Treatment of Dairy Industry Wastewater by Anaerobic Processes

Öz

Recently, with the development of industrialization and rapid population growth, natural resources are rapidly depleting and the negative effects of the wastes produced on the environment and human health are in sight. The dairy industry in the constantly growing food sector is also one of the sectors with the highest amount of wastewater per unit production. It originates from other by-products such as cheese, butter, ice cream, yoghurt and dry milk powder, as well as clean water from heating and cooling systems, and wastewater from washing plants and machinery. Wastewater is not reused due to the amount of pollution in the high concentrate it contains, and it poses a threat to the environment if not treated properly. Poses a threat to due to the worldwide distribution of the dairy industry and the characterization of the wastewater generated, many studies have been carried out in this area and different technologies are applied. Many different treatment technologies are applied in the wastewater treatment, generally physicochemical and biological processes. Anaerobic treatment provides energy recovery with methane gas production, besides its advantages such as less energy and cost requirement and low amount of sludge formation compared to the aerobic treatment. Anaerobic treatment technologies with high organ- ic matter and other pollutants are successfully applied in dairy industry wastewater treatment. Long chain fatty acids, which are limiting factors encountered in the treatment of dairy industry wastewater, prevent methanogenic activity. Optimum operating parameters must be provided for the successful operation of anaerobic processes. In the dairy industry wastewater, many anaerobic bioreactors are applied in different operating conditions. In the studies, the reactors that were put into operation under different conditions (reactor type, temperature, pH, hydraulic retention time, organic loading rate) were examined and the efficiency on the dairy industry wastewater was revealed. In this evaluation article, anaerobic processes applied in dairy industry wastewaters with high pollution levels are examined and information about issues such as treatment performance, operational approaches, organic matter removal and methane production efficiency are given.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Anaerobic processes
• anaerobic treatment
• dairy industry wastewater

Süt Endüstrisi Atıksularının Anaerobik Prosesler ile Arıtımı

Öz

Günümüzde sanayileşmenin gelişmesi ve hızlı nüfus artışıyla birlikte doğal kaynaklar hızla tükenmekte olup üretilen atıkların çevreye ve insan sağlığına olan olumsuz etkileri gözler önündedir. Sürekli büyüyen gıda sektöründeki süt endüstrisi de birim üretim başına atıksu miktarı en yüksek olan sektörlerin başında yer almaktadır. Süt endüstrisinde oluşan atıksular peynir, tereyağı, dondurma, yoğurt ve kuru süt tozu gibi diğer yan ürünlerden kaynaklanmakta olup bunun yanında ısıtma ve soğutma sistemlerinden gelen temiz sular, tesis ve makinaların yıkanmasından gelen atıksuları da içermektedir. İçerdiği yüksek miktardaki kirlilik seviyesi sebebiyle atıksu tekrar kullanılamamakta olup uygun şekilde arıtılmadığında çevre için tehdit oluşturmaktadır. Süt endüstrisinin dünya çapındaki geniş dağılımı ve oluşan atıksuyun karakterizasyonu sebebiyle bu alanda birçok çalışma yapılmış olup farklı arıtma teknolojileri uygulanmaktadır. Atıksu arıtımı genel olarak fizikokimyasal ve biyolojik prosesler olmak üzere birbirinden farklı birçok arıtma teknolojisini içermektedir. Anaerobik arıtma aerobik arıtmaya kıyasla daha az enerji ve maliyet ihtiyacı ile düşük miktarda çamur oluşumu gibi avantajlarının yanında metan gazı üretimiyle de enerji geri kazanımı sağlamaktadır. Süt endüstrisi atıksuyu arıtımında, içerdikleri yüksek organik madde ve diğer kirleticilerle birlikte anaerobik arıtma teknolojileri başarıyla uygulanmaktadır. Süt endüstrisi atıksularının arıtımında karşılaşılan sınırlayıcı bir faktör olarak uzun zincirli yağ asitlerinin metanojenik aktiviteyi engellemesidir. Anaerobik proseslerin başarılı bir şekilde işletilebilmesi için optimum işletme parametrelerinin sağlanması gerekmektedir. Süt endüstrisi atıksularında farklı işletme koşullarında birçok anaerobik biyoreaktörler uygulanmaktadır. Yapılan çalışmalarda farklı koşullarda (reaktör tipi, sıcaklık, pH, hidrolik bekletme süresi, organik yük) işletmeye alınan reaktörler incelenmiş olup süt endüstrisi atıksuyunun giderim verimleri ortaya konmuştur. Bu değerlendirme makalesinde kirlilik düzeyi yüksek olan süt endüstrisi atıksularında uygulanan anaerobik prosesler incelenmiş olup arıtma performansı, operasyonel yaklaşımlar, organik madde giderimi ve metan üretim verimi gibi hususlar hakkında bilgilere yer verilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Anaerobik arıtım
• anaerobik prosesler
• süt endüstrisi atıksuyu

Kaynakça

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