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“Halaf Period” (6100-5300/5100 BC) in Northern Mesopotamia and the Northern Levant: Material Culture, Subsistence Economy and Cross-Cultural Encounters

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 8, 1 - 63, 30.06.2020
https://doi.org/10.13113/CEDRUS.202001

Öz

The Halaf culture occurs in the Late Neolithic period which lasted between 6100-5300/5100 B.C. and is found in Upper Mesopotamia and the Northern Levant. Indeed, the fine painted pottery of the Halaf culture emerged gradually from a transitional stage in which Hassuna and Samarra decorative modes and stylistic traits dominated. Halaf culture is known for its (1) painted and thin-walled pottery, (2) round buildings, (3) adobe or mud-brick building techniques, (4) clay female figurines (5) stamp seals, (6) chipped stone tools made of obsidian from Central or Eastern Anatolian sources, and, (7) clay sling bullets. In addition to permanent village agriculture, mobile pastoralism and hunting-gathering were the basis of all Halafian communities settled in the short-term, in small and dispersed hamlets or villages. The stamp-seals may mark onset of personal property. Halaf societies were most probably based on an egalitarian but potentially ranked-hierarchical system. The author employs Aristotle’s theory of actuality to explain the Late Neolithic transition from egalitarianism to ranked societies.

Kaynakça

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Kuzey Mezopotamya ve Kuzey Levant’ta “Halaf Dönemi” (MÖ 6100-5300/5100): Maddi Kültür, Geçim Ekonomisi ve Kültürel Temas

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 8, 1 - 63, 30.06.2020
https://doi.org/10.13113/CEDRUS.202001

Öz

Makalenin konusu, MÖ 6100-5300/5100 arasında Yukarı Mezopotamya ve Kuzey Levant’ta etkili olmuş, Halaf olarak bilinen maddi kültür evresidir. Halaf maddi kültürü, bu 6 yüzyıl içinde, sayılan iki bölge dışında eskiden Samarra kültürünün merkezi olan Orta Mezopotamya’ya da girmiştir. Aslına bakılırsa, en eski Hassuna kapları ile boyalı Samarra ve Halaf kapları arasında kopuştan çok süreklilikler vardır. Halaf çanak-çömleği, 1000 yıldır dönüşen çömlek işçiliğinde yakalanan yeni düzeyi temsil etmektedir. Halaf maddi kültürü, 7 unsurun toplamından oluşur. 1- Kaliteli, ince cidarlı, boyalı ve bezekli çanak-çömlekler. 2- “Tholos” adı verilen yuvarlak planlı yapılar. 3- Temelleri taştan, duvarları tauf ya da kerpiçten yapılar. 4- Kil insan (özellikle kadın) figürinleri. 5- Damga mühürler. 6- Orta ve Doğu Anadolu menşeli obsidyen çekirdeklerinden üretilmiş yontmataş aletler. 7- Kil sapan taşları... Bu maddi kültür unsurları etrafında türdeş bir dünyayı paylaşan Halaf toplumunun geçim kaynakları, sürekli-kalıcı yerleşimlerde yapılan tarım, yarı-göçebe çobanlık ve avcı-toplayıcılıktır. Genelde küçük köylerde ve mezralarda yaşayan Halaf toplumu, özel mülkiyete geçmiş, eşitlikçi ilişkilere sahip ama içinde hiyerarşi potansiyeli taşıyan bir toplumdur. Yazar, Halaf’ın eşitlikçilik ile hiyerarşi arasındaki ara konumunu açıklamak için Aristoteles’in potansiyel-aktüel analizinden yararlanmış; Halaf devrinde hala eşitlikçi görünen toplumsal yapının hiyerarşi potansiyelini barındırdığını iddia etmiştir.

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  • Nieuwenhuyse 2009 O. Nieuwenhuyse, “The ‘painted pottery revolution’: emulation, ceramic innovation and the Early Halaf in northern Syria”. Eds. L. Astruc - A. Gaulon - L. Salanova, Méthodes d’approche des premières productions céramiques: Étude de Cas dans les Balkans et au Levant. Rahden (2009) 81-91.
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  • Nieuwenhuyse et al. 2016a O. P. Nieuwenhuyse, T. Odaka - A. Kaneda - S. Mühl - K. Rasheed - M. Altaweel, “Revisiting Tell Begum: A prehistoric site in the Shahrizor Plain, Iraqi Kurdistan”. Iraq 78 (2016a) 103-135.
  • Nieuwenhuyse et al. 2016b O. P. Nieuwenhuyse, T. Odaka – S. Mühl, “Halaf Settlement in the Iraqi Kurdistan: the Shahrizor Survey Project”. Eds. K. Kopanias – J. MacGinnis. The Archaeology of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq and Adjacent Regions. Oxford (2016b) 257-266.
  • Nieuwenhuyse et al. 2016c O. Nieuwenhuyse - P. Akkermans - J. van der Plicht - A. Russell - A. Kaneda, “The 8.2 Event in Upper Mesopotamia”. Eds. Peter F. Biehl - O. P. Nieuwenhuyse, Climate and Cultural Change in Prehistoric Europe and the Near East. Albany (2016) 67-93.
  • Nishiaki 1990 Y. Nishiaki, “Corner-Thinned Blades: A New Obsidian Tool Type from a Pottery Neolithic Mound in the Khabur Basin, Syria”. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 280 (1990) 5-14.
  • Nishiaki 1993 Y. Nishiaki, “Anatolian Obsidian and the Neolithic Obsidian Industries of North Syria: A Preliminary Review”. Eds. H. I. H. Prince Takahito Mikasa, Essays on Anatolian Archaeology. Wiesbaden (1993) 140-160.
  • Nishiaki 2011 Y. Nishiaki, “Preliminary notes on the Pre-Pottery and Pottery Neolithic lithics from Tell Seker al-Aheimar, the upper Khabur: the 2000-2001 seasons”. Eds. E. Healey - S. Campbell - O. Maeda, The State of the Stone: Terminologies, Continuities and Contexts in Near Eastern Lithics. Berlin (2011) 457-464.
  • Odaka 2013 T. Odaka, “Neolithic pottery in the northern Levant and its relations to the east”. Eds. Y. Nishiaki - K. Kashima - M. Verhoeven, Neolithic Archaeology in the Khabur Valley, Upper Mesopotamia and Beyond. Berlin (2013) 205-217.
  • Oram - De Haan 1995 P. A. Oram - C. De Haan, Technologies for Rainfed Agriculture in Mediterranean Climates. Washington, D.C. 1995.
  • Özbal 2010 R. Özbal, “A Comparative Look at Halaf and Ubaid Social Complexity and the Tell Kurdu Case”. Tüba-Ar 13 (2010) 39-59.
  • Özbal 2011 R. Özbal, “The Chalcolithic of Southeast Anatolia”. Eds. S. R. Steadman - G. McMahon, The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Anatolia (10000 – 323 BCE). New York (2011) 174-204.
  • Özbal et al. 2011 H. Özbal - A. Türkekul Bıyık - L. Thissen - T. Doğan - F. Gerritsen - R. Özbal, “Sütçülerin Öncüleri: Barcın Höyük Keramiklerinde Süt Kalıntıları”. 26. Arkeometri Sonuçları Toplantısı. Ankara (2011) 307-317.
  • Özbaşaran 2011 M. Özbaşaran, “The Neolithic on the Plateau”, Eds. S. R. Steadman - G. McMahon, The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Anatolia (10000 - 323 BCE). New York (2011) 99-124.
  • Palumbi 2011 G. Palumbi, “The Chalcolithic of Eastern Anatolia”, Eds. S. R. Steadman – G. McMahon. The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Anatolia (10000 – 323 BCE). New York (2011) 205-226.
  • Parlıtı 2011 U. Parlıtı, Mezopotamya’da Halaf Seramikleri ve Önasya’da Yayılım Alanlarının İncelenmesi. Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Çukurova Üniversitesi. Adana 2011.
  • Peters et al. 2005 J. Peters - A. Von den Driesch - D. Helmer, “The upper Euphrates-Tigris basin: cradle of agro-pastoralism?”. Eds. J.-D. Vigne et al., The First Steps of Animal Domestication: New archaeozoological approaches. Oxford (2005) 96-124.
  • Petrova 2012 N. Yu. Petrova, “A technological study of Hassuna culture ceramics (Yarim Tepe I settlement)”. Documenta Praehistorica 39 (2012) 75-82.
  • Price - Arbuckle 2013 M. D. Price - B. S. Arbuckle, “Early Pig Management in the Zagros Flanks: Reanalysis of the Fauna from Neolithic Jarmo, Northern Iraq”. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 25/4 (2013) 441-453.
  • Potts 1999 D. T. Potts, The Archaeology of Elam: Formation and Transformation of an Ancient Iranian State. Cambridge 1999.
  • Salisbury – Bácsmegi 2013 R. B. Salisbury - G. Bácsmegi, “Resilience in the Neolithic: How People May Have Mitigated Environmental Change in Prehistory”. Anthropologie LI/2 (2013) 143-155.
  • Sarıaltun 2011 S. Sarıaltun, “A Halaf settlement at Kerküşti Höyük”. Eds. O. P. Nieuwenhuyse - R. Bernbeck - P. M. M. G. Akkermans - J. Rogasch, Interpreting the Late Neolithic of Upper Mesopotamia. Turnhout (2011) 503-512.
  • Sarıaltun - Erim-Özdoğan 2011 S. Sarıaltun - A. Erim-Özdoğan, “Studies on the Halaf Pottery of the Kerküşti Höyük”. Anatolia Antiqua 19 (2011) 39-52.
  • Schechter et al. 2013 H. C. Schechter - O. Marder - R. Barkai - N. Getzov - A. Gopher, “The obsidian assemblage from Neolithic Hagoshrim, Israel: pressure technology and cultural influence”. Eds. F. Borrell - J. J. Ibáñez - M. Molist. Stone Tools in Transition: From Hunter-Gatherers to Farming Societies in the Near East. Bellaterra (2013) 509-527.
  • Schmandt-Besserat 2006 D. Schmandt-Besserat, “The Interface between writing and art: the seals of Tepe Gawra”. Syria 83 (2006) 183-194.
  • Shennan 1989 S. J. Shennan, “Introduction: Archaeological Approaches to Cultural Identity”. Ed. S. Shennan, Archaeological Approaches to Cultural Identity. London (1989) 1-32.
  • Simmons 2010 A. H. Simmons, The Neolithic Revolution in the Near East: Transforming the Human Landscape (with a foreword by Ofer Bar-Yosef). Tucson 2010.
  • Stein 2010 G. J. Stein, “Local Identities and Interaction Spheres: Modeling Regional Variation in the Ubaid Horizon”. Eds. R. A. Carter – G. Philip, Beyond the Ubaid: Transformation and Integration in the Late Prehistoric Societies of the Middle East. Chicago (2010) 23-44.
  • Stein - Özbal 2007 G. J. Stein - R. Özbal, “A Tale of Two Oikumenai: Variation in the Expansionary Dynamics of ‘Ubaid and Uruk Mesopotamia”. Eds. E. C. Stone, Settlement and Society: Essays Dedicated to Robert McCormick Adams. Los Angeles (2007) 329-342.
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  • Tatlıcan - Çeğin 2007 Ü. Tatlıcan - G. Çeğin G., “Bourdieu ve Giddens: Habitus veya Yapının İkiliği”. Eds. G. Çeğin - E. Göker - A. Arlı - Ü. Tatlıcan, Ocak ve Zanaat: Pierre Bourdieu Derlemesi. İstanbul (2007) 303-366.
  • Tekin 2015 H. Tekin, “Yukarı Mezopotamya Geç Neolitiğinde (Hassuna, Samarra, Halaf) Terminoloji ve Kronoloji Sorunları”. Anadolu Prehistorya Araştırmaları Dergisi 1 (2015) 89-112.
  • Tekin 2017 H. Tekin, Tarihöncesinde Mezopotamya: Yeni Yaklaşımlar, Yeni Yorumlar ve Yeni Kronoloji. Ankara 2017.
  • Tsuneki 2017 A. Tsuneki, “Introduction: The Aim of Study of Ancient West Asian Civilization”. Eds. A. Tsuneki – S. Yamada – K. Hisada, Ancient West Asian Civilization: Geoenvironment and Society in the Pre-Islamic Middle East. Singapore (2017) 1-11.
  • Van Zeist - Bakker-Heeres 1984 W. Van Zeist - J. A. H. Bakker-Heeres, “Archaeobotanical Studies in the Levant - 2: Neolithic and Halaf levels at Ras Shamra”. Palaeohistoria 26 (1984) 151-170.
  • Yalçın 2017 Ü. Yalçın, “The Beginnings of Metal Use in West Asia”. Eds. A. Tsuneki - S. Yamada - K. Hisada, Ancient West Asian Civilization: Geoenvironment and Society in the Pre-Islamic Misddle East. Singapore 2017.
  • Vila 2006 E. Vila, “Données archéo-zoologique de la période Halaf à l’ ge du Fer”. Eds. B. Lion - C. Michel, De la domestication au tabou: Le cas des suidés au Proche-Orient ancien. Paris (2006) 137-153.
  • Watson - LeBlanc 1990 P. J. Watson - S. A. LeBlanc, Girikihaciyan: A Halafian Site in Southeastern Turkey. Los Angeles 1990.
  • Weiss 1991 H. Weiss, “Archaeology in Syria”. American Journal of Archaeology XCV/4 (1991) 683-740.
  • Weiss et al. 2006 E. Weiss - M. E. Kislev - A. Hartmann, “Autonomous Cultivation before Domestication”. Science 312 (2006) 1608-1610.
  • Wilkinson et al. 2014 T. J. Wilkinson - G. Philip - J. Bradbury - R. Dunford - D. Donoghue - N. Galiatsatos - D. Lawrence - A. Ricci - S. L. Smith, “Contextualizing Early Urbanization: Settlement Cores, Early States and Agro-pastoral Strategies in the Fertile Crescent During the Fourth and Third Millennia BC”. Journal of World Prehistory 27/1 (2014) 43-109.
  • Zeder 1994 M. A. Zeder, “After the Revolution: Post-Neolithic Subsistence in Northern Mesopotamia”. American Anthropologist 96/1 (1994) 97-126.
Toplam 136 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Arkeoloji
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

İzzet Çıvgın Bu kişi benim 0000-0003-0338-0929

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2020
Gönderilme Tarihi 4 Mart 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 8

Kaynak Göster

APA Çıvgın, İ. (2020). Kuzey Mezopotamya ve Kuzey Levant’ta “Halaf Dönemi” (MÖ 6100-5300/5100): Maddi Kültür, Geçim Ekonomisi ve Kültürel Temas. Cedrus, 8, 1-63. https://doi.org/10.13113/CEDRUS.202001
AMA Çıvgın İ. Kuzey Mezopotamya ve Kuzey Levant’ta “Halaf Dönemi” (MÖ 6100-5300/5100): Maddi Kültür, Geçim Ekonomisi ve Kültürel Temas. Cedrus. Haziran 2020;8:1-63. doi:10.13113/CEDRUS.202001
Chicago Çıvgın, İzzet. “Kuzey Mezopotamya Ve Kuzey Levant’ta ‘Halaf Dönemi’ (MÖ 6100-5300/5100): Maddi Kültür, Geçim Ekonomisi Ve Kültürel Temas”. Cedrus 8, Haziran (Haziran 2020): 1-63. https://doi.org/10.13113/CEDRUS.202001.
EndNote Çıvgın İ (01 Haziran 2020) Kuzey Mezopotamya ve Kuzey Levant’ta “Halaf Dönemi” (MÖ 6100-5300/5100): Maddi Kültür, Geçim Ekonomisi ve Kültürel Temas. Cedrus 8 1–63.
IEEE İ. Çıvgın, “Kuzey Mezopotamya ve Kuzey Levant’ta ‘Halaf Dönemi’ (MÖ 6100-5300/5100): Maddi Kültür, Geçim Ekonomisi ve Kültürel Temas”, Cedrus, c. 8, ss. 1–63, 2020, doi: 10.13113/CEDRUS.202001.
ISNAD Çıvgın, İzzet. “Kuzey Mezopotamya Ve Kuzey Levant’ta ‘Halaf Dönemi’ (MÖ 6100-5300/5100): Maddi Kültür, Geçim Ekonomisi Ve Kültürel Temas”. Cedrus 8 (Haziran 2020), 1-63. https://doi.org/10.13113/CEDRUS.202001.
JAMA Çıvgın İ. Kuzey Mezopotamya ve Kuzey Levant’ta “Halaf Dönemi” (MÖ 6100-5300/5100): Maddi Kültür, Geçim Ekonomisi ve Kültürel Temas. Cedrus. 2020;8:1–63.
MLA Çıvgın, İzzet. “Kuzey Mezopotamya Ve Kuzey Levant’ta ‘Halaf Dönemi’ (MÖ 6100-5300/5100): Maddi Kültür, Geçim Ekonomisi Ve Kültürel Temas”. Cedrus, c. 8, 2020, ss. 1-63, doi:10.13113/CEDRUS.202001.
Vancouver Çıvgın İ. Kuzey Mezopotamya ve Kuzey Levant’ta “Halaf Dönemi” (MÖ 6100-5300/5100): Maddi Kültür, Geçim Ekonomisi ve Kültürel Temas. Cedrus. 2020;8:1-63.

İlgili yılın sayısında en fazla 25 makale yayımlanır ve makale kabul tarihleri 15 Ekim ile 1 Mayıs arasındadır. 2024 yılı Ekim ayı itibariyle Cedrus sadece yabancı dilde makale kabul edecektir.