Politics, Art and Cultural Interaction in the Medieval Mediterranean: The Relations Between Mystras (Mistra) and Cyprus in the 14th and 15th Centuries

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 11, 409 - 428, 21.06.2023

Özge Bozkurtoğlu

Öz

The Crusades which were launched at the end of the 11th century resulted in a new political diversity in the Mediterranean. Cyprus was captured by Richard I, the king of England. In 1192, he sold the island to Guy of Lusignan who had lost his throne in the Kingdom of Jerusalem. This resulted in the establishment of a Frankish Kingdom which would last nearly three hundred years. However, the states founded in Greece after the Fourth Crusade were less stable political entities. Mystras (Mistra) was founded as a Frankish settlement in 1249 under the Principality of Achaea, which was the longest lasting of these. The city captured by Michael VIII Palaiologos in 1261 maintained its importance as a cultural and intellectual center, as the capital of the despotate of Morea from the second half of the 14th century. This article concentrates on Isabelle de Lusignan, the wife of Manuel Kantakouzenos, the first despot of the despotate of Morea and Queen Helena Palaiologina, the wife of King John II of Cyprus. The article examines the relations between Mystras and Cyprus in the 14th and 15th centuries and the socio-cultural connotations of these relations through the deeds of these two influential women of the period who had organic relations with both regions.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Isabelle de Lusignan, Mystras (Mistra), Helena Palaiologina, The Lusignan Kingdom of Cyprus

Destekleyen Kurum

École française d’Athènes, Greece

Ortaçağ Akdenizi’nde Siyaset, Sanat ve Kültürel Etkileşim: 14. ve 15. Yüzyıllarda Mystras (Mistra) ve Kıbrıs Arasındaki İlişkiler

Öz

11. yüzyılın sonunda başlayan Haçlı Seferleri Akdeniz’de yeni bir siyasi çeşitliliğe yol açtı. Kıbrıs, III. Haçlı Seferi yolculuğu sırasında İngiltere Kralı I. Richard tarafından ele geçirildi. Kudüs tahtını kaybeden Guy de Lusignan’a satılan Kıbrıs’ta 1192 yılından itibaren yaklaşık üç yüzyıl sürecek bir Frank Krallığı kuruldu. IV. Haçlı Seferi’nin ardından Yunanistan’da kurulan devletler ise çok daha istikrarsız ve değişken siyasi teşekküllerdi. Mystras (Mistra) bunlar arasında en uzun ömürlü olan Akhaia Prinkepsliği çatısı altında bir Frank yerleşimi olarak 1249 yılında kuruldu. VIII. Mikhail Palaiologos tarafından 1261 yılında ele geçirilen kent 14. yüzyılın ikinci yarısından sonra despotluk hâline gelen Mora’nın başkenti olarak imparatorluğun son zamanlarına kadar kültürel ve entelektüel bir merkez olarak önemini korudu. Bu çalışma Bizans Mora Despotluğu’nun ilk despotu Manuel Kantakouzenos’un eşi Isabelle de Lusignan ve Kıbrıs Kralı II. John’un eşi Kraliçe Helena Palaiologina’yı merkeze almaktadır. Her iki bölge ile organik bağları olan dönemin bu etkili kadınları üzerinden 14. ve 15. yüzyıllarda Kıbrıs ve Mystras arasındaki ilişkiler ile bunların sosyo-kültürel yansımaları incelenmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Isabelle de Lusignan, Mystras (Mistra), Helena Palaiologina, Kıbrıs Lusignan Krallığı

Kaynakça

• Bullarium Cyprium, III: Lettres papales relatives à Chypre, 1316–1378. 2012, Eds. C. Perrat et al., Nicosia.
• Bustron F. 1886. Chronique De L’ile de Chypre. Ed. R. de Mas Latrie, Paris.
• Chronique de Strambaldi. 1893, Ed. R. de Mas Latrie, in Chroniques d’Amadi et de Strambaldi, Paris.
• Crusaders as Conquerors: Chronicle of Morea. 1964. Trans. H. E. Lurier, New York.
• Dardel J. 1906. Chronique d’Armenie. in RHC, Doc. Arm. Tome II, Paris.
• Geoffroi de Villehardouin 2019, IV. Haçlı Seferi Kronikleri. Çev. A. Berktay, İstanbul.
• Le Destān d'Umūr Pacha = Düstūrnāme-i Enverī, 1954. Texte, traduction et notes par I. Mélikoff Sayar, Paris.
• Makhairas L. 1932, Recital Concerning the Sweet Land of Cyprus entitled Chronicle, vols. II. Trans. R. M. Dawkins, Oxford.
• The Chronicle of Amadi. 2015. Trans. N. Coureas & P. Edbury, Nicosia.
• The Fall of the Byzantine Empire A Chronicle by George Sphrantzes 1401-1477. 1980. Trans. M. Plippides, Amherst.
• Andrea A. J. 2008, Contemporary Sources for the Fourth Crusade. Leiden.
• Andrews J. M. 2014, “Flexibility and Fusion in Eastern Mediterranean Manuscript Production: Oxford, Bodleian, Laud. Gr. 86”. Ed. L. Jones, Byzantine Images and their afterlives: Essays in honor of Annemarie Weyl Carr. Dorchester, 39-60.
• Angold M. 2003, The Fourth Crusade Event and Context. London & New York.
• Bilici H. 2021 Mistra, Panagia Peribleptos Manastır Kilisesi. Unpublished Master Thesis, Hacettepe Üniversitesi. Ankara.
• Boase T. S. R. 1977, “The Arts in Cyprus: Ecclesiastical art”. Ed. K. Setton, A History of Crusades, vol. IV. Wisconsin, 165-195.
• Bon A. 1969, La Morée Franque Recherches Historiques, Topographiques et Archéologiques sur La Principauté d’Achaïe (1205-1430) Text. Paris.
• Bozkuş M. A. 2018, “Geç Ortaçağ’da Tutulmuş Türk Tarihine Dair Kıbrıs Kronikleri”. TAD 37/63, 135-169.
• Carr A. M. 2005, “Art”. Eds. A. Nicolaou Konnari & C. Schabel, Cyprus Society and Culture 1191-1374. Leiden.
• Carr M. 2015. Merchant Crusaders in the Aegean 1291-1352. Suffolk.
• Çelik S. 2021, Manuel II Palaiologos (1350-1425) A Byzantine Emperor in a Time of Tumult. Cambridge.
• Chassoura O. 2002, Les Peintures Murales Byzantines des Églises de Longanikos – Laconie -. Athènes.
• Chatzidakis M. 1996, Mystras The Medieval City and the Castle. Athens.
• Chistoforaki I. 1996, “Cyprus Between Byzantium and the Levant: Ecclecticism and Interchange in the Cycle of the Life of the Virgin in the Church of the Holy Cross at Pelendri”. Ερετηριδα. Κεντρο Επιστεμονικων Ερευνων 22, 215-255.
• Chrissis N. G. & Carr M. 2016, “Introduction”. Eds. N. G. Chrissis & M. Carr, Contact and Conflict in Frankish Greece and the Aegean 1204-1453 Crusade, Religion and Trade between Latins, Greeks and Turks. London & New York, 1-14.
• Collenberg W. H. D. 1977, “Les dispenses matrimoniales accordées à l'Orient Latin selon les Registres du Vatican d'Honorius III à Clément VII (1283-1385)”. Mélanges de l'Ecole française de Rome. Moyen-Age, Temps modernes 89/1, 11-93.
• Constantinides C. N. & Browning R. 1993, Dated Greek Manuscripts from Cyprus to the Year 1570. Nicosia.
• Coureas N. 1993, “The Papacy’s Relations with the Kings and the Nobility of Armenia in the Period 1300-1350”, Actes du Colloque Les Lusignans et L’Outre Mer. Poitiers, 99-108.
• Coureas N. 1995, “Lusignan Cyprus & Lesser Armenia 1195-1375”. Epeteris 21, 33-71.
• Coureas N. 2007, “The Tribute paid to the Mamluk Sultanate 1426-1517: The Perspective from Lusignan and Venetian Cyprus”. Orientalia Lovaniensia Periodica 223, 363-380.
• Coureas N. 2015, “How Frankish was the Frankish Ruling Class of Cyprus?”. Λευκωσία, 61-78.
• Coureas N. 2017, “The Ruling Christian Elite of Lusignan Cyprus (1192-1473) and the Extent to which it included non-Latin Christians”. Eds. M.-A. Chevalier & I. Ortega, Élites chrétiennes et formes du pouvoir. (XIIIe-XVe siècle). Paris, 17-30.
• Crusaders as Conquerors: Chronicle of Morea. 1964. Trans. H. E. Lurier, New York.
• Doukas M. 2008, Tarih Anadolu ve Rumeli. Çev. B. Umar, İstanbul.
• Dourou Eliopoulou M. 2000, “The Catalan Duchy of athens and the Other Latin Powers in Greece Especially the Principality of Achaea (1311-1399)”. Eoa Kai Esperia 4, 87-93.
• Dufrenne S. 1970, Les Programmes Iconographiques des églises Byzantine de Mistra. Paris.
• Emmanuel M. 1999, “Monumental Painting in Cyprus during Venetian Period, 1489-1570”. Eds. N. P. Ševčenko & C. Moss, Medieval Cyprus Studies in Art, Architecture and History in Memory of Doula Mouriki. Princeton, 241-262.
• Emmanuel M. 2007, “Religious Imagery in Mistra. Donors and Iconographic Programmes”. Eds. M. Grünbart et. al., Material Culture and Well-Being in Byzantium (400-1453). Proceedings of the International Conference (Cambridge, 8-10 September 2001). Wien, 119-127.
• Gertwagen R. “Venice’s policy towards the Ionian and Aegean islands, c. 1204–1423”. IJMH, 1-20.
• Ghazarian J. G. 2000, The Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia During the Crusades The Integration of Cilician Armenians with the Latins 1080-1393. London.
• Gonchou T. 2014, “La rébellion de Jacques de Flory, Comte de Jaffa, Contre Son “Roi” Hélène de Chypre (1455)”. Eds. T. Papacostas & G. Saint Guillain, Identity/Identities in Late Medieval Cyprus. Nicosia, 103-194.
• Grivaud G. 2016, “Une petite chronique chypriote du XVe siècle”. Eds. M. Balard et al., Dei Gesta per Francos. London, 317-338.
• Hakalmaz T. 2022, An Island and Its King: Peter I. Unpublished PhD Thesis, Bilkent University. Ankara.
• Hill G. 2010, A History of Cyprus, vol. III. Cambridge.
• Jacoby D. 1968, “Jean Lascaris Calophéros, Chypre et la Morée”. Revue des études byzantines 26, 189-228.
• Jacoby D. 1999, “The Empire of Constantinople and the Frankish States in Greece”. Ed. D. Abulafia, The New Cambridge Medieval History, V. Cambridge, 523-542.
• Jorga N. 1902, Notes et extraits pour servir à l’histoire des Croisades au XVe siècle, troisième serie. Paris.
• Kalopissi Verti S. 2013 “Mistra A Fortified Byzantine Settlement”. Ed J. A. E. Chalki, Heaven & Earth Cities and Countryside in Byzantine Greece. Athens, 224-239.
• Kaoulla C. 2006, “Queen Helena Palaiologina of Cyprus (1442-1458): Myth and History”. EKEE 32, 109-150.
• Kazhdan A. (ed). 1991, The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Vol. 3. New York.
• Koçuk İ. 2021, “Selânik Haçlı Krallığının Kuruluşu (1204)”. Güney-Doğu Avrupa Araştırmaları Dergisi 37, 79-98.
• Kyriakou C. & Schabel C. 2023, “The Saga of Abbot Germanos of St Goerge of Mangana in Nicosia and Greek-Latin Ecclesiastical Relations on Cyprus in the Reign of Pope John XXII”. Frankokratia 4, 1-31.
• Lewis A. R. 1980, “The Catalan Failure in Acculturation in Frankish Greece and the Islamic World during the Fourteenth Century”. Viator 11, 361-370.
• Lock P. 1995, The Franks in the Aegean, 1204-1500. London.
• Longnon J. 1949, L’Empire Latin de Constantinople et La Principauté de Morée. Paris.
• Louvi Kizi A. 2022, La Rencontre Pacifique de Deux Mondes Chretiens: Les Monasteres de la Peribleptos Et de la Pantanassa a Mistra. Athènes.
• Lowden J. 2004, “Manuscript Illumination in Byzantium, 1261-1557”. Eds. H. C. Evans, Byzantium Faith and Power (1262-1557). New Haven, 259-293.
• Lucey S. J. 2018, “The Royal Chapel at Pyrga: Art, Agency, and Appropriation in Fourteenth-Century Cyprus”. RSJ 5/2, 63-91.
• Miller W. 1908, The Latins in the Levant A History of Frankish Greece (1204-1566). New York.
• Miller W. 1921, Essays on the Latin Orient. Cambridge.
• Millet G. 1910, Monuments Byzantins de Mistra. Paris.
• Mouriki D. 1981, “The Mask Motif in the Wall Paintings of Mistra. Cultural Implications of a Classical Feature in Late Byzantine Painting”. Deltion tes Christianikes Archaiologikes Hetaireias 10, 307-338.
• Necipoğlu N. 2009, Byzantium Between the Ottomans and the Latins Politics and Society in the Late Empire. Cambridge.
• Nicol D. M. 1984, The Despotate of Epiros 1267-1479. Cambridge.
• Nicol D. M. 2009, Bizans’ın Son Yüzyılları 1261-1453. Çev. B. Umar, İstanbul.
• Ostrogorsky G. 2011. Bizans Devleti Tarihi. Çev. F. Işıltan, Ankara.
• Pırlanta G. 2014, Hellenistic, Byzantine and Gothic Influences in Orthodox Churches Located in Northern Cyprus. Unpublished Master Thesis, Eastern Mediterranean University. Gazimağusa.
• Queller D. E. & Madden T. F. 1997, The Fourth Crusade The Conquest of Constantinople. Philadelphia.
• Richard J. 1992, “Culture Franque et Culture Grecque: Le Royaume de Chypre au XVème Siècle”. Croisades et Etats latins d’Orient. Aldershot, 399-416.
• Setton K. M. 1975, “The Catalans in Greece”. Ed. K. M. Setton & H. W. Hazard, A History of Crusades, III. Wisconsin, 167-224.
• Stylianou A. & Stylianou J. A. 1977, The Painted Churches of Cyprus. Treasures of Byzantine Art. London.
• Thiriet F. 1959, La Romanie vénitienne au Moyen Âge. Le développement et l'exploitation du domaine colonial vénitien (XIIe-XVe siècles). Paris.
• Tsougarakis N. I. 2015, “The Latins in Greece: A Brief Introduction”. Eds. N. I. Tsougarakis & P. Lock, A Companion to Latin Greece. Leiden, 1-22.
• Vasiliev A. A. 2017, Bizans İmparatorluğu Tarihi. Çev. T. Alkaç, İstanbul.
• Zakythinos D. A. 1932, Le Despotat Grec de Morée, Tome I. Paris.
• Zakythnios D. A. 1936, “Une princesse française à la cour de Mistra au XIVe siècle. Isabelle de Lusignan Cantacuzène”. Revue des Études Grecques 49/229, 62-76.