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Öz

Higher education is a problematic field in Pakistan. The major problems include the dependent structure of institutions and political interventions. The academic programs are not updated and modern. The rate of participation in higher education is low. Instructors are not paid fairly. Since the state’s support is not sufficient, financial deficit has been chronic. There are complex relations among the federal department of education, the state department of education, the council of higher education, and universities. The latter are not administered well and suffer from corruption, inefficient policies, and misuse of grants. The growth of educational institutions is not proportional to that of population, and hence the rate of participation in higher education is low. Students are faced with economic challenges, many not able to afford tuitions. This leads them to being engaged with politics excessively and negative activities. The teaching body has to face similar challenges. They have to work for low income, which motivates them for non-professional occupations. Universities have to search for additional financial resources. One possibility is being focused on industrial and military researches. But this attempt often fails because there are limits for cooperation with institutions in these sectors and there are limited means for quality research. This paper discusses these problems observed in Pakistan’s system and institutions of higher education

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Higher Education, Pakistan, Problems of Higher Education

PAKİSTAN’DA YÜKSEKÖĞRETİMİN TEMEL SORUNLARI

Öz

Pakistan’da yükseköğretimin sorunlu bir sektör olduğunu söylemek mümkündür. Bağımlı kurumsal ve yönetsel yapılanma, politik müdahaleler, akademik programların güncellenememesi ve modernize edilememesi, yükseköğretime katılım oranının düşüklüğü, öğretim elemanlarını ücretlendirmede eşitsizlik, yetersiz devlet ödenekleri ve finansal açık temel sorunları oluşturur. Federal Eğitim Bakanlığı, Eyalet Eğitim Bakanlığı, Yükseköğretim Kurulu ve üniversiteler arasındaki karmaşık bağlantılara ve hatalı kurumsal yapılanmaya kötü yönetim, yolsuzluklar, zayıf politikalar, mevcut ödeneklerin verimli kullanılmaması da eklenince durum içinden çıkılmaz bir hal almıştır. Ülkede yükseköğretim kurumları sayısındaki artışın nüfus artış oranına kıyasla yetersiz kalması ve yükseköğretime giriş oranının düşüklüğü bir yana, bu kurumlara girmeyi başarabilen öğrencilerin öğrenim harçları başta olmak üzere kendilerini aşan ekonomik sorunlarla karşılaşmaları onları politize olmaya ve ülke siyasetiyle gereğinde fazla meşgul olarak olumsuz eylemler içerisine girmeye yöneltmektedir. Öğretim elemanlarının sorunları da öğrencilerden farklı boyutta değildir. Düşük ücretle çalışmak durumunda bırakılan öğretim elemanlarının işlerine motive olamamaları ve akademik çalışmalar yerine çeşitli kurumlarda ek iş yapmaya yönelmeleri artık sıradanlaşmıştır. Devlet ödeneklerinin kısıtlılığı nedeniyle kendi finans kaynaklarını bulmak zorunda bırakılan üniversiteler, bilgiyi askerî ve endüstriyel alanlara uygulayarak gelir elde etmeye çalışsalar da, ülke şartları açısından bu sektörlerle kurumsal işbirliği imkânlarının sınırlılığı ve araştırma ortamlarının yetersizliği nedeniyle çoğu zaman sonuç alamamaktadırlar. Çalışmamızda Pakistan’ın yükseköğretim sisteminde ve kurumlarında yaşanan bu sorunlar irdelenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Pakistan, Yükseköğretim, Yükseköğretimin Sorunları

Kaynakça

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