ON THE MISSING NAVIGATIONAL MARKERS –BEACON TOWERS-PHAROS OF ANTIQUITY – AND NOTICE OF TWO EXTANT SMALL MARKER BEACON TOWERS OF ROMAN LATE IST C.B.C.–EARLY IST C.A.D.ANEMORIUM

T.m.p. Duggan

doi:10.13113/CEDRUS.201406469

ON THE MISSING NAVIGATIONAL MARKERS –BEACON TOWERS-PHAROS OF ANTIQUITY – AND NOTICE OF TWO EXTANT SMALL MARKER BEACON TOWERS OF ROMAN LATE IST C.B.C.–EARLY IST C.A.D.ANEMORIUM

Yıl 2014, Cilt: 2, 377 - 442, 01.06.2014

T.m.p. Duggan

https://doi.org/10.13113/CEDRUS.201406469

Öz

This article addresses the importance, in the well documented practice in antiquity of nocturnal navigation, of marker-beacons/pharos for navigation. It suggests the presence of a Pharonic territorial marker on the consequently named Pharos Island from c. 1400 B.C. marking the port of Rhacotis, with the tower standing in the IVth c. B.C. noted in Arrian’s Anabasis being its probable replacement, prior to the construction of the Hellenistic Pharos. It suggests that maritime place-names beginning with the letters Pha/Phar, such as, Pharsalos, indicate the former presence of harbour marker lights, in this case with salos meaning an open roadstead. The matter of the importance of the size of the marker structure relative to the surrounding topography, the number of light sources, possible fuels employed, and if these marker-beacons functioned at night in winter are raised. The article concludes with remarks upon two late Ist c. B.C. or early Ist c. A.D. in-situ structures at the Cilician port city of Anemorium, previously published as examples of, “a unique form of conical tomb”, which seem rather to be markers on the hillside for the probable landing quay below them, their relative heights reminding of the pharos and anti-pharos marking a harbour entrance in antiquity.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Anemorium • Navigational Marker-Beacons •

Kaynakça

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SEYİRLERE IŞIK TUTAN KAYIP İŞARETLER – ANTİKÇAĞ’DA PHAROS’LAR İLE SİNYAL KULELERİ – VE M.Ö. I. YÜZYILIN SONU – M.S. I. YÜZYILIN BAŞINDA ROMA DÖNEMİ ANEMORIUM’UNDAN GÜNÜMÜZE ULAŞAN İKİ KÜÇÜK SİNYAL KULESİNE İLIŞKİN NOTLAR

Yıl 2014, Cilt: 2, 377 - 442, 01.06.2014

T.m.p. Duggan

https://doi.org/10.13113/CEDRUS.201406469

Öz

Bu makale, gece deniz yolculuğunun antikçağda iyi bir şekilde belgelenmiş yöntemi içerisinde deniz yolculuğu açısından işaret sinyallerinin/pharos’un önemini vurgulamaktadır. Bu, Pharonic toprak varlığının işareti dolayısıyla ca. M.Ö. 1400’den itibaren Pharos Adası ismini alan ve Rhakotis limanını işaret ederek Hellenistik Pharos’un yapımından önce, ca. M.Ö. IV. yüzyılda ayakta duran kulesiyle Arrianus’un Anabasis’inde belirtilen bir kulenin varlığı ileri sürülebilir. Pharsalos gibi Pha/Phar harfleriyle başlayan denizcilik isimleri liman işaret ışıklarının daha önceki varlığını gösterdiğini akla getirmektedir. Bu durumda salos açık bir liman anlamı vermektedir. İşaret yapısının/kulesinin büyüklüğünün önemi çevredeki topografyayla ilişkilidir. Işık kaynaklarının sayısı, kullanılan olası yakıtlar ve eğer fenerlerde bu işaret sinyalleri kış gecelerinde de faaliyet gösteriyorsa önemi daha da artar. Makale, daha önce “konik mezarın ünik bir formu”nun örneği olarak yayınlanan Kilikia liman kenti Anemorium’da in-situ halindeki altında muhtemelen iniş iskelesi için işaretlerden ziyade geç antikçağdaki bir liman girişi işaret olarak pharos ve anti-pharos’u hatırlatan göreceli yükseklikleri görünmekte olan yapıların, geç M.Ö. I. yüzyıl ya da erken M.S. I. yüzyıla tarihleme görüşleriyle sona ermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Anemorium • Deniz yolculuğu

Kaynakça

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A. K. Şenol, “Cilician Commercial Relations with Egypt Due to the new Evidence of Amphora Finds”. Olba 16 (2008) 109-131.
W. Schleiermacher, “Der Romische limes in Deutschland”. Die Antike (1938) 248-252.
S. P. Scott, History of the Muslim Empire in Europe III. Philadelphia, London 1904.
M. A. Shaban, Islamic History a new interpretation, A.D. 750-1050 (A.H. 448). Cambridge 1992.
C. Seillier, “Le castrum e le port de Gesoriacum (Boulogne-sur-Mer) base de la classais Britannica (IIe-IIIe siècles)”. Eds. F. Vermeulen, K. Sas, H. Thoen – W. Dhaeze, Archaeology in confrontation: aspects of Roman military presence in the northwest: studies in honour of Prof. Em. Hugo Thoen. Ghent (2004) 201-211.
D. Sinor, The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia. Cambridge 1990.
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G. Le Strange, Lands of the Eastern Caliphate. Cambridge 1905.
B. Takmer, Lex Portorii Provinciae Lyciae. Unpublished PhD. Dissertation, Akdeniz University. Antalya 2006.
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Vann – Hohlfelder – Shedrik 1999-2000
R. L. Vann, R. L. Hohlfelder – K. Shedrik, “The Church Beneath the Sea at Aperlae Lycia”. Adalya 4 (1999-2000) 207-221.
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Toplam 182 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil	İngilizce
Bölüm	Research Article
Yazarlar	T.m.p. Duggan Bu kişi benim
Yayımlanma Tarihi	1 Haziran 2014
Yayımlandığı Sayı	Yıl 2014 Cilt: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA	Duggan, T. (2014). ON THE MISSING NAVIGATIONAL MARKERS –BEACON TOWERS-PHAROS OF ANTIQUITY – AND NOTICE OF TWO EXTANT SMALL MARKER BEACON TOWERS OF ROMAN LATE IST C.B.C.–EARLY IST C.A.D.ANEMORIUM. Cedrus, 2, 377-442. https://doi.org/10.13113/CEDRUS.201406469
AMA	Duggan T. ON THE MISSING NAVIGATIONAL MARKERS –BEACON TOWERS-PHAROS OF ANTIQUITY – AND NOTICE OF TWO EXTANT SMALL MARKER BEACON TOWERS OF ROMAN LATE IST C.B.C.–EARLY IST C.A.D.ANEMORIUM. Cedrus. Haziran 2014;2:377-442. doi:10.13113/CEDRUS.201406469
Chicago	Duggan, T.m.p. “ON THE MISSING NAVIGATIONAL MARKERS –BEACON TOWERS-PHAROS OF ANTIQUITY – AND NOTICE OF TWO EXTANT SMALL MARKER BEACON TOWERS OF ROMAN LATE IST C.B.C.–EARLY IST C.A.D.ANEMORIUM”. Cedrus 2, Haziran (Haziran 2014): 377-442. https://doi.org/10.13113/CEDRUS.201406469.
EndNote	Duggan T (01 Haziran 2014) ON THE MISSING NAVIGATIONAL MARKERS –BEACON TOWERS-PHAROS OF ANTIQUITY – AND NOTICE OF TWO EXTANT SMALL MARKER BEACON TOWERS OF ROMAN LATE IST C.B.C.–EARLY IST C.A.D.ANEMORIUM. Cedrus 2 377–442.
IEEE	T. Duggan, “ON THE MISSING NAVIGATIONAL MARKERS –BEACON TOWERS-PHAROS OF ANTIQUITY – AND NOTICE OF TWO EXTANT SMALL MARKER BEACON TOWERS OF ROMAN LATE IST C.B.C.–EARLY IST C.A.D.ANEMORIUM”, Cedrus, c. 2, ss. 377–442, 2014, doi: 10.13113/CEDRUS.201406469.
ISNAD	Duggan, T.m.p. “ON THE MISSING NAVIGATIONAL MARKERS –BEACON TOWERS-PHAROS OF ANTIQUITY – AND NOTICE OF TWO EXTANT SMALL MARKER BEACON TOWERS OF ROMAN LATE IST C.B.C.–EARLY IST C.A.D.ANEMORIUM”. Cedrus 2 (Haziran 2014), 377-442. https://doi.org/10.13113/CEDRUS.201406469.
JAMA	Duggan T. ON THE MISSING NAVIGATIONAL MARKERS –BEACON TOWERS-PHAROS OF ANTIQUITY – AND NOTICE OF TWO EXTANT SMALL MARKER BEACON TOWERS OF ROMAN LATE IST C.B.C.–EARLY IST C.A.D.ANEMORIUM. Cedrus. 2014;2:377–442.
MLA	Duggan, T.m.p. “ON THE MISSING NAVIGATIONAL MARKERS –BEACON TOWERS-PHAROS OF ANTIQUITY – AND NOTICE OF TWO EXTANT SMALL MARKER BEACON TOWERS OF ROMAN LATE IST C.B.C.–EARLY IST C.A.D.ANEMORIUM”. Cedrus, c. 2, 2014, ss. 377-42, doi:10.13113/CEDRUS.201406469.
Vancouver	Duggan T. ON THE MISSING NAVIGATIONAL MARKERS –BEACON TOWERS-PHAROS OF ANTIQUITY – AND NOTICE OF TWO EXTANT SMALL MARKER BEACON TOWERS OF ROMAN LATE IST C.B.C.–EARLY IST C.A.D.ANEMORIUM. Cedrus. 2014;2:377-442.

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İlgili yılın sayısında en fazla 25 makale yayımlanır ve makale kabul tarihleri 15 Ekim ile 1 Mayıs arasındadır. 2024 yılı Ekim ayı itibariyle Cedrus sadece yabancı dilde makale kabul edecektir.