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ROME’S FIGHT AGAINST PIRACY IN THE EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN TO THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE SYRIAN PROVINCE

Yıl 2016, , 91 - 103, 01.06.2016

Ercüment Yıldırım

https://doi.org/10.13113/CEDRUS/201607

Öz

In the rise of Mediterranean civilization and Mediterranean sea trade the onset of piracy was an important event. Due to the supremacy of one or two powers in the Mediterranean until the start of the Hellenistic period, piracy had not occured in Medi­terra­ne­an. During the Hellenistic period due to con­stant wars between kings, piracy filled the space in the absence of control. Since the Roman Empire for­c­ed the Seleucid withdrawal from the eastern part of the Taurus Mountains, Cilicia’ shores became a natu­ral home for pirates. The pirates who settled in Cilicia not only threatened trade in the Mediterra­nean, but organized looting expeditions that extended to Italy. This began to concern Rome and Scipio Aemilianus to solve the problem of piracy, Marcus Antonius, Sulla sent to the commanders of Dolabella, and as Servilius. fightings of Pirates and Romans prolonged in the land and sea. Despite large defeats for the pi­rates, piracy continued to exist. The pirates had great support from the local people who were struggling with poverty. Ro­me finally sent Pompeius to establish authority over Asia Minor, and also to solve the prob­lem of pi­racy. Pompey found solutions for the problem of piracy, by taken measures in the area, mili­tary action against the pi­rates in Cilicia and moving people to other areas. Moreover Pompeius established the Syri­an Province and so exercised control over all the ports that the pi­rates could have sought refuge in.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Rome • Piracy • Cilicia • Pompey • Provincia Syria

Kaynakça

  • App. (= Appianus, Rhomaika)
  • Mithr. (= Mithridateion) Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviri: Appian’s Roman History, vols. I-IV. Trans. H. White. Cambridge, Massachusetts - London 1912-1913 (The Loeb Classical Library).
  • Diod. (= Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheke Historike) Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviri: Diodorus of Sicily. Trans. R. M. Geer. London - New York 1947 (The Loeb Classical Library).
  • Plin. nat. (= G. Plinius Secundus “Yaşlı”, Naturalis Historia) Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviri: Pliny Natural History, vols. I-X. Trans. H. R. Rackham, W. H. S. Jones – D. E. Eichholz. Cambridge, Massachusetts - London 1938-1971 (The Loeb Classical Library).
  • Plut. (= Plutarkhos, Bioi Paralleloi)
  • Caes. (= Caesar) Pomp. (= Pompeius)
  • Sull. (= Sulla) Luc. (= Lucullus) Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviri: Plutarch’s Lives, vols. I-XI. Trans. B. Perrin. London - New York 1959 (The Loeb Classical Library).
  • Strab. (= Strabon, Geographika) Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviriler: The Geography of Strabo, vols. I-VIII. Trans. H. L. Jones. London - New York 1917-1932 (The Loeb Classical Library). Strabon, Coğrafya. Çev. A. Pekman. İstanbul 2000.
  • Abulafia 2011 D. Abulafia, The Great Sea: A Human History of the Mediterranean. Oxford 2011.
  • Anderson 1922 J. G. C. Anderson, “Pompey's Campaign Against Mithradates”. Journal of Roman Studies XII (1922) 99-105.
  • Arslan 2003a M. Arslan, “Piracy on the Southern Coast of Asia Minor and Mithradates Eupator”. Olba VIII (2003) 195-211.
  • Arslan 2003b M. Arslan, “MÖ 188 Yılından MÖ 67 yılına Kadar Lykia, Pamphylia ve Kilikia Tracheia Sahillerindeki Korsanlık Faaliyetleri: Nedenleri ve Sonuçları”. Adalya VI (2003) 91-118.
  • Arslan 2007 M. Arslan, Mithradates VI Eupator: Roma’nın Büyük Düşmanı. İstanbul 2007.
  • Arslan – Tüner Önen 2011 M. Arslan – N. Tüner Önen, “Akdeniz’in Korsan Yuvaları: Kilikia, Pamphylia, Lykia ve Ionia Bölgelerindeki Korykoslar”. Adalya XIV (2011) 189- 206.
  • Atlan 1970 S. Atlan, Roma Tarihi'nin Ana Hatları. İstanbul 1970.
  • Austin 1989 M. M. Austin, The Hellenistic World from Alexander to the Roman Conquest. Cambridge 1989.
  • Bailey 2003 H. Bailey, The Cambridge History of Iran: The Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanian Periods. Cambridge 2003.
  • Blois 2008 L. Blois, An Introduction to the Ancient World. New York 2008.
  • Boak 1955 A. E. Boak, A History of Rome to 565 A.D. New York 1955.
  • Bradford 2007 A. S. Bradford, Flying the Black Flag: A Brief History of Piracy. Santa Barbara 2007.
  • Brennan 2007 S. Brennan, The Gigantic Book of Pirate Stories. New York 2007.
  • Briant 2002 P. Briant, From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire. Paris 2002.
  • Brice 2014 L. L. Brice, Warfare in the Roman Republic: From the Etruscan Wars to the Battle of Actium. Santa Barbara 2014.
  • Bugh 2006 G. R. Bugh, Companion to the Hellenistic World. Cambridge 2006.
  • Bunson 2002 M. Bunson, Encyclopedia of the Roman Empire. New York 2002.
  • Burgan 2010 M. Burgan, Empires of Ancient Persia. New York 2010.
  • Casson 1991 L. Casson, The Ancient Mariners: Seafarers and Sea Fighters of the Mediterranean in Ancient Times. Princeton 1991.
  • Chahin 2001 M. Chahin, The Kingdom of Armenia: A History. Richmond 2001.
  • Chamoux 2003 F. Chamoux, Hellenistic Civilization. Malden 2003.
  • Chaniotis 2005 A. Chaniotis, War in the Hellenistic World: A Social and Cultural History. Malden 2005.
  • Cohen 1996 G. M. Cohen, The Hellenistic Settlements in Europe, the Islands, and Asia Minor. California 1996.
  • Colledge 1967 M. A. R. Colledge, The Parthians. London 1967.
  • Crawford 1992 M. H. Crawford, The Roman Republic. Cambridge 1992.
  • Cross 1991 R. Cross, Warfare: A Chronological History. London 1991.
  • Dignas – Winter 2007 B. Dignas – E. Winter, Rome and Persia in Late Antiquity: Neighbours and Rivals. Cambridge 2007.
  • Dunstan 2011 W. E. Dunstan, Ancient Rome. Lanham 2011.
  • Edwell 2007 P. Edwell, Between Rome and Persia, The Middle Euphrates, Mesopotamia and Palmyra Under Roman Control. New York 2007.
  • Erskine 2009 A. Erskine, A Companion to Ancient History. Hoboken 2009.
  • Fields 2010 N. Fields, Warlords of Republican Rome: Caesar Against Pompey. Havertown 2010.
  • Fields 2012 N. Fields, Pompey. Oxford 2012.
  • Glew 1981 D. G. Glew, “Between the Wars: Mithradates Eupator and Rome, 85-73 B.C.”. Chiron XI (1981)109-130.
  • Green 1990 P. Green, Alexander to Actium: The Historical Evolution of the Hellenistic Age. California 1990.
  • Hansen 1971 E. V. Hansen, The Attalids of Pergamon. New York 1971.
  • Hazel 2001 J. Hazel, Who's Who in the Roman World. New York 2001.
  • Heitland 1911 W. E. Heitland, A Short History of the Roman Republic. Cambridge 1911.
  • Hitti 2004 P. K. Hitti, History of Syria: Including Lebanon and Paletsine. Piscataway 2004.
  • Hooper 1979 F. Hooper, Roman Realities. Detroit 1979.
  • Joshel 2010 S. R. Joshel, Slavery in the Roman World. Cambridge 2010.
  • Kaya 1988 M. A. Kaya, “Anadolu’da Roma Egemenliği ve Pompeius’un Siyasal Düzenlemeleri”. Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi XIII (1988) 163-173.
  • Kaya 1996 M. A. Kaya, “III. Makedonya Savaşına Kadar Roma’nın Anadolu Politikası”. Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi XI (1996) 211-236.
  • Kaya 2005 M. A. Kaya, “Anadolu’da Roma Eyaletleri; Sınırlar ve Roma Yönetimi”. Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi XIV (2005) 11-30.
  • Keaveney 1992 A. Keaveney, Lucullus: A Life. New York 1992.
  • Keaveney 2005 A. Keaveney, Sulla: The Last Republican. New York 2005.
  • Konstam 2002 A. Konstam, The History of Pirates. Guilford 2002.
  • Konstam 2008 A. Konstam, Piracy: The Complete History. Oxford 2008.
  • Leach 1978 J. Leach, Pompey the Great. New York 1978.
  • Lintott 1993 A. Lintott, Imperium Romanum: Politics and Administration. New York 1993.
  • Lintott 2010 A. Lintott, The Romans in the Age of Augustus. New York 2010.
  • Little 2010 B. Little, Pirate Hunting: The Fight Against Pirates, Privateers, and Sea Raiders from Antiquity to the Present. Lincoln 2010.
  • Lockard 2007 C. A. Lockard, Societies, Networks, and Transitions: A Global History I. Boston 2007.
  • Lockwood 2010 J. A. Lockwood, Six-Legged Soldiers: Using Insects as Weapons of War. Oxford 2010.
  • Mackay 2004 C. S. Mackay, Ancient Rome: A Military and Political History. Cambridge 2004.
  • Magie 1950 D. Magie, Roman Rule in Asia Minor, to the end of the Third Century After Christ. Princeton 1950.
  • Magie 2004 D. Magie, Anadolu'da Romalılar-Attalos'un Vasiyeti. İstanbul 2004.
  • Marley 2012 D. F. Marley, Daily Life of Pirates. Santa Barbara 2012.
  • Mayor 2009 A. Mayor, The Poison King: The Life and Legend of Mithradates, Rome’s Deadliest Enemy. Princeton 2009.
  • McDonald 1967 A. H. McDonald, “The Treaty of Apamea (188 B.C.)”. JRS 57 (1967) 1-8.
  • Mcging 1986 B. C. Mcging, The Foreign Policy of Mithradates VI Eupator, King of Pontus. Leiden 1986.
  • Mikalson 2009 J. D. Mikalson, Ancient Greek Religion. Malden 2009.
  • Mommsen 1992 T. Mommsen, A History of Rome. New York 1992.
  • Morrison 1996 J. S. Morrison, Greek and Roman Oared Warships. Oxford 1996.
  • Oktan 2008 M. Oktan, “Roma Cumhuriyet Dönemi’nde Pontos’da Yapılan Düzenlemeler”. Anatolia 34 (2008) 47-75.
  • Ormerod 1922 H. A. Ormerod, “The Campaigns of Servilius Isauricus Against the Pirates”. JRS 12 (1922) 35-56.
  • Ormerod 1997 H. A. Ormerod, Piracy in the Ancient World. Maryland 1997.
  • Pitassi 2009 M. Pitassi, The Navies of Rome. New York 2009.
  • Powell 1997 A. Powell, The Greek World. New York 1997.
  • Redgate 1998 A. E. Redgate, The Armenians. Malden 1998.
  • Rich – Shipley 1995 J. Rich –G. Shipley, War and Society in the Roman World. New York 1995.
  • Seager 2002 R. Seager, Pompey the Great: a Political Biography. Malden 2002.
  • Sherwin-White 1976 A. N. Sherwin-White, “Rome, Pamphylia and Cilicia”. JRS 66 (1976) 1-14.
  • Sherwin-White 1983 A. N. Sherwin-White, Roman Foreign Policy in the East: 168 BC to AD 1. Oklahoma 1983.
  • Sherwin-White 1994 A. N Sherwin-White, “Lucullus, Pompey and the East”. CAH 9 (1994) 229- 265.
  • Shipley 2000 G. Shipley, The Greek World After Alexander: 323 - 30 BC. New York 2000.
  • Southern 2002 P. Southern, Pompey the Great. London 2002.
  • Southern 2007 P. Southern, The Roman Army: A Social and Institutional History. Oxford 2007.
  • Souza 1999 P. Souza, Piracy in the Graeco-Roman World. Cambridge 1999.
  • Tarn 1974 W. W. Tarn, Hellenistic Civilisation. London 1974.
  • Tozer 2006 H. F. Tozer, A History of Ancient Geography. Cambridge 2006.
  • Ussher 2003 J. Ussher, The Annals of the World. Green Forest 2003.
  • Ward – Heichelheim 2003 A. M. Ward – F. M. Heichelheim, A History of the Roman People. New Jersey 2003.
  • Ward 1974 R. T. Ward, Pirates in History. New York 1974.
  • Wiedemann 1989 T. Wiedemann, Greek and Roman Slavery. New York 1989.

SURİYE EYALETİ’NİN KURULUŞUNA KADAR ROMA’NIN DOĞU AKDENİZ’DE KORSANLIKLA MÜCADALESİ

Yıl 2016, , 91 - 103, 01.06.2016

Ercüment Yıldırım

https://doi.org/10.13113/CEDRUS/201607

Öz

Akdeniz medeniyetinin oluşumunda deniz tica­reti kadar önemli bir diğer olgu da korsanlık faali­yet­leridir. Hellenistik Dönem’in başlangıcına kadar Akde­niz kıyı­ları bir veya iki devletin sürekli otoritesi altında olduğu için, korsanlık çok fazla görülmemiştir. Helle­nistik Dö­nem’de ise krallıkların sürekli birbiriyle savaş­masından dolayı Akdeniz’de oluşan otorite boşlu­ğunu korsanlar doldurmuştur. Roma’nın Seleukosları, Toros Dağla­rı’nın doğusuna çekilmeye mecbur etme­siyle Kili­kia kıyıları korsanların doğal sığınma meka­nına dö­nüş­müştür. Kili­kia’ya yerleşen korsanlar Akdeniz tica­re­tini tehdit etmelerinin yanı sıra İtalya Yarımadası’na ka­dar uza­nan yağma seferleri düzenle­mişler­dir. Bu du­rum Roma’yı rahatsız etmeye başlayınca korsanlık so­ru­nunu çözmek için Scipio Aemilianus, Marcus Anto­nius, Sulla, Dolabella ve Servilius gibi komutanları gön­de­ril­miştir. Korsanlar ile Roma arasında uzun süre de­vam eden deniz ve kara savaşlarında korsanlara bü­yük darbeler vu­rul­muşsa da korsanlık tamamen orta­dan kal­dı­rı­lama­mıştır. Korsan­lar, yoksullukla mücadele eden yerel halk­tan da büyük destek görmüşlerdir. Ro­ma, niha­yetinde Pompeius’u hem Küçük Asya’daki Ro­ma otori­tesini tesis etmesi hem de korsanlık soru­nunu çözmesi için gönder­miştir. Pompeius, Kilikia’da askeri tedbirlerin yanı sıra bölgedeki insanları başka alanlara göç ettirerek korsanlık sorununa çözüm bul­muştur. Ayrıca Pompe­ius Suriye Eyaleti’ni kurarak kor­sanların sığınabileceği tüm liman­ları Roma ege­menliği altına almıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Roma • Korsanlık • Kilikia • Pompeius • Suriye Eyaleti

Kaynakça

  • App. (= Appianus, Rhomaika)
  • Mithr. (= Mithridateion) Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviri: Appian’s Roman History, vols. I-IV. Trans. H. White. Cambridge, Massachusetts - London 1912-1913 (The Loeb Classical Library).
  • Diod. (= Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheke Historike) Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviri: Diodorus of Sicily. Trans. R. M. Geer. London - New York 1947 (The Loeb Classical Library).
  • Plin. nat. (= G. Plinius Secundus “Yaşlı”, Naturalis Historia) Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviri: Pliny Natural History, vols. I-X. Trans. H. R. Rackham, W. H. S. Jones – D. E. Eichholz. Cambridge, Massachusetts - London 1938-1971 (The Loeb Classical Library).
  • Plut. (= Plutarkhos, Bioi Paralleloi)
  • Caes. (= Caesar) Pomp. (= Pompeius)
  • Sull. (= Sulla) Luc. (= Lucullus) Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviri: Plutarch’s Lives, vols. I-XI. Trans. B. Perrin. London - New York 1959 (The Loeb Classical Library).
  • Strab. (= Strabon, Geographika) Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviriler: The Geography of Strabo, vols. I-VIII. Trans. H. L. Jones. London - New York 1917-1932 (The Loeb Classical Library). Strabon, Coğrafya. Çev. A. Pekman. İstanbul 2000.
  • Abulafia 2011 D. Abulafia, The Great Sea: A Human History of the Mediterranean. Oxford 2011.
  • Anderson 1922 J. G. C. Anderson, “Pompey's Campaign Against Mithradates”. Journal of Roman Studies XII (1922) 99-105.
  • Arslan 2003a M. Arslan, “Piracy on the Southern Coast of Asia Minor and Mithradates Eupator”. Olba VIII (2003) 195-211.
  • Arslan 2003b M. Arslan, “MÖ 188 Yılından MÖ 67 yılına Kadar Lykia, Pamphylia ve Kilikia Tracheia Sahillerindeki Korsanlık Faaliyetleri: Nedenleri ve Sonuçları”. Adalya VI (2003) 91-118.
  • Arslan 2007 M. Arslan, Mithradates VI Eupator: Roma’nın Büyük Düşmanı. İstanbul 2007.
  • Arslan – Tüner Önen 2011 M. Arslan – N. Tüner Önen, “Akdeniz’in Korsan Yuvaları: Kilikia, Pamphylia, Lykia ve Ionia Bölgelerindeki Korykoslar”. Adalya XIV (2011) 189- 206.
  • Atlan 1970 S. Atlan, Roma Tarihi'nin Ana Hatları. İstanbul 1970.
  • Austin 1989 M. M. Austin, The Hellenistic World from Alexander to the Roman Conquest. Cambridge 1989.
  • Bailey 2003 H. Bailey, The Cambridge History of Iran: The Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanian Periods. Cambridge 2003.
  • Blois 2008 L. Blois, An Introduction to the Ancient World. New York 2008.
  • Boak 1955 A. E. Boak, A History of Rome to 565 A.D. New York 1955.
  • Bradford 2007 A. S. Bradford, Flying the Black Flag: A Brief History of Piracy. Santa Barbara 2007.
  • Brennan 2007 S. Brennan, The Gigantic Book of Pirate Stories. New York 2007.
  • Briant 2002 P. Briant, From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire. Paris 2002.
  • Brice 2014 L. L. Brice, Warfare in the Roman Republic: From the Etruscan Wars to the Battle of Actium. Santa Barbara 2014.
  • Bugh 2006 G. R. Bugh, Companion to the Hellenistic World. Cambridge 2006.
  • Bunson 2002 M. Bunson, Encyclopedia of the Roman Empire. New York 2002.
  • Burgan 2010 M. Burgan, Empires of Ancient Persia. New York 2010.
  • Casson 1991 L. Casson, The Ancient Mariners: Seafarers and Sea Fighters of the Mediterranean in Ancient Times. Princeton 1991.
  • Chahin 2001 M. Chahin, The Kingdom of Armenia: A History. Richmond 2001.
  • Chamoux 2003 F. Chamoux, Hellenistic Civilization. Malden 2003.
  • Chaniotis 2005 A. Chaniotis, War in the Hellenistic World: A Social and Cultural History. Malden 2005.
  • Cohen 1996 G. M. Cohen, The Hellenistic Settlements in Europe, the Islands, and Asia Minor. California 1996.
  • Colledge 1967 M. A. R. Colledge, The Parthians. London 1967.
  • Crawford 1992 M. H. Crawford, The Roman Republic. Cambridge 1992.
  • Cross 1991 R. Cross, Warfare: A Chronological History. London 1991.
  • Dignas – Winter 2007 B. Dignas – E. Winter, Rome and Persia in Late Antiquity: Neighbours and Rivals. Cambridge 2007.
  • Dunstan 2011 W. E. Dunstan, Ancient Rome. Lanham 2011.
  • Edwell 2007 P. Edwell, Between Rome and Persia, The Middle Euphrates, Mesopotamia and Palmyra Under Roman Control. New York 2007.
  • Erskine 2009 A. Erskine, A Companion to Ancient History. Hoboken 2009.
  • Fields 2010 N. Fields, Warlords of Republican Rome: Caesar Against Pompey. Havertown 2010.
  • Fields 2012 N. Fields, Pompey. Oxford 2012.
  • Glew 1981 D. G. Glew, “Between the Wars: Mithradates Eupator and Rome, 85-73 B.C.”. Chiron XI (1981)109-130.
  • Green 1990 P. Green, Alexander to Actium: The Historical Evolution of the Hellenistic Age. California 1990.
  • Hansen 1971 E. V. Hansen, The Attalids of Pergamon. New York 1971.
  • Hazel 2001 J. Hazel, Who's Who in the Roman World. New York 2001.
  • Heitland 1911 W. E. Heitland, A Short History of the Roman Republic. Cambridge 1911.
  • Hitti 2004 P. K. Hitti, History of Syria: Including Lebanon and Paletsine. Piscataway 2004.
  • Hooper 1979 F. Hooper, Roman Realities. Detroit 1979.
  • Joshel 2010 S. R. Joshel, Slavery in the Roman World. Cambridge 2010.
  • Kaya 1988 M. A. Kaya, “Anadolu’da Roma Egemenliği ve Pompeius’un Siyasal Düzenlemeleri”. Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi XIII (1988) 163-173.
  • Kaya 1996 M. A. Kaya, “III. Makedonya Savaşına Kadar Roma’nın Anadolu Politikası”. Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi XI (1996) 211-236.
  • Kaya 2005 M. A. Kaya, “Anadolu’da Roma Eyaletleri; Sınırlar ve Roma Yönetimi”. Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi XIV (2005) 11-30.
  • Keaveney 1992 A. Keaveney, Lucullus: A Life. New York 1992.
  • Keaveney 2005 A. Keaveney, Sulla: The Last Republican. New York 2005.
  • Konstam 2002 A. Konstam, The History of Pirates. Guilford 2002.
  • Konstam 2008 A. Konstam, Piracy: The Complete History. Oxford 2008.
  • Leach 1978 J. Leach, Pompey the Great. New York 1978.
  • Lintott 1993 A. Lintott, Imperium Romanum: Politics and Administration. New York 1993.
  • Lintott 2010 A. Lintott, The Romans in the Age of Augustus. New York 2010.
  • Little 2010 B. Little, Pirate Hunting: The Fight Against Pirates, Privateers, and Sea Raiders from Antiquity to the Present. Lincoln 2010.
  • Lockard 2007 C. A. Lockard, Societies, Networks, and Transitions: A Global History I. Boston 2007.
  • Lockwood 2010 J. A. Lockwood, Six-Legged Soldiers: Using Insects as Weapons of War. Oxford 2010.
  • Mackay 2004 C. S. Mackay, Ancient Rome: A Military and Political History. Cambridge 2004.
  • Magie 1950 D. Magie, Roman Rule in Asia Minor, to the end of the Third Century After Christ. Princeton 1950.
  • Magie 2004 D. Magie, Anadolu'da Romalılar-Attalos'un Vasiyeti. İstanbul 2004.
  • Marley 2012 D. F. Marley, Daily Life of Pirates. Santa Barbara 2012.
  • Mayor 2009 A. Mayor, The Poison King: The Life and Legend of Mithradates, Rome’s Deadliest Enemy. Princeton 2009.
  • McDonald 1967 A. H. McDonald, “The Treaty of Apamea (188 B.C.)”. JRS 57 (1967) 1-8.
  • Mcging 1986 B. C. Mcging, The Foreign Policy of Mithradates VI Eupator, King of Pontus. Leiden 1986.
  • Mikalson 2009 J. D. Mikalson, Ancient Greek Religion. Malden 2009.
  • Mommsen 1992 T. Mommsen, A History of Rome. New York 1992.
  • Morrison 1996 J. S. Morrison, Greek and Roman Oared Warships. Oxford 1996.
  • Oktan 2008 M. Oktan, “Roma Cumhuriyet Dönemi’nde Pontos’da Yapılan Düzenlemeler”. Anatolia 34 (2008) 47-75.
  • Ormerod 1922 H. A. Ormerod, “The Campaigns of Servilius Isauricus Against the Pirates”. JRS 12 (1922) 35-56.
  • Ormerod 1997 H. A. Ormerod, Piracy in the Ancient World. Maryland 1997.
  • Pitassi 2009 M. Pitassi, The Navies of Rome. New York 2009.
  • Powell 1997 A. Powell, The Greek World. New York 1997.
  • Redgate 1998 A. E. Redgate, The Armenians. Malden 1998.
  • Rich – Shipley 1995 J. Rich –G. Shipley, War and Society in the Roman World. New York 1995.
  • Seager 2002 R. Seager, Pompey the Great: a Political Biography. Malden 2002.
  • Sherwin-White 1976 A. N. Sherwin-White, “Rome, Pamphylia and Cilicia”. JRS 66 (1976) 1-14.
  • Sherwin-White 1983 A. N. Sherwin-White, Roman Foreign Policy in the East: 168 BC to AD 1. Oklahoma 1983.
  • Sherwin-White 1994 A. N Sherwin-White, “Lucullus, Pompey and the East”. CAH 9 (1994) 229- 265.
  • Shipley 2000 G. Shipley, The Greek World After Alexander: 323 - 30 BC. New York 2000.
  • Southern 2002 P. Southern, Pompey the Great. London 2002.
  • Southern 2007 P. Southern, The Roman Army: A Social and Institutional History. Oxford 2007.
  • Souza 1999 P. Souza, Piracy in the Graeco-Roman World. Cambridge 1999.
  • Tarn 1974 W. W. Tarn, Hellenistic Civilisation. London 1974.
  • Tozer 2006 H. F. Tozer, A History of Ancient Geography. Cambridge 2006.
  • Ussher 2003 J. Ussher, The Annals of the World. Green Forest 2003.
  • Ward – Heichelheim 2003 A. M. Ward – F. M. Heichelheim, A History of the Roman People. New Jersey 2003.
  • Ward 1974 R. T. Ward, Pirates in History. New York 1974.
  • Wiedemann 1989 T. Wiedemann, Greek and Roman Slavery. New York 1989.
Toplam 92 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Research Article
Yazarlar

Ercüment Yıldırım

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Haziran 2016
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2016

Kaynak Göster

APA Yıldırım, E. (2016). SURİYE EYALETİ’NİN KURULUŞUNA KADAR ROMA’NIN DOĞU AKDENİZ’DE KORSANLIKLA MÜCADALESİ. Cedrus, 4, 91-103. https://doi.org/10.13113/CEDRUS/201607
AMA Yıldırım E. SURİYE EYALETİ’NİN KURULUŞUNA KADAR ROMA’NIN DOĞU AKDENİZ’DE KORSANLIKLA MÜCADALESİ. Cedrus. Haziran 2016;4:91-103. doi:10.13113/CEDRUS/201607
Chicago Yıldırım, Ercüment. “SURİYE EYALETİ’NİN KURULUŞUNA KADAR ROMA’NIN DOĞU AKDENİZ’DE KORSANLIKLA MÜCADALESİ”. Cedrus 4, Haziran (Haziran 2016): 91-103. https://doi.org/10.13113/CEDRUS/201607.
EndNote Yıldırım E (01 Haziran 2016) SURİYE EYALETİ’NİN KURULUŞUNA KADAR ROMA’NIN DOĞU AKDENİZ’DE KORSANLIKLA MÜCADALESİ. Cedrus 4 91–103.
IEEE E. Yıldırım, “SURİYE EYALETİ’NİN KURULUŞUNA KADAR ROMA’NIN DOĞU AKDENİZ’DE KORSANLIKLA MÜCADALESİ”, Cedrus, c. 4, ss. 91–103, 2016, doi: 10.13113/CEDRUS/201607.
ISNAD Yıldırım, Ercüment. “SURİYE EYALETİ’NİN KURULUŞUNA KADAR ROMA’NIN DOĞU AKDENİZ’DE KORSANLIKLA MÜCADALESİ”. Cedrus 4 (Haziran 2016), 91-103. https://doi.org/10.13113/CEDRUS/201607.
JAMA Yıldırım E. SURİYE EYALETİ’NİN KURULUŞUNA KADAR ROMA’NIN DOĞU AKDENİZ’DE KORSANLIKLA MÜCADALESİ. Cedrus. 2016;4:91–103.
MLA Yıldırım, Ercüment. “SURİYE EYALETİ’NİN KURULUŞUNA KADAR ROMA’NIN DOĞU AKDENİZ’DE KORSANLIKLA MÜCADALESİ”. Cedrus, c. 4, 2016, ss. 91-103, doi:10.13113/CEDRUS/201607.
Vancouver Yıldırım E. SURİYE EYALETİ’NİN KURULUŞUNA KADAR ROMA’NIN DOĞU AKDENİZ’DE KORSANLIKLA MÜCADALESİ. Cedrus. 2016;4:91-103.

İlgili yılın sayısında en fazla 25 makale yayımlanır ve makale kabul tarihleri 15 Ekim ile 1 Mayıs arasındadır. 2024 yılı Ekim ayı itibariyle Cedrus sadece yabancı dilde makale kabul edecektir.