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JANISSARIES AND CONFLICTS OVER RURAL LANDS IN THE VIDIN REGION (1730-1810)

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1, 101 - 127, 14.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.30517/cihannuma.1131055

Öz

The Vidin region has attracted much scholarly attention, particularly due to the bloody uprisings in the area around the middle of the nineteenth century. For a long period, Balkan historians have understood this mid-nineteenth-century crisis as an inevitable consequence of a Bulgarian national awakening. Although the recent scholarship challenges the nationalist narrative, it continues to ignore the complexities of the socio-legal structures in the Vidinese hinterland, which had developed in the course of the eighteenth century, and reduces all conflict lines to the duality of interests between peasants and proprietors. Going beyond the dualistic narratives of exploitation, this study aims to historicize the land question in the Balkans by presenting the Janissaries both as actors of the Ottoman military establishment in the Vidin region and as rural investors who enjoyed benefits from and shaped the workings of the area’s land regime thanks to their own networks and the state’s policies. By doing so, it contextualizes the ruptures and continuities in landholding patterns, and also highlights the rural entrepreneurship of the Janissaries, who in Ottoman/Middle Eastern scholarship have generally been portrayed as active historical agents of city-based riots and urban-centered commercial activities.

Destekleyen Kurum

European Research Council (ERC)

Proje Numarası

849911

Kaynakça

  • Bab-ı Asafi Divan-ı Hümayun Düvel-i Ecnebiyye Defterleri-Romanya Eflak Defteri Kalemi (A.DVNS.DVE) 77. Bab-ı Asafi Divan-ı Hümayun Sicilleri Özi ve Silistre Ahkam Defterleri (A.DVNS.AHK.ÖZSİ.d) 4; 5. Cevdet Hariciye (C.HR) 35/1733. Maliyeden Müdevver Defter (MAD.d) 3946. Maliye Nezareti Temettuat Defterleri (ML.VRD.TMT.d) 814. Şûrâ-yı Devlet (ŞD) 2399/8. Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi Arşivi Defterleri (TSMA.d) 4222.
  • Nacionalna Biblioteka “Sv. Sv. Kiril i Metodij”/SS. Cyril and Methodius National Library (NBSKM) Vidin Sicils (VS) 6; 9; 11; 39; 41; 44; 46; 47; 48; 53; 61; 62; 63; 64; 65; 68; 69; 70; 71; 74; 77; 78; 79; 80; 82; 160; 163; 167; 169; 307; 310; 346; 159A; 25A.
  • Atçıl, Abdurrahman, Procedure in the Ottoman Court and the Duties of Kadis, Bilkent University, MA Thesis, Ankara 2002.
  • Aydın, Mahir, “On the Shores of Danube: Neighbourhood between Wallachia and Vidin”, Turkey & Romania: A History of Partnership and Collaboration in the Balkans, (eds. Florentina Nitu, Florentina Nițu, Cosmin Ioniță, Metin Ünver, Özgür Kolçak, Hacer Topaktaş ), Istanbul 2016, p. 145-163.
  • Aytekin, Attila, “Historiography of Land Tenure and Agriculture in the Nineteenth Century Ottoman Empire”, Asian Research Trends New Series, 4, (2009), p. 1-24.
  • ______, “Peasant Protest in the Late Ottoman Empire: Moral Economy, Revolt, and the Tanzimat Reforms”, International Review of Social History, 57/2, (2012), p. 191-227.
  • Canbakal, Hülya, Society and Politics in an Ottoman Town: ‘Ayntāb in the 17th Century, Leiden 2007.
  • Cuno, Kenneth M., “Was the Land of Ottoman Syria Miri or Milk? An Examination of Juridical Differences within the Hanafi School”, Studia Islamica, 81, (1995), p. 121-152.
  • Demirtaş, H. Necati, Açıklamalı Osmanlı Fetvâları: Fetâvâ-yı Ali Efendi-Cild-i Sâni Çatalcalı Ali Efendi, Istanbul 2014.
  • Doumani, Beshara B., Family Life in the Ottoman Mediterranean: A Social History, Cambridge 2017.
  • Ergene, Oğuz, III. Ahmet Dönemi Osmanlı Kanunnamesi (İnceleme-Metin-Dizin), Mersin University, MA Thesis, Mersin 1997.
  • Ergenç, Özer, “XVII. ve XVIII. Yüzyıl Anadolusu’nda Toprak Tasarrufu ve Mülkiyeti Üzerine Değerlendirmeler”, Osmanlı Tarih Yazıları: Şehir, Toplum ve Devlet, (ed. Özer Ergenç), Istanbul 2012, p. 215-45.
  • Faroqhi, Suraiya, Men of Modest Substance: House Owners and House Property in Seventeenth-Century Ankara and Kayseri, Cambridge 1987.
  • Gandev, Christo, “L’apparition des rapports capitalistes dans l’économie rurale de la Bulgarie du nord-ouest au cours du XVIIIe siècle”, Etudes Historiques, (1960), p. 207-217.
  • Gradeva, Rossitsa, “War and Peace along the Danube: Vidin at the End of the Seventeenth Century”, Oriente Moderno, Nuova serie 20 (81)/1, (2001), p. 149-175.
  • Güran, Tevfik and Uzun, Ahmet, “Bosna-Hersek’te Toprak Rejimi: Eshâb-ı Alâka ve Çiftçiler Arasındaki İlişkiler (1840-1875)”, TTK Belleten, 70/259, (2006), p. 867-902.
  • İnalcık, Halil, Tanzimat ve Bulgar Meselesi, Istanbul 1992.
  • Joseph, Sabrina, Islamic Law on Peasant Usufruct in Ottoman Syria: 17th to Early 19th Century, Leiden 2012.
  • Karademir, Zafer, İmparatorluk Ekonomisinin Can Damarları: Osmanlı Ülkesinde Hayvancılık İşletmeleri (1500-1800), Istanbul 2016.
  • Karagöz, Fatma Gül, The Evolution of Kânûnnâme Writing in the 16th and 17th Century-Ottoman Empire: a Comparison of Kânûn-i ‘Osmânî of Bayezid II and of Kânûnnâme-i Cedîd, Bilkent University, MA Thesis, Ankara 2010.
  • ______, “18. Yüzyıl Şeriye Sicili Örneklerine Arazi Üzerinde Mülkiyet ve Tasarruf Haklarını Tanımlayan Terimler”, Türk Hukuk Tarihi Araştırmaları, 16, (2013), p. 22-62.
  • ______, 1700-1750 Yılları Arasında Osmanlı Devleti’nde Arazi Hukuku Uygulamaları: Vidin ve Antakya Örneği, Istanbul University, Ph.D, Istanbul 2018.
  • Kaya, Alp Yücel, “On the Çiftlik Regulation in Tırhala in the Mid-Nineteenth Century: Economists, Pashas, Governors, Çiftlik-holders, Subaşıs, and Sharecroppers”, Ottoman Rural Societies and Economies, (ed. Elias Kolovos), Rethymnon 2015, p. 333-379.
  • ______, “The Müvella and the Adjudication of Property Conflicts in the Ottoman Empire (1874-1914)”, Forms and Institutions of Justice: Legal Actions in Ottoman Contexts, (eds. Işık Tamdogan and Yavuz Aykan), Istanbul 2018, p. 76-92.
  • Kaya, Süleyman, Fetâvâ-yı Feyziye Şeyhülislam Feyzullah Efendi, Istanbul 2009.
  • ______ and Demiray, Mustafa (eds.), Behcetü’l Fetâvâ Şeyhülislam Yenişehirli Abdullah Efendi, Istanbul 2011.
  • ______, Nagehan Çelikçi, Ayşe, Algın, Betül, Kaval, Emine (eds.), Neticetü’l-Fetâvâ Şeyhülislam Fetvaları, Istanbul 2014.
  • Kokdaş, İrfan, “Habsburglar Kara Eflak’a Gelirse: Vidin’de Hayvancılık Sektörünün Dönüşümü (1695-1740)”, Cihannüma: Tarih ve Coğrafya Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5/2, (2019), p. 77-110. Köksal, Yonca, “19. Yüzyılda Kuzeybatı Bulgaristan Sessiz Toprak Reformu”, Toplumsal Tarih, 29/170, (2008), p. 24-30.
  • Laiou, Sophia, “Some Considerations Regarding Çiftlik Formation in the Western Thessaly, Sixteenth-Nineteenth Centuries”, The Ottoman Empire, the Balkans, the Greek Lands: Toward a Social and Economic History. Studies in Honor of John C. Alexander, (eds. Elias Kolovos, Phokion Kotzageorgis, Sophia Laiou and Marinos Sariyannis), Istanbul 2007, p. 255-277.
  • McGowan, Bruce, Economic Life in Ottoman Europe: Taxation, Trade and the Struggle for Land, 1600-1800, Cambridge 1981.
  • Papastamatiou, Demetrios, “The Structure, Content and Development of Large Estates in the Environs of Salonica during the Period 1697-1770”, Festschrift in Honor of Ioannis P. Theocharides. II. Studies on the Ottoman Empire and Turkey, (eds. Evangelia Balta, Georgios Salakidis, Theoharis Stavrides), Istanbul 2014, p. 375-402.
  • Peker, Ali Onur, 19. Yüzyıl Osmanlı İmparatorluğu Çiftliklerinde Üretim İlişkileri ve Hukuki Dönüşüm: Parga Çiftliği Kararnâmesi, Ege University, MA Thesis, Izmir 2019.
  • Punar, Bünyamin, Kanun and Sharia: Ottoman Land Law in Şeyhülislam Fatwas from Kanunname of Budin to the Kanunname-i Cedid, Istanbul Şehir University, MA Thesis, Istanbul 2015. Radushev, Evgeni, “‘Peasant’ Janissaries?”, Journal of Social History, 42/2, (2008), p. 447-467.
  • Reilly, James A., “Status Groups and Propertyholding in the Damascus Hinterland, 1828-1880”, International Journal of Middle East Studies, 21/4, (1989), p. 517-539.
  • ______, “The End of an Era: Pre-Reform Damascus in the 1820s”, Bulletin D’études Orientales, 61, (2012), p. 209-222.
  • Saraçoğlu, Safa, Letters from Vidin: A Study of Ottoman Governmentality and Politics of Local Administration, 1864-1877, The Ohio State University, Ph.D, Ohio 2007.
  • Sivridağ, Abdullah, Yekeler, Numan, Kırca, Ersin, Köse, Result, Atik, Vahdettin, Karaca, Yılmaz (eds.), Tanzimat Sonrası Arazi ve Tapu, Istanbul 2014.
  • Sunar, Mehmet Mert, Cauldron of Dissent: A Study of the Janissary Corps, 1807-1826, SUNY-Binghamton, Ph.D, New York 2006.
  • Tamdoğan, Işık and Aykan, Yavuz (eds.), Forms and Institutions of Justice: Legal Actions in Ottoman Contexts, Istanbul 2018.
  • Yıldız, Aysel, “Politics, Economy, and Çiftliks: The History of Four Çiftliks in Larissa (Yenişehir-i Fener)”, Turkish Historical Review, 11, (2020), p. 28-65.
  • Yıldız, Aysel and Kokdaş, İrfan, “Peasantry in a Well-protected Domain: Wallachian Peasantry and Muslim Çiftlik/Kışlaks under the Ottoman Rule”, Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, 22/1, (2020), p. 175-90.
  • Yılmaz, Gülay, The Economic and Social Roles of Janissaries in a 17th. Century Ottoman City: The Case of Istanbul, McGill University, Ph.D, Montreal 2011.

Vidin’de Yeniçeriler ve Toprak Kavgaları (1730-1810)

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1, 101 - 127, 14.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.30517/cihannuma.1131055

Öz

Vidin bölgesi özellikle 19. yüzyılın ortasındaki kanlı isyanlardan dolayı birçok araştırmacının dikkatini çekmiştir. Balkan tarihçileri uzun bir süre boyunca 19. yüzyılın ortasındaki bu krizi Bulgar milliyetçiliğinin kaçınılmaz bir sonucu olarak yorumladı. Son dönemde tarih yazımı bu milliyetçi anlatıyı eleştirirken Vidin kırsalında 18. yüzyıl boyunca oluşan karmaşık sosyo-hukuki yapıları ise görmezden gelmeye ve tüm çatışma hatlarını köylü-toprak sahibi ikilemine indirgemeye devam etti. İkiliğin ve sömürü anlatısının ötesine geçen bu çalışma, Balkan coğrafyasında toprak meselesini tarihsel bağlama oturtmayı amaç ediniyor. Bunu yaparken de yeniçerileri hem bölgenin askeri unsuru hem de toprak rejiminin işleyişini belirleyen ve ondan faydalanan kırsal yatırımcılar olarak tanımlıyor. Bu sayede çalışma toprak sistemindeki devamlılıkları ve kırılmaları ortaya koyarken aynı zamanda Osmanlı ve Ortadoğu çalışmalarında kent ayaklanmalarının ve ticari faaliyetlerin aktörleri olarak resmedilen yeniçerilerin kırsal yatırımcı rollerinin altını çiziyor.

Proje Numarası

849911

Kaynakça

  • Bab-ı Asafi Divan-ı Hümayun Düvel-i Ecnebiyye Defterleri-Romanya Eflak Defteri Kalemi (A.DVNS.DVE) 77. Bab-ı Asafi Divan-ı Hümayun Sicilleri Özi ve Silistre Ahkam Defterleri (A.DVNS.AHK.ÖZSİ.d) 4; 5. Cevdet Hariciye (C.HR) 35/1733. Maliyeden Müdevver Defter (MAD.d) 3946. Maliye Nezareti Temettuat Defterleri (ML.VRD.TMT.d) 814. Şûrâ-yı Devlet (ŞD) 2399/8. Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi Arşivi Defterleri (TSMA.d) 4222.
  • Nacionalna Biblioteka “Sv. Sv. Kiril i Metodij”/SS. Cyril and Methodius National Library (NBSKM) Vidin Sicils (VS) 6; 9; 11; 39; 41; 44; 46; 47; 48; 53; 61; 62; 63; 64; 65; 68; 69; 70; 71; 74; 77; 78; 79; 80; 82; 160; 163; 167; 169; 307; 310; 346; 159A; 25A.
  • Atçıl, Abdurrahman, Procedure in the Ottoman Court and the Duties of Kadis, Bilkent University, MA Thesis, Ankara 2002.
  • Aydın, Mahir, “On the Shores of Danube: Neighbourhood between Wallachia and Vidin”, Turkey & Romania: A History of Partnership and Collaboration in the Balkans, (eds. Florentina Nitu, Florentina Nițu, Cosmin Ioniță, Metin Ünver, Özgür Kolçak, Hacer Topaktaş ), Istanbul 2016, p. 145-163.
  • Aytekin, Attila, “Historiography of Land Tenure and Agriculture in the Nineteenth Century Ottoman Empire”, Asian Research Trends New Series, 4, (2009), p. 1-24.
  • ______, “Peasant Protest in the Late Ottoman Empire: Moral Economy, Revolt, and the Tanzimat Reforms”, International Review of Social History, 57/2, (2012), p. 191-227.
  • Canbakal, Hülya, Society and Politics in an Ottoman Town: ‘Ayntāb in the 17th Century, Leiden 2007.
  • Cuno, Kenneth M., “Was the Land of Ottoman Syria Miri or Milk? An Examination of Juridical Differences within the Hanafi School”, Studia Islamica, 81, (1995), p. 121-152.
  • Demirtaş, H. Necati, Açıklamalı Osmanlı Fetvâları: Fetâvâ-yı Ali Efendi-Cild-i Sâni Çatalcalı Ali Efendi, Istanbul 2014.
  • Doumani, Beshara B., Family Life in the Ottoman Mediterranean: A Social History, Cambridge 2017.
  • Ergene, Oğuz, III. Ahmet Dönemi Osmanlı Kanunnamesi (İnceleme-Metin-Dizin), Mersin University, MA Thesis, Mersin 1997.
  • Ergenç, Özer, “XVII. ve XVIII. Yüzyıl Anadolusu’nda Toprak Tasarrufu ve Mülkiyeti Üzerine Değerlendirmeler”, Osmanlı Tarih Yazıları: Şehir, Toplum ve Devlet, (ed. Özer Ergenç), Istanbul 2012, p. 215-45.
  • Faroqhi, Suraiya, Men of Modest Substance: House Owners and House Property in Seventeenth-Century Ankara and Kayseri, Cambridge 1987.
  • Gandev, Christo, “L’apparition des rapports capitalistes dans l’économie rurale de la Bulgarie du nord-ouest au cours du XVIIIe siècle”, Etudes Historiques, (1960), p. 207-217.
  • Gradeva, Rossitsa, “War and Peace along the Danube: Vidin at the End of the Seventeenth Century”, Oriente Moderno, Nuova serie 20 (81)/1, (2001), p. 149-175.
  • Güran, Tevfik and Uzun, Ahmet, “Bosna-Hersek’te Toprak Rejimi: Eshâb-ı Alâka ve Çiftçiler Arasındaki İlişkiler (1840-1875)”, TTK Belleten, 70/259, (2006), p. 867-902.
  • İnalcık, Halil, Tanzimat ve Bulgar Meselesi, Istanbul 1992.
  • Joseph, Sabrina, Islamic Law on Peasant Usufruct in Ottoman Syria: 17th to Early 19th Century, Leiden 2012.
  • Karademir, Zafer, İmparatorluk Ekonomisinin Can Damarları: Osmanlı Ülkesinde Hayvancılık İşletmeleri (1500-1800), Istanbul 2016.
  • Karagöz, Fatma Gül, The Evolution of Kânûnnâme Writing in the 16th and 17th Century-Ottoman Empire: a Comparison of Kânûn-i ‘Osmânî of Bayezid II and of Kânûnnâme-i Cedîd, Bilkent University, MA Thesis, Ankara 2010.
  • ______, “18. Yüzyıl Şeriye Sicili Örneklerine Arazi Üzerinde Mülkiyet ve Tasarruf Haklarını Tanımlayan Terimler”, Türk Hukuk Tarihi Araştırmaları, 16, (2013), p. 22-62.
  • ______, 1700-1750 Yılları Arasında Osmanlı Devleti’nde Arazi Hukuku Uygulamaları: Vidin ve Antakya Örneği, Istanbul University, Ph.D, Istanbul 2018.
  • Kaya, Alp Yücel, “On the Çiftlik Regulation in Tırhala in the Mid-Nineteenth Century: Economists, Pashas, Governors, Çiftlik-holders, Subaşıs, and Sharecroppers”, Ottoman Rural Societies and Economies, (ed. Elias Kolovos), Rethymnon 2015, p. 333-379.
  • ______, “The Müvella and the Adjudication of Property Conflicts in the Ottoman Empire (1874-1914)”, Forms and Institutions of Justice: Legal Actions in Ottoman Contexts, (eds. Işık Tamdogan and Yavuz Aykan), Istanbul 2018, p. 76-92.
  • Kaya, Süleyman, Fetâvâ-yı Feyziye Şeyhülislam Feyzullah Efendi, Istanbul 2009.
  • ______ and Demiray, Mustafa (eds.), Behcetü’l Fetâvâ Şeyhülislam Yenişehirli Abdullah Efendi, Istanbul 2011.
  • ______, Nagehan Çelikçi, Ayşe, Algın, Betül, Kaval, Emine (eds.), Neticetü’l-Fetâvâ Şeyhülislam Fetvaları, Istanbul 2014.
  • Kokdaş, İrfan, “Habsburglar Kara Eflak’a Gelirse: Vidin’de Hayvancılık Sektörünün Dönüşümü (1695-1740)”, Cihannüma: Tarih ve Coğrafya Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5/2, (2019), p. 77-110. Köksal, Yonca, “19. Yüzyılda Kuzeybatı Bulgaristan Sessiz Toprak Reformu”, Toplumsal Tarih, 29/170, (2008), p. 24-30.
  • Laiou, Sophia, “Some Considerations Regarding Çiftlik Formation in the Western Thessaly, Sixteenth-Nineteenth Centuries”, The Ottoman Empire, the Balkans, the Greek Lands: Toward a Social and Economic History. Studies in Honor of John C. Alexander, (eds. Elias Kolovos, Phokion Kotzageorgis, Sophia Laiou and Marinos Sariyannis), Istanbul 2007, p. 255-277.
  • McGowan, Bruce, Economic Life in Ottoman Europe: Taxation, Trade and the Struggle for Land, 1600-1800, Cambridge 1981.
  • Papastamatiou, Demetrios, “The Structure, Content and Development of Large Estates in the Environs of Salonica during the Period 1697-1770”, Festschrift in Honor of Ioannis P. Theocharides. II. Studies on the Ottoman Empire and Turkey, (eds. Evangelia Balta, Georgios Salakidis, Theoharis Stavrides), Istanbul 2014, p. 375-402.
  • Peker, Ali Onur, 19. Yüzyıl Osmanlı İmparatorluğu Çiftliklerinde Üretim İlişkileri ve Hukuki Dönüşüm: Parga Çiftliği Kararnâmesi, Ege University, MA Thesis, Izmir 2019.
  • Punar, Bünyamin, Kanun and Sharia: Ottoman Land Law in Şeyhülislam Fatwas from Kanunname of Budin to the Kanunname-i Cedid, Istanbul Şehir University, MA Thesis, Istanbul 2015. Radushev, Evgeni, “‘Peasant’ Janissaries?”, Journal of Social History, 42/2, (2008), p. 447-467.
  • Reilly, James A., “Status Groups and Propertyholding in the Damascus Hinterland, 1828-1880”, International Journal of Middle East Studies, 21/4, (1989), p. 517-539.
  • ______, “The End of an Era: Pre-Reform Damascus in the 1820s”, Bulletin D’études Orientales, 61, (2012), p. 209-222.
  • Saraçoğlu, Safa, Letters from Vidin: A Study of Ottoman Governmentality and Politics of Local Administration, 1864-1877, The Ohio State University, Ph.D, Ohio 2007.
  • Sivridağ, Abdullah, Yekeler, Numan, Kırca, Ersin, Köse, Result, Atik, Vahdettin, Karaca, Yılmaz (eds.), Tanzimat Sonrası Arazi ve Tapu, Istanbul 2014.
  • Sunar, Mehmet Mert, Cauldron of Dissent: A Study of the Janissary Corps, 1807-1826, SUNY-Binghamton, Ph.D, New York 2006.
  • Tamdoğan, Işık and Aykan, Yavuz (eds.), Forms and Institutions of Justice: Legal Actions in Ottoman Contexts, Istanbul 2018.
  • Yıldız, Aysel, “Politics, Economy, and Çiftliks: The History of Four Çiftliks in Larissa (Yenişehir-i Fener)”, Turkish Historical Review, 11, (2020), p. 28-65.
  • Yıldız, Aysel and Kokdaş, İrfan, “Peasantry in a Well-protected Domain: Wallachian Peasantry and Muslim Çiftlik/Kışlaks under the Ottoman Rule”, Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, 22/1, (2020), p. 175-90.
  • Yılmaz, Gülay, The Economic and Social Roles of Janissaries in a 17th. Century Ottoman City: The Case of Istanbul, McGill University, Ph.D, Montreal 2011.
Toplam 42 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

İrfan Kokdaş 0000-0002-4858-6018

Proje Numarası 849911
Yayımlanma Tarihi 14 Haziran 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 2 Kasım 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Kokdaş, İrfan. “JANISSARIES AND CONFLICTS OVER RURAL LANDS IN THE VIDIN REGION (1730-1810)”. Cihannüma Tarih Ve Coğrafya Araştırmaları Dergisi 8, sy. 1 (Haziran 2022): 101-27. https://doi.org/10.30517/cihannuma.1131055.