A Study on Topology Optimization of Landing Gear Parts

Öz

In the aviation industry, one of the most complex industries in the world, the importance of low-weight design of aircraft is increasing day by day. While the requirements and related regulations regarding the efficient use of energy and minimizing environmental impacts are increasingly included in the legal framework, the importance of designing aircraft with low weight and therefore advantageous in terms of fuel consumption in the aviation sector, where competition is quite intense, is also increasing rapidly day by day. As a result of this situation, structural and parametric optimization, especially topology optimization studies, for the design of aircraft components with low weight, emerge as an indispensable element of design processes in the aviation industry. In this study, a Torque link and Trunnion landing gear parts were used. Firstly, the topology optimization study is performed as one conditional with separated two load cases. Afterward, the multi-conditional topology optimization is done with the aforementioned load cases. A weighted compliance parameter is generated to use in multi-conditional optimizations as a constraint or objective. While generating weighted compliance value, proportional weighted compliance (PWC) method is compared to the equal-effect weighted compliance (EEWC) method. With the EEWC method, on the torque link parts, 43% volume fraction is achieved and 34% volume fraction is obtained with the PWC method. Similar study has been done once again with landing gear Trunnion part and there were seen that the PWC method is a more effective approach in multi-conditional topology optimizations.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Finite Element Analysis
• Topology Optimization
• Landing Gear

Kaynakça

1. [1] N. Kaya and S. Yudar, “Hava taşıt kanallarında topoloji ve boyut optimizasyonu ile ağırlık azaltımı,” in Tusaş genç mühendisler semineri, Ankara, 2019.
2. [2] Raicevic et al 2023. Fatigue life prediction of topologically optimized torque link adjusted for additive manufacturing. International Journal of Fatigue; volume 176, 107907.
3. [3] G. L. Srinivas and A. Javed 2020. Topology optimization of rigid-links for industrial manipulator considering dynamic loading conditions. Mechanism and Machine Theory; 153: 1-16.
4. [4] https://www.tennesseeaircraft.net/2012/11/10/1964-182-sid-survey-part-2/ (Accessed: 05.08.2024)
5. [5] https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=9365 (Accessed: 01.08.2024)
6. [6] https://www.safran-group.com/products-services/boeing-fa-18-nose-landing-gear (Accessed: 05.08.2024)
7. [7] Infante et al 2017. Failure analysis of a nose landing gear fork. Engineering Failure Analysis; 82: 554-565.
8. [8] Freitas et al 2019. Failure analysis of the nose landing gear axle of an aircraft. Engineering Failure Analysis; 101: 113-120.

9. [9] Bagnoli et al 2007. Fatigue fracture of a main landing gear swinging lever in a civil aircraft. Engineering Failure Analysis; 15: 755-765.
10. [10] Schmidt, R. The Design of Aircraft Landing Gear; SAE International. Press: Warrendale, PA, 2021.
11. [11] Zhao et al 2024. Topology optimization algorithm for spatial truss based on numerical inverse hanging method. Journal of Constructional Steel Research; volume 219, 108764.
12. [12] Gu et al 2024. Nonlinear fatigue damage constrained topology optimization. Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering; volume 429, 117136.
13. [13] Pan et al 2024. Isogeometric Topology Optimization of Multi-patch Shell Structures. Computer-Aided Design; volume 174, 103733.
14. [14] Xie et al 2024. Topology optimization for fiber-reinforced plastic (FRP) composite for frequency responses. Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering; volume 428, 117114.
15. [15] Song et al 2024. Improving the joint quality in density-based multi-material topology optimization with minimum length scale control. Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering; volume 430, 117212.
16. [16] Ren et al 2024. Concurrent optimization of structural topology and toolpath for additive manufacturing of continuous fiber-reinforced polymer composites. Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering; volume 430, 117227.
17. [17] He et al 2024. Topology optimization of truss structures considering local buckling stability. Computers & Structures; volume 294, 107273.
18. [18] Yuan et al 2024. Topology optimization design for strengthening locally damaged structures: A non-gradient directed evolution method. Computers & Structures; volume 301, 107458.
19. [19] Xia et al 2024. Comparison of ground-structure and continuum based topology optimization methods for strut-and-tie model generation. Engineering Structures; volume 316, 118498.
20. [20] Feng et al 2024. Nonlinear topology optimization on thin shells using a reduced-order elastic shell model. Thin-Walled Structures; volume 197, 111566.
21. [21] Dong et al 2024. Topology-optimized lattice enhanced cementitious composites. Materials & Design; volume 244, 113155.
22. [22] Luo et al 2024. An efficient isogeometric topology optimization based on the adaptive damped geometric multigrid method. Advances in Engineering Software; volume 196, 103712.
23. [23] Saleh et al 2024. Topology optimization of vertical shear links in eccentrically braced frames. Structures; volume 66, 106821.
24. [24] https://engineeringproductdesign.com/knowledge-base/topology-optimization/ (Accessed: 12.08.2024)
25. [25] https://2020.help.altair.com/2020.1/hwsolvers/os/index.htm (Accessed: 23.08.2024)
26. [26] Zhang, W.H. and Flury,C. 1997. A modification of convex approximation methods for structural optimization. Computers & Structures; volume 64, pp. 89-95.
27. [27] Ossa E.A., Paniagua M., Handbook of Materials Failure Analysis with Case Studies from the Aerospace and Automotive Industries, Press: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2016.
28. [28] Gültekin, E. and Yahşi, M. 2021. A Study About Shape and Topology Optimizations on A Connecting Rod. International Journal of Automotive Science and Technology 5 (2): 141-146.
29. [29] https://www.newport.com/t/understanding-the-compliance-curve (Accessed: 22/08/2024)
30. [30] https://grabcad.com/library/f-16-front-landing-gear-for-rc-model-1 (Accessed: 06/08/2024)
31. [31] European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA). (2023). Certification Specifications for Large Rotorcraft (CS-29), Amendment 11. Cologne, Germany: EASA.
32. [32] Dong X, Jiang X, Li P, Niu T, Wang Y, Zhang J. Topology optimization structure design of shape memory alloy with multiple constraints. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures. 2024;35(10):892-906. doi:10.1177/1045389X241237581
33. [33] Patham KF. Redesigning Dynamic components for additive manufacturing using topology optimization. Journal of Micromanufacturing. 2024;0(0). doi:10.1177/25165984241260580
34. [34] Tang P, Xu W, Ding Z, Jiang M, Lv M. Research on multi-objective topology optimization of unmanned sightseeing vehicle frame based on Analytic Hierarchy Process. Advances in Mechanical Engineering. 2024;16(10). doi:10.1177/16878132241288406
35. [35] Ren C, Liu X, Yang X, Ma T. Crash topology optimization for front-end safety parts of battery electric vehicle using an improved equivalent static loads method. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering. 2024;238(8):2396-2420. doi:10.1177/09544070231162137
36. [36] Lan K, Yu W, Huang C, Zhou Y, Li Z, Huang W. Multi-objective optimization design for anti-fatigue lightweight of dump truck carriage combined with machine learning. Advances in Mechanical Engineering. 2024;16(9). doi:10.1177/16878132241269244
37. [37] Yuanyao M, Dongbo L, Chunyan L, Yan W, Xiguang L, Bo W. Multi-objective optimization of traditional residential timber frames based on response surface methodology. Journal of Computational Methods in Science and Engineering. 2024;0(0). doi:10.1177/14727978241293251
38. [38] Wang T, Xue W, Wei M, Wu J, Luo Z, Liu R. Multi-condition and multi-objective conceptual optimization design of automotive front subframe. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering. 2024;0(0). doi:10.1177/09544070241297046
39. [39] Zhu Y, Xu F, Deng X, Niu X, Zou Z. Bionic topology optimization design and multi-objective optimization of guide arm. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering. 2024;0(0). doi:10.1177/09544070231217565
40. [40] Chen H, Yu P, Long J. Multi-objective optimization design of automobile seat backrest considering coupling effect. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering. 2024;0(0). doi:10.1177/09544070241285498
41. [41] Najafi M, Ferreira AJM, Marques FD. Aeroelastic analysis of a lightweight topology-optimized sandwich panel. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering. 2024;238(10):999-1017. doi:10.1177/09544100241252041
42. [42] Rahman M, Fricks C, Ahmed H, et al. Topology optimization and experimental validation of mass-reduced aircraft wing designs. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering. 2024;0(0). doi:10.1177/09544100241290577