The Nation-Building Process in Afghanistan and Its Collapse

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 20 Sayı: 4, 331 - 348, 28.12.2022

Orkun Sürücüoğlu

https://doi.org/10.18026/cbayarsos.1115998

Cited By: 1

Öz

The US, which carried out military intervention in Afghanistan after September 11 attacks, led to the establishment of a new regime in this country by initiating a nation-building process after overthrowing the Taliban administration. The US had given political, military and economic support to the established regime for approximately 20 years. However, both the failure to establish a stable structure which does not depend on foreign aid and the increasing costs of war for the US economy caused the withdrawal of US troops from the country. The aim of this article is to discuss the reasons for the swift collapse of the nation-building process despite the external support given to the regime in Afghanistan. In this regard, the compatibility of the needs and demands of the Afghan people with the nation-building project which had been conducted will be examined. In this context, at first, the social structure of Afghanistan will be explained within the scope of historical background, and then the political, economic and security dimensions of the U.S.-led nation-building process will be addressed with the problems in the field.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Afghanistan

Afganistan’da Ulus İnşa Süreci ve Çöküşü

Öz

11 Eylül saldırılarının ardından Afganistan’a askeri bir müdahale gerçekleştiren ABD, Taliban yönetimini devirdikten sonra ülkede bir ulus inşa süreci başlatarak yeni bir rejim kurulmasına öncülük etmiş ve yaklaşık 20 yıl boyunca bu rejime siyasi, askeri ve ekonomik destek vermiştir. Ancak gerek istikrarlı ve dış yardıma bağlı olmayan bir yapının tesis edilememesi gerekse de savaşın maliyetinin ABD ekonomisine getirdiği yük, Amerikan askerlerinin ülkeden çekilmesine yol açmıştır. Bu makalenin amacı Afganistan’daki rejime verilen tüm dış desteğe rağmen ulus inşa sürecinin bu kadar çabuk çökebilmesinin nedenlerini tartışmaktır. Bu doğrultuda Afgan halkının ihtiyaç ve talepleri ile uygulamaya koyulan ulus inşa projesinin bu ihtiyaç ve taleplere uyumu irdelenecektir. Bu bağlamda, öncelikle Afganistan’ın toplumsal yapısı belirli bir tarihsel arka plan çerçevesinde ortaya konulacak, ardından ABD öncülüğündeki ulus inşa sürecinin siyasi, iktisadi ve güvenlik boyutları uygulamadaki sorunlarıyla birlikte ele alınacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Afganistan, Askeri Müdahale, Devlet İnşası, Ulus İnşası, Afghanistan

Kaynakça

• Abbas, T. (2011). Islamic Radicalism and Multicultural Politics: The British experience. Londra & New York: Routledge.
• Ali, G. (2020). China-Pakistan cooperation on Afghanistan: assessing key interests and implementing strategies. The Pacific Review, 1-23.
• Armaoğlu, F. (2015). 20. Yüzyıl Siyasi Tarihi:1914-1995 (20. Baskı). İstanbul: Timaş Yayınları.
• Barfield, T. (2010). Afghanistan: A Cultural and Political History. Princeton & Oxford: Princeton University Press.
• Biddle, S., Christia, F. & Thier, J.A. (2010). Defining Success in Afghanistan: What Can the United States Accept?. Foreign Affairs, 89(4), 48-60.
• Brenan, M. (2021, Temmuz 26). Americans Split on Whether Afghanistan War Was a Mistake. Gallup. https://news.gallup.com/poll/352793/americans-split-whether-afghanistan-war-mistake.aspx (Erişim tarihi: 09.05.2022).
• Brown University. (2021). Costs of War. https://watson.brown.edu/costsofwar/figures/2021/human-and-budgetary-costs-date-us-war-afghanistan-2001-2022 (Erişim tarihi: 09.05.2022).
• Dobbins, J. & Malkasian, C. (2015). Time to Negotiate in Afghanistan: How to Talk to the Taliban. Foreign Affairs, 94(4), 53-64.
• Dodge, T. (2013). Intervention and dreams of exogenous statebuilding: the application of Liberal Peacebuilding in Afghanistan and Iraq. Review of International Studies, 39(5), 1189-1212.
• Dodge, T. (2021). Afghanistan and the Failure of Liberal Peacebuilding. Survival, 63(5), 47-58.
• Encyclopaedia Britannica. (2004). Afghanistan: Ethnolinguistic composition. https://www.britannica.com/place/Afghanistan/Plant-and-animal-life#/media/1/7798/208275 (Erişim tarihi: 09.05.2022).
• Gaouette, N., Hansler, J., Starr, B. & Liebermann, O. (2021, Ağustos 31). The last US military planes have left Afghanistan, marking the end of the United States’ longest war. CNN. https://edition.cnn.com/2021/08/30/politics/us-military-withdraws-afghanistan/index.html (Erişim tarihi: 09.05.2022).
• Giustozzi, A. (2017). Counterinsurgency Challenge in Post-2001 Afghanistan. Small Wars & Insurgencies, 28(1), 12-33.
• Gomes, A.T. (2017). Statebuilding and the Politics of Budgeting in Afghanistan, Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding, 11(4), 511-528.
• Goodhand, J. & Sedra, M. (2013). Rethinking liberal peacebuilding, statebuilding and transition in Afghanistan: an introduction. Central Asian Survey, 32(3), 239-254.
• Green, T.V. & Doherty, C. (2021, Ağustos 31). Majority of U.S. public favors Afghanistan troop withdrawal; Biden criticized for his handling of situation. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2021/08/31/majority-of-u-s-public-favors-afghanistan-troop-withdrawal-biden-criticized-for-his-handling-of-situation/ (Erişim tarihi: 09.05.2022).
• Greenfield, C. (2022, Mart 24). China’s foreign minister visits Afghanistan. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/chinas-foreign-minister-visits-afghanistan-2022-03-24/ (Erişim tarihi: 09.05.2022).
• Greff, H.S. (2018). Building the Nation: Missed Opportunities in Iraq and Afghanistan. The US: Potomac Books.
• Grotenhuis, R. (2016). Nation-Building as Necessary Effort in Fragile States. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.
• Hook, S.W. & Spanier, J. (2016). Amerikan Dış Politikası: İkinci Dünya Savaşı’ndan Günümüze. (Özge Zihnioğlu, Çev.). İstanbul: İnkılap Kitabevi.
• Hopkins, B.D. (2021). The war that destroyed America: Afghanistan’s coming bill. Critical Asian Studies, 53(1), 147-159.
• Hussain, A. (2021, Ekim 13). Violence surges in Pakistan’s tribal belt as Taliban, IS-K go on attack. BBC. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-58891613 (Erişim tarihi: 09.05.2022).
• Indurthy, R. (2011). The Obama Administration’s Strategy in Afghanistan. International Journal on World Peace, 28(3), 7-52.
• Jacobson, G.C. (2010). A Tale of Two Wars: Public Opinion on the U.S. Military Interventions in Afghanistan and Iraq. Presidential Studies Quarterly, 40(4), 585-610.
• Keane, C. & Diesen, G. (2015). Divided We Stand: The US Foreign Policy Bureaucracy and Nation-Building in Afghanistan. International Peacekeeping, 22(3), 205-229.
• Lebovic, J.H. (2019). Planning to Fail: The US Wars in Vietnam, Iraq and Afghanistan, New York: Oxford University Press.
• Lemay-Hebert, N. (2009). Statebuilding without Nation-building? Legitimacy, State Failure and the Limits of the Institutionalist Approach. Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding, 3(1), 21-45.
• Lieven, A. (2021a). An Afghan Tragedy: The Pashtuns, the Taliban and the State. Survival, 63(3), 7-36.
• Lieven, A. (2021b, Ağustos 16). Why Afghan Forces So Quickly Laid Down Their Arms. Politico. https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2021/08/16/afghanistan-history-taliban-collapse-504977 (Erişim tarihi: 09.05.2022).
• Lieven, A. (2021c, Ağustos 27). Nemesis: Why the west was doomed to löse in Afghanistan. Prospect. https://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/world/nemesis-why-the-west-was-doomed-to-lose-in-afghanistan-911-taliban (Erişim tarihi: 09.05.2022).
• Maley, W. (2013). Statebuilding in Afghanistan: challenges and pathologies. Central Asian Survey, 32(3), 255-270.
• Malkasian, C. (2019). The Meaning of Setbacks in Iraq and Afghanistan. PRISM, 8(2), 40-53.
• Miller, L. (2022). Protecting US Interests in Afghanistan. Survival, 64(2), 25-34.
• Murtazashvili, J. (2015). Gaming the state: consequences of contracting out state building in Afghanistan. Central Asian Survey, 34(1), 78-92.
• Murtazashvili, J.B. & Dollar, D. (2021, Ağustos 30). Why did state-building efforts in Afghanistan fail?. Brookings. https://www.brookings.edu/podcast-episode/why-did-state-building-efforts-in-afghanistan-fail/ (Erişim tarihi: 09.05.2022).
• Özbudun, E. (1995). Seçim Sistemleri ve Türkiye. Ankara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 44(1), 521-539.
• Raşid, A. (2001). Taliban: İslamiyet, Petrol ve Orta Asya’da Yeni Büyük Oyun. (Osman Akınhay, Çev.). İstanbul: Everest Yayınları & Mozaik Yayınları.
• Reuters. (2021a, Mayıs 4). Taliban launches major Afghan offensive after deadline for U.S. pullout. https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/taliban-launches-huge-afghan-offensive-after-deadline-us-pullout-2021-05-04/ (Erişim tarihi: 09.05.2022).
• Reuters. (2021b, Ağustos 15). Afghan president says he left country to avoid bloodshed. https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/afghan-president-ghani-says-he-left-country-order-avoid-bloodshed-2021-08-15/ (Erişim tarihi: 09.05.2022).
• Reuters. (2021c, Eylül 17). China’s Xi urges Afghanistan to stamp out terrorism, vows more aid. https://www.reuters.com/world/china/chinas-president-xi-says-afghanistan-should-eradicate-terrorism-promises-more-2021-09-17/ (Erişim tarihi: 09.05.2022).
• Reuters. (2022, Mart 31). Russia accredits Taliban envoy, voices concern about Islamist groups. https://www.reuters.com/world/russia-concerned-islamic-states-plans-destabilise-central-asia-report-2022-03-31/ (Erişim tarihi: 09.05.2022).
• Robinson, C.D. (2018). What explains the failure of U.S. army reconstruction in Afghanistan?. Defense & Security Analysis, 34(3), 249-266.
• Rubin, B.R. (2020). Afghanistan: What Everyone Needs to Know. New York: Oxford University Press.
• Saikal, A. (2004). Modern Afghanistan: A History of Struggle and Survival. Londra & New York: I.B. Tauris.
• Schmeidl, S. (2016). The contradictions of democracy in Afghanistan: elites, elections and ‘people’s rule’ post-2001. Conflict, Security & Development, 16(6), 575-594.
• Schneider, W. (2001, Ekim 1). Not Exactly a Bush Flip-Flop. The Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2001/10/not-exactly-a-bush-flip-flop/377745/ (Erişim Tarihi: 09.05.2022).
• Shahrani, N.M. (2015). The Impact of the 2014 U.S.-NATO Withdrawal on the Internal Politics of Afghanistan: Karzai-style Thugocracy or Taliban Theocracy?. Asian Survey, 55(2), 273-298.
• SIGAR. (2021). What We Need to Learn: Lessons From Twenty Years of Afghanistan Reconstruction. https://www.sigar.mil/pdf/lessonslearned/SIGAR-21-46-LL.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 09.05.2022).
• Smeltz, D. & Sullivan, E. (2021, Ağustos 9). US Public Supports Withdrawal From Afghanistan. The Chicago Council on Global Affairs. https://www.thechicagocouncil.org/commentary-and-analysis/blogs/us-public-supports-withdrawal-afghanistan (Erişim tarihi: 09.05.2022).
• Suhrke, A. (2013). Statebuilding in Afghanistan: a contradictory engagement. Central Asian Survey, 32(3), 271-286.
• The UN World Food Programme (2022). Afghanistan. https://www.wfp.org/countries/afghanistan (Erişim tarihi: 09.05.2022).
• The US Department of State. (2020, Şubat 29). Agreement for Bringing Peace to Afghanistan. https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Agreement-For-Bringing-Peace-to-Afghanistan-02.29.20.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 09.05.2022).
• The Washington Post. (2001a, Eylül 20). Text: President Bush Addresses the Nation. https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/nation/specials/attacked/transcripts/bushaddress_092001.html (Erişim tarihi 09.05.2022).
• The Washington Post. (2001b, Kasım 7). Washington Post-ABC News Poll: America at War. https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/polls/vault/stories/data110701.htm (Erişim tarihi: 09.05.2022).
• Transparency International (2021). Afghanistan. https://www.transparency.org/en/countries/afghanistan?redirected=1 (Erişim Tarihi: 09.05.2022).
• Verkoren, W. & Kamphuis, B. (2013). State Building in a Rentier State: How Development Policies Fail to Promote Democracy in Afghanistan. Development and Change, 44(3), 501-526.
• Verma, R. (2021). The US-Taliban peace deal and India’s strategic options. Australian Journal of International Affairs, 75(1), 10-14.
• Wani, Z.A. (2021). Afghanistan’s Neo-Taliban Puzzle. South Asia Research, 41(2), 220-237.
• Weigand, F. (2017). Afghanistan’s Taliban – Legitimate Jihadists or Coercive Extremists?. Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding, 11(3), 359-381.
• Wimmer, A. (2018). Nation Building: Why Some Countries Come Together While Others Fall Apart. Princeton & Oxford: Princeton University Press.
• Yamin, S. (2013). Global Governance: Rethinking the US Role in Afghanistan Post 2014. Journal of South Asian Development, 8(2), 139-163.