 n. 3, May-June 2001, ss. 70- 89.
• Patomäki, H., (2001). Making the Tobin Tax Real in a Democratic Way: A Two-Phase Proposal, (erişim: 18.11.2008) http://www.halifaxinitiative.org/updir/Conference_Papers.pdf
• Paul, A.J. ve Wahlberg,K., (2001), Global Taxes for Global Priorities, http://www.worldsummit2002.org/texts/GlobalTaxPaper.pdf, (erişim:11.12.2008).
• Raffer, K. (1998), "The Tobin Tax: Reviving a Discussion", World Development, Vol. 26, No:3, ss.529-538.
• Spahn, P.B. (1996). “The Tobin Tax and Exchange Rate Stability,” Finance and Development, vol. 33, no. 2 (June), 24-27. (erişim:02.12.2008) http://www.igc.org/csdngo/finance/fin_tobin.htm,
• Stecher, H.ve Bailey, M. (1999). Time for a Tobin Tax? Some practical and political arguments, (erişim: 02.12.2008). http://www.oxfam.org.uk/policy/papers/tobintax/tobintax.htm, Stiglitz, J.E. (1989), ”Using Tax Policy to Curb Speculative Short-Term Trading,” Journal of Financial Service Research, vol.3 (2-3), 101-115.
• Tobin, J., (1978) “A Proposal for International Monetary Reform,” Eastern Economic Journal vol. 4 (July/October), 153-88.
• Tobin, J., (2000), “Financial Globalization”, World Development, 28:6, ss. 1101-1104.
• Tobin, J. (2001), “An idea that gained currency but lost clarity”, Financial Times, 11 September.
• Erdönmez, A. ve Tülay,B.(1999), “Küresel Krizlere Yeni Yaklaşımlar” Bankacılar Dergisi, Sayı 31, 64-76.
• UN Millennium Project (2005) Investing in Development: A Practical Plan to Achieve the Millennium Development Goals, (erişim: 01.12.2008) http://www.unmillenniumproject.org/reports/fullreport.htm, Velde,
• D.W. Te and Morrissey, O (2001) ‘Foreign Ownership and Wages: Evidence from Five African Countries’. CREDIT Research Paper 01/ 19, http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/economics/research/ 11.11.2008) credit, (erişim:
• Velde, D.W. Te (2006); “Aid Financing For International Public Goods”, http://www.odi.org.uk/publications/opinion/5_aid_financing.html, (erişim:17.05.2008).
• Wahl, P. ve Waldow, P. (2001). Currency Transaction Tax - a Concept with a Future – Chances and Limits of Stabilising Financial Markets Through the Tobin Tax, Bonn, WEED, February.
• Walker, M., (1993), "Global Taxation," World Policy Journal, Vol. 10 (Summer), pp. 7-12.
• Wıllıamson, J. ve M. Mahar (1998); “A Survey of Financial Liberalization”, Essays In International Finance, No:211, November.
• Willmott, E., Tibbett, S. ve Simms, A., (2001), The Robin Hood Tax - Concrete proposals for fighting global poverty and promoting sustainable development by harnessing the proceeds from the currency transactions tax, (erişim: 18.11.2008). http://www.halifaxinitiative.org/updir/Conference_Papers.pdf,