Economic Efficiency and Total Factor Productivity of Defense Industries in NATO and EUROZONE

Yıl 2020, , 85 - 98, 28.04.2020

Riza Bayrak

https://doi.org/10.18026/cbayarsos.525794

Cited By: 2

Öz

The main purpose of this study is to analyze the efficiency and total factor productivity (MTFP) of the 12 defense industries in NATO and the EUROZONE with the data of the 2013-2017 period. GDP, defense expenditures, import for the defense industry and logistics performance index were used as input variables; while total sales and export values of defense industry were used as output variables in accordance with the data acquired from World Bank (WB) and SIPRI. Static DEA and MTFP were applied to data. According to findings of the CCR models; the USA, UK, France, Germany, Spain, and Netherland were observed as efficient DMUs in all years; whereas the other six countries were inefficient ones. Additionally, according to BCC model, only Turkey and Canada were observed as inefficient ones for five years. MTFP analysis revealed that Turkey and Germany were the two countries experiencing TFP in all periods.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Defense Industry of NATO and EUROZONE Countries, Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), Malmquist Total Factor Productivity (MTFP) Analysis.

NATO ve EURO Bölgesindeki Savunma Sanayilerinin İktisadi Etkinliği ve Toplam Faktör Verimliliği

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı, NATO ve EURO bölgesindeki toplam 12 ülkenin savunma sanayinin karşılaştırmalı etkinlik ve toplam faktör verimliliğini 2013-2017 yıllarına ait verilerle analiz etmektir. Çalışmada, Dünya Bankası ve SIPRI kaynaklarından istifade ile girdi değişkeni olarak GSYİH, savunma sanayi harcamaları, savunma sanayi ithalatı, lojistik faktör endeksi; çıktı değişkeni olarak da savunma sanayi toplam satışları, savunma sanayi ihracatı kullanılmıştır. Analiz yöntemi olarak, Statik Veri Zarflama Analizi (VZA) ve Toplam Faktör Verimliliği Analizi (MTFA) kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen bulgulara göre; CCR modelinde bu beş yıllık dönemde ABD, İngiltere, Fransa, Almanya, İspanya ve Hollanda’nın tam etkinlik düzeyinde olduğu, diğer altı ülkenin ise tüm yıllarda etkin sınırının altında kaldığı gözlenmiştir. BCC model sonuçlarına göre ise Türkiye ve Kanada haricindeki tüm ülkelerin etkinlik sınırını yakaladığı gözlenmiştir. MTFA bulgularına göre, sadece Almanya ve Türkiye’nin bu beş yılı kapsayan dönemde pozitif yönde etkinlik artışı sağladığı gözlenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

NATO ve EURO Bölgesi Ülkeleri Savunma Sanayii, Veri Zarflama Analizi (VZA), Malmquist Toplam Faktör Verimliliği (MTFV) Analizi

Kaynakça

• Akhisar, İ., Tezergil, S.A. (2014). “Malmquist Total Productivity Index: The Application of Turkish Insurance Sector”, Journal of Financial Researches and Studies, 5 (10), 1-14.
• Arnade, C. (1994). “Using Data Envelopment Analysis to Measure International Agricultural Efficiency and Productivity”, United States Department of Agriculture Technical Bulletin, No: 1831.
• Bakırcı, F., Shiraz, S.E., Sattary, A. (2014). “Financial Performance Analysis of Iron, Steel Metal Industry Sector Companies in the BIST: DEA Super Efficiency and TOPSIS Methods”, Ege Academic Review, 14 (1), 9-19.
• Bakırcı, F., Bayrak, R., Önal, S. (2016). “Total Factor Productivity in Defense Industry”, Atatürk University Journal of Economics and Administrative Sciences, 30(4), 751-768.
• Banker, R.D. (1992). “Estimation of Returns to Scale Using Data Envelopment Analysis”, European Journal of Operational Research, 62 (1), ss.74-84.
• Bayrak, R., Bakırcı, F. Sarıkaya, M. (2016). “Efficiency Analysis with DEA in Defense Industry”, Journal of Entrepreneurship and Development, 10 (2), 26-50.
• Benoit, E. (1978). “Growth and Defence in Developing Countries, Economic Developnıent and Cultural Change”, 26 (2), 271-280.
• Charnes, A., Cooper, W.W., Rhodes, E. (1978). “Measuring the Effıciency of Decision-Making Units”, European Journal of Operational Research, 2 (6), 429-444.
• Changjun, Y., Qiaoyue, L. (2014). “The Study of The Performance of Manufacturing Enterprises Cross-Border M&A in China Based on Super-Efficiency DEA”, Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 6 (5), 1942-1945.
• Chenery, H.B. (1960). “Patterns of Industrial Growth”, The American Economic Review, 50(4): s.624-654.
• Clark, C. (1961). Growthmanship. A Study in the Mythology of Investment, London: Barrie and Rockliff for the IEA.
• Coelli, T.J. (1996). “A Guide to DEAP Version 2.1: A Data Envelopment Analysis Program”, Center for Efficiency and Productive Analysis Working Paper, No.8.
• Coelli, T., Rao, D.S.P., O’Donnell, C.J., Battese, G.E. (2005). An Introduction to Efficiency and Productivity Analysis. USA: Kluwer Academic Publisher.
• Cooper, W.W. Seiford, L.M., Tone, K. (2000), Data Envelopment Analysis: A Comprehensive Text with Models, Applications, References and DEA-Solver Software. New York: Kluwer Academic Publications.
• Cooper, W., Lawrence, W., Seiford, K.M., Tone, K. (2007). Data Envelopment Analysis: A Comprehensive Text with Models, Applications, References and DEA Solver Software. New York: Springer Science Business Media.
• Cullinane, K.K., Wang, T.F., Song, D.W., Ji, P. (2006). “The Technical Efficiency of Container Ports: Comparing Data Envelopment Analysis an Stochastic Frontier Analysis”, Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 40 (4), 354-374.
• Docekalova, M., Bockova, N. (2013). “The Use of Data Envelopment Analysis to Assess The R&D Effectıveness of The Czech Manufacturing Industry”, Verslas: Teorija Irpraktika, 14 (4), 308-314.
• Duchacek, I.D., Thompson, K.W. (1960). Conflict and Cooperation Among Nations, New York: Halt, Rinehart, Winston.
• Elshamy, H. (2013). “Utilizing Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) For Analyzing Technical Efficiency of Selected Egyptian Manufacturing Industries”, International Journal of Business and Economics Perspectives, 8 (2), 44-52.
• Färe, R., Grosskopf, S., Norris, M., Zong, Z.Y. (1994). “Productivity Growth Technical Progress and Efficiency Change in Industry”, American Economic Review Combine with Journal of Economics Literature and Journal of Economic Respect, N.84, 66-80.
• Griffel-Tatje, E., Lovell, C.A. (1995). A “Note on The Malmquist Productivity Index”, Economics Letter, 47, 169-175.
• Grosskopf, S. (1993). The Measurement of Productive Efficiency: Techniques and Applications. H.O. Fried, C.A.K. Lovell and S.S. Schmith (Ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
• Herrero I., Pascoe, S. (2004). “Analyzing the Effect of Technical Change on Individual Outputs Using Modified Quasi-Malmquist Indexes”, Journal of the Operational Research Society, 55, 1081-1089.
• Kaldor, N. (1968). “Productivity and Growth in Manufacturing Industry: a Reply”, Economica, 35, 385-391.
• Kaldor, M. (1976). “The Military in Development”, World Development, 4 (6), 459-482.
• Kaldor, N. (1966). Causes of the Slow Rate of Economic Growth in the United Kingdom: An Inaugural Lecture, London: Cambridge University Press.
• Karluk, R. (2005). Transformation Experienced Since the Announcement of the Republic until Present. İstanbul: Beta Publication.
• Kök, R., Şimşek, N. (2006). Industry Domestic Trade, Patents and International Technological Spread. UE-TEK International Conference of Economy, Ankara: Turkish Economic Association
• Kuznets, S. (1966). “Notes on Departure, Selected Topics in Economic Development”, METU Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences.
• Lai, Y.H. (2007). “Use of Data Envelopment Analysis to Assess the Relative Efficiency of Laptop Computer Manufacturers: An Empirical Study”, International Journal of Management, 24 (2), 289-295.
• Lewis, W.A. (1954). ” Economic Development with Unlimited Supplies of Labour”, Manchester School of Economic and Social Studies, 22:139-91.
• Lorcu, F. (2010). “Malmquist Productivity Index: An application of the Turkish automotive industry”, İstanbul University Journal of the School of Business Administration, 39 (2), 276-289.
• Mahadevan, R. (2002). “A DEA Approach to Understanding the Productivity Growth of Malaysia’s Manufacturing Industries”, Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 19, 587-600.
• Mcintosh, M. (2006). “Chief of Defense Procurement, European Defence Cooperation”, Military Technology, 6 (94), 21-33.
• Memon, M.A., Tahir, I.M., (2011). “Relative Efficiency of Manufacturing Companies in Pakistan Using Data Envelopment Analysis”, International Journal of Business and Commerce, 1 (3), 10-27.
• Mok, V., Godfrey, Y., Zhaozhou, H., Zongzhang, l. (2007). “Leverage, Technical Efficiency, and Profitability: An Application of DEA to Foreign-İnvested Toy Manufacturing Firms in China”, Journal of Contemporary China, 16 (51), 259–274.
• Moon, H. S. (2013). “The Relative Efficiency Analysis of Innovation Activities with Uncertainty: The Case of Korean Electronic Equipment Industry”, Innovation: Management, Policy, and Practice, 15 (3), 305–314.
• Nandy, D. (2011). “Efficiency Study of Indian Automobile Companies Using DEA Technique: A Case Study of Select Companies”, The IUP Journal of Operations Management, 10 (4), 39-50.
• Nurkse, R (1966). Growth in Underdeveloped Economies, Trans: Tunca Toskay, Economic Growth, and Development: Selected Articles, 1193, İstanbul: İstanbul University Pub.
• Önder, K. (2012). “An Investigation on The Effect of Defense Expenditure on Economy in Turkey”, GJEBS-Global Journal of Economics and Business Studies, 1 (1), 22-32.
• Prebisch, R. (1950). “The Economic Development of Latin America and its Principal Problems”, Economic Bulletin for Latin America, 7, 1-12.
• Prusa, J. (2012). “The Most Efficient Czech SME Sectors: An Application of Robust Data Envelopment Analysis”, Czech Journal of Economics and Finance, 62 (1), 44-65.
• Ramanathan, R. (2003). Data Envelopment Analysis. New Delhi: Sage Publications Ltd.
• Rezitis, A.N. (2006). “Productivity Growth in the Grek Banking Industry: A Nonparametric Approach”, Journal of Applied Economics, 9 (1), 119-138.
• Rosencrance, R. (1973). International Relations, Peace or War, New York: Mc Graw-Hill.
• Stockholm International Peace Research Institute-SIPRI. (2018). SIPRI Fact Sheet 2017. Accessed: 02.01.2018. https://www.sipri.org /publications
• Stockholm International Peace Research Institute-SIPRI. (2018). SIPRI Yearbook-2018. Accessed: 02.11.2018. https://www.sipri.org /yearbook/2018.
• Sweezy, P.M., Baran, P.A. ve Magdof, H. (1975). The Crisis of Contemporary Capitalism. İstanbul: Bilgi Publication.
• Şenesen, G. (1989). Possible Impacts of the Establishment of the Domestic Arm Industry on the Economy. 1989 Industry Congress Proceedings Book-I, 267-274. Accessed: 15 January 2015. http://www.arsiv.mmo.org.tr/pdf/10642. pdf
• Şimşek, M. (1989). Defense Industry in the Third World Countries and Turkey. Ankara: SAGE Publication.
• Worlbank Indicators. (2018). Accessed: 03.01.2018. https://data. worldbank.org /indicator, (2018).
• Yang, C.F., Pai, C.C., Lee, Z.Y. (2012). “Performance Assessment of The Top Ten TFT-LCD Manufacturers”, International Journal of Electronic Business Management, 10 (2), 85-100.
• Zhu, J. (2003). “Continuous Optimization Efficiency Evaluation with Strong Ordinal Input and Output Measures”, European Journal of Operational Research, 146 (3), 477-485.