Polisiklik Aromatik Hidrokarbonlar (PAH) ve Gıdalarda Önemi - Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and Their Importance in Foods

Yıl 2015, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 2, 0 - , 23.12.2015

Pelin Günç Ergönül , Deniz Kaya

Öz

Günümüzde hızla gelişen sanayileşme insan yaşamını önemli ölçüde kolaylaştırırken birçok sorunu da beraberinde getirmiştir. Bununla birlikte nüfus ve üretimin artmasıyla çevre kirliliği de önemli ölçüde artmıştır. Çevresel kirlilikler canlı yaşamının devam etmesi için gerekli olan hava, su ve toprağı etkilemesiyle birlikte insan yaşamını da etkiler. Son zamanlarda önem arz eden çevre kirleticilerinden biri polisiklik aromatik hidrokarbonlar (PAH)‘dır. Polisiklik aromatik hidrokarbonlar organik bileşiklerin eksik yanması sonucu ortaya çıkan toksik, mutajenik ve kanserojenik etkiye sahip organik yapıda bileşiklerdir. Endüstriyel atıklar, tarım ilaçları, çöpler, sigara dumanı ve sanayi baca gazları gibi zararlı maddelerden çevreye yayılan kimyasallar hava, su, toprak ve gıdalara karıştıklarından dolayı insan sağlığını tehdit eden önemli çevresel kirleticilerdendir. İnsanlar kirli havayı soluyarak ya da kirlenmiş su veya gıdayı tüketerek toksik ve kanserojen maddelere maruz kalırlar. Bu derlemede PAH’ ların oluşum mekanizması, gıdalarda bulunuşu, oluşumlarını önleme ve/veya azaltma yolları ve tespit yöntemleri ele alınmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

benzo(a)piren, gıda, HPLC-UV, PAH /

Kaynakça

• -Battaloğlu R., 2009. Niğde İlinden Toplanan Pekmez Toprağı Örneklerinde Pestisit Kalıntıları ve Polisiklik Aromatik Hidrokarbon (PAH) Aranması, 1.Tıbbi Jeoloji Çalıştayı
• - Jarvis I W H., Dreij K., Mattsson A., Jernström B., Stenius U., 2014. Interactions between polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in complex mixtures and implications for cancer risk assessment, Toxicology 321, 27–39.
• - Loh S. H., Sanagi M. M., Ibrahim W. A. W., Hasan M. N., 2013. Solvent-impregnated agarose gel liquid phase microextraction ofpolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water, Journal of Chromatography A, 1302 (2013) 14– 19
• - Koltsakidou A., Zacharis C. K., Fytianos K., 2015. A validated liquid chromatographic method for the determination ofpolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in honey after homogeneousliquid–liquid extraction using hydrophilic acetonitrile and sodiumchloride as mass separating agent, Journal of Chromatography A, 1377, 46–54.
• -Yin F., John G. F., Hayworth J. S., Clement T. P., 2015. Long-term monitoring data to describe the fate of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Deepwater Horizon oil submerged off Alabama's beaches, Science of the Total Environment 508, 46–56.
• -Delgado C. G., D’Annibale A., Pesciaroli L., Yunta F., Crognale S., Petruccioli M., Eymar E., 2015. Implications of polluted soil biostimulation and bioaugmentation with spent mushroom substrate (Agaricus bisporus) on themicrobial community and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons biodegradation, Science of the Total Environment 508, 20–28.
• -Kim K. H., Jahan S. A., Kabir E., Brown R. J. C., 2013. A review of airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their human health effects, Environment International 60, 71–80.
• - Alghamdi M. A., Alam M. S., Yin J., Stark C., Jang E., Harrison R. M., Shamy M., Khoder M. I., Shabbaj I. I., 2015. Receptor modelling study of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, Science of the Total Environment 506–507, 401–408.
• - Zhao Y., Cao L., Zhou Q., Que Q., Hong B., 2015. Effects of oil pipeline explosion on ambient particulate matter and their associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, Environmental Pollution 196, 440-449.
• -Zetterberg L. A., Darnerud P. O., Wretling S., 2014. Low intake of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Sweden: Results based on market basket data and a barbecue study, Food and Chemical Toxicology 74,107–111.
• - Wu S. P., Tao S., Liu W. X., 2006. Particle size distributions of polycyclic aromatic
• hydrocarbons in rural and urban atmosphere of Tianjin, China, Chemosphere 62, 357–367.
• -Li J., Zhang G., Li X. D., Qi S. H., Liu G. Q., Peng X. Z., 2006. Source seasonality of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in a subtropical city, Guangzhou, South China, Science of the Total Environment 355, 145– 155.
• -Sezer R. E., Pıçak Y. K., 2013. Tütün mücadelesi için yeni bir tehdit: aromatik nargile, Cumhuriyet Medical Journal, 33: 133-143.
• -Alver E., Demirci A., Özcimder M., 2012. Polisiklik Aromatik Hidrokarbonlar ve Sağlığa Etkileri, Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi 3 (1): 45-52.
• -Keskin F. İ., Kaya S., 2004. Et ve Ürünlerinin Pişirilmesi Sırasında Oluşan Zararlı Maddeler: Polisiklik Aromatik Hidrokarbonlar.
• - Pongpiachan S., 2015. A preliminary study of using polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons as
• chemical tracers for traceability in soybean products, Food Control 47, 392-400.
• - Palamutoğlu R., Sarıçoban C., Kasnak C., 2014. Polisiklik Aromatik Hidrokarbonlar (PAH) ve Et Ürünlerinde Oluşumu, Gida Teknolojileri Elektronik Dergisi, 9 (3) 47-57.
• -Hu X., Kang F., Gao Y., Zhou Q., 2015. Bacterial diversity losses: A potential extracellular driving mechanism involving the molecular ecological function of hydrophobic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, Biotechnology Reports 5 27–30.
• -Fard V. K., Ghanemi K., Nikpour Y., Mehrjardi M. F., 2012. Application of sulfur microparticles for solid-phase extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from sea water and wastewater samples, Analytica Chimica Acta 714 89– 97.
• -Wang M., Cui S., Yang X., Bi W., 2015. Synthesis of g-C 3 N 4 /Fe 3 O 4 nanocomposites and application as a new sorbent for solid phase extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water samples, Talanta 132, 922–928.
• -Zhao Z., Zhang L., Cai Y., Chen Y., 2014. Distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) residues in several tissues of edible fishes from the largest freshwater lake
• in China, Poyang Lake, and associated human health risk assessment, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 104, 323–331.
• -Kim S. J., Lee H., Kwon J. H., Measurement of partition coefficients for selected polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons between isolated plant cuticles and water, 2014. Science of the Total Environment 494–495, 113–118.
• -Bruna F., Celis R., Real M., Cornejo J., 2012. Organo/LDH nanocomposite as an adsorbent of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water and soil–water systems, Journal of Hazardous Materials 225– 226, 74– 80.
• -Sanches S., Leitao C., Penetra A., Cardoso V. V., Ferreira E., Benoliel M. J., Crespo Baretto M. T., Pereira V. J., 2011. Direct photolysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in drinking water sources, Journal of Hazardous Materials 192, 1458– 146.
• - Moazzen M., Ahmadkhaniha R., Gorji M. E., Yunesian M., Rastkari N., 2013. Magnetic solid-phase extraction based on magnetic multi-walled carbon nanotubes for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in grilled meat samples, Talanta 115, 957–965.
• -Zhang G., Zang X., Li Z., Wang C., Wang Z., 2014. Polydimethylsiloxane/metal-organic frameworks coated fiber for solid-phase microextraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
• in river and lake water samples, Talanta 129, 600–605.
• - Jedrychowski W. A., Perera F. P., Majewska R., Mrozek-Budzyn D., Mroz E., Roen E. L., Sowa A., Jacek R., 2015. Depressed height gain of children associated with intrauterine exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and heavy metals: The cohort prospective study, Environmental Research 136, 141–147.
• -Rachhwal M. Magiera T., Wawer M., 2015. Coke industry and steel metallurgy as the source of soil contamination by technogenic magnetic particles, heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, Chemosphere DOİ ?
• -Han Y. M., Bandowe B. A. M., Wei C., Cao J. J., Wilcke W., Wang G. H., Ni H. Y., Jin Z. D., An Z. S., Yan B. Z., 2015. Stronger association of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with soot than with char in soils and sediments, Chemosphere 119, 1335–1345.
• -Laumann S., Micic V., Kruge M. A., Achten C., Sachsenhofer R. F., Schwarzbauer J., Hofmann T., 2011. Variations in concentrations and compositions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in coals related to the coal rank and origin, Environmental Pollution 159, 2690-2697.
• - Niepceron M., Martin-Laurent F., Crampon M., Portet Koltalo F., Akpa Vinceslas M., Legras M., Bru D., Brueau Bodilis J., 2013. GammaProteobacteria as a potential bioindicator of a multiple contamination by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in agricultural soils, Environmental Pollution 180, 199-205
• -Hessel S., Lampen A., Seidel A., 2013. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in food – Efflux of the conjugated biomarker 1-hydroxypyrene is mediated by Breast Cancer Resistance Protein (ABCG2) in human intestinal Caco-2 cells, Food and Chemical Toxicology 62, 797–804.
• -Gan S., Yap C. L., Ng H. K., Venny 2013. Investigation of the impacts of ethyl lactate based Fenton treatment on soil quality for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)-contaminated soils, Journal of Hazardous Materials 262, 691– 700
• -Pimental I. Y., Gonzalez R. F., Carballo E. M., Gándara J. S., 2014. Optimization of purification processes to remove polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in polluted raw fish oils, Science of the Total Environment 470–471, 917–924.
• - Aranda A., Murillo R., García T., Mastral A. M., 2012. Simulation and optimization of tyre-based steam activated carbons production for gas-phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons abatement, Chemical Engineering Journal 187, 123– 132.
• - Chauhan A., Bhatia T., Singh A., Saxena P. N., Kesavchandran C., Mudiam M. K. R., 2015. Application of nano-sized multi-template imprinted polymer for simultaneous extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites in urine samples followed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatographic analysis, Journal of Chromatography B, 985, 110–118.
• -Yuan T. H., Shie R. H., Chin Y. Y., Chan C. C., 2015. Assessment of the levels of urinary 1-hydroxypyrene and air polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in PM 2.5 for adult exposure to the petrochemical complex emissions, Environmental Research 136, 219–226.
• - Hu C., He M., Chen B., Zhong C., Hu B., 2014. Sorptive extraction using polydimethylsiloxane/metal–organic framework coated stir bars coupled with high performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence detection for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in environmental water samples, Journal of Chromatography A, 1356, 45–53.
• -Köseler M. D., 2008. Büyükçekmece Gölü’nde Polisiklik Aromatik Hidrokarbon (Pah) Konsantrasyonunun Belirlenmesi, Yüksek Lisasn Tezi, Istanbul Teknik Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
• -Terzi G., Çelik T. H., 2006. Polisiklik Aromatik Hidrokarbonların Bazı Gıdalarda Bulunuşu ve İnsan Sağlığı Üzerine Etkileri, Gıda 31 (6): 295-301.
• - Xu P., Ma W., Han H.,Jia S., Hou B., 2015. Quantitative structure–biodegradability relationships for biokinetic parameter of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, Journal of environmental Sciences, DOİ ?
• - Carrizo D., Domeño C., Nerín I., Alfaro P., Nerín C., 2015. Atmospheric pressure solid analysis probe coupled to quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry as a tool for screening and semi-quantitative approach of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and oxo-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in complex matrices, Talanta 131, 175–184.
• -Pham C. T., Kameda T., Toriba A., Hayakawa K., 2013. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and nitropolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in particulates emitted by motorcycles, Environmental Pollution 183, 175-183.
• -Lin Y., Qui X., Ma Y., Ma J., Zheng M., Shao M., 2015. Concentrations and spatial distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nitrated PAHs (NPAHs) in the atmosphere of North China, and the transformation from PAHs to NPAHs, Environmental Pollution 196, 164-170.
• -Sun J. L., Jing X., Chang W. J., Chen Z. X., Zeng H., 2015. Cumulative health risk assessment of halogenated and parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons associated with particulate matters in urban air, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 113, 31–37.
• -Rubailo, A.I., Oberenko, A.V. 2008. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons as Priority Pollutants. Journal of Siberian Federal University Chemistry 4:344-354
• -Yurttagül M., Ayaz A., 2008. Besinlerdeki Toksik Öğeler 2, Sağlık Bakanlığı Yayın No: 727 Ankara.
• -Ceylan Z., Şengör Ünal G. F., 2015. Dumanlanmış Su Ürünleri Ve Polisiklik Aromatik Hidrokarbonlar (Pah's), Gida ve Yem Bilimi - Teknolojisi Dergisi 15: 27-33.
• -Tfouni S. A. V., Padovani G. R., Reis R. M., Furlani R. P. Z., Camargo M. C. R., 2014. Incidence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in vegetable oil blends, Food Control 46 , 539-543.
• - Lijinsky, W., Ross, A.E., 1967. Production of carcinogenic polynuclear hydrocarbons in cooking of food, Food and Cosmetics Toxicology 5, 343:347.
• -Saint-Aubert, B., Cooper, J.F., Astre, C., Spiliotis, J., Joyeux, H., 1992. Evaluation of the induction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) by cooking on two geometrically differnt types of barbecue, J. Food Compos. Anal. 5:257-263.
• -Simko, P. 2002. Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in smoked meat products and smoke flavouring food additives. Journal of Chromatography B: Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences. 770(1-2): 3-18.
• -Hitzel A., Pöhlmann M., Schwägele F., Speer K., Jira W., 2013. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and phenolic substances in meat products smoked with different types of wood and smoking spices, Food Chemistry 139, 955–962.
• -Olatunji O. S. Fatoki O. S., Opeolu B. O., Ximba B. J., 2014. Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons [PAHs] in processed meat products using gas chromatography – Flame ionization detector, Food Chemistry 156, 296–300.
• -Farhadian, A., Jinap, S., Abas, F., Sakar, Z.I., 2010. Determination of polycyclic aromativ hydrocarbons in grilled meat, Food Control, 21; 606-610.
• -Saito E., Tanaka N. Miyazaki A., Tsuzaki M., 2014. Concentration and particle size distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons formed by thermal cooking, Food Chemistry 153, 285–291.
• -Larsson B. K., Eriksson A. T., Cervenka M. 1987. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in crude and deodorized vegetable oils, J. Am. Oil. Chem. Soc. 64, 365–370.
• -Baloğlu Z., 2005. Polisiklik Aromatik Hidrokarbonlardan Benzo(A)Pirenin Sızma, Riviera Ve Prina Zeytinyağlarında Belirlenmesi, Ankara Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara.
• -Moret S, Conte L S. 882 2000. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in edible fats and oils: occurrence and analytical methods, Journal of Chromatography A, 245–253.
• -Şekeroğlu G., Fadıloğlu S., Göğüş F., 2006. Bitkisel Yağlarda Benzo(a)piren Miktarının
• Yüksek Basınçlı Sıvı Kromatografisi ile Belirlenmesi, Türkiye 9. Gıda Kongresi, Bolu.
• -Ciecierska M., Obiedzinski M. W., 2013. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in vegetable oils from unconventional sources, Food Control 30, 556-562.
• -Drabova L., Tomaniova M., Kalachova K., Kocourek V., Hajslova J., Pulkrabova J., 2013. Application of solid phase extraction and two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry for fast analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in vegetable oils, Food Control 33, 489-497.
• -Rodrguez-Acua R, Prez-Camino MC, Cert A, and Moreda W., 2008. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Spanish Olive Oils: Relationship between Benzo(a)pyrene and Total Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Content, J. Agric. Food Chem. 56, 10428–10432.
• -Gul O., Dervisoglu M., Mortas M., Aydemir O., İlhan E., Akşehir K., 2015. Evaluation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Circassian cheese by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection, Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 37, 82–86.
• -Londono V. A. G., Reynoso C. M., Resnik S. L., 2015. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) survey on tea (Camellia sinensis) commercialized in Argentina, Food Control 50 31-37.
• -Garcia-Falcon, M.S., Cancho-Garnde, B., Simal-Gandara, J., 2004. Minimal clean-up and rapid determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in instant cofee, Food Chemistry 90(4): 643-7.
• -Şengör G., Başak S., Telli Karakoç F., 2007. Türkiye'deki Üç Farkli Füme Balikta Potansiyel Karsinojenik Polisiklik Aromatik Hidrokarbonlarin (Pah) Hplc Yöntemi Ile Belirlenmesi, Türk Sucul Yasam Dergisi, 5-8.
• -Çolak H., Hampikyan H., Bingöl E. B. Çetin Ö., Akhan M., 2013. Perakende Olarak Satışa Sunulan Bebek Mamalarında Benzo(a)piren Varlığı, Istanbul Üniv. Vet. Fak. Derg. 39 (2), 218-224.
• -Toptancı I., 2013. Çiçek Ve Salgi Ballarinda Polisiklik Aromatik Hidrokarbon (Pah), Pestisit Ve Antibiyotik Kalıntılarının Gc/Ms Ve Lc/Ms/Ms Ile Belirlenmesi, Doktora Tezi, Ankara Üniverstesi Fen Bilmleri Enstitüsü, Ankara.
• - Türk Gıda Kodeksi- Gıda maddelerindeki bulaşanların maksimum limitleri hakkında tebliğ. 2008/26
• - Moret S., Piani B., Bortolomeazzi R., Conte L. S., 1997. HPLC determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrcarbons in olive oils. Z. Lebensm Unters Forsch A, 205, 116-120.