Alterations Induced by Nano-Polystyrene Administration in Biological Parameters of Host-Endoparasitoids (Galleria mellonella and Pimpla turionellae) and Host Hemocyte Counts

Öz

Plastic pollution is one of the biggest threats to the environment and human health. Micro and nanoplastics are encountered in many areas of our daily lives and may accumulate in organisms, causing reduced life span, genotoxicity, and altered metabolism. Plastic pollution around the environment may lead to reductions in insect biodiversity and populations. It may also lead to the collapse of food webs and ecosystems of organisms that feed on them in the food chain. Therefore, the effects of nano-polystyrene (PSs) on the life cycle, biological characteristics, total hemocyte count (THCs) of the host, and hemocyte types of the model organism Galleria mellonella and its endoparasitoid Pimpla turionellae were investigated. Nano-PSs were produced according to the single emulsion solvent evaporation method and larval feeds were prepared with solutions of different concentrations. These diets were given to the larvae until they developed. The developmental time of the host-larvae fed with nano-PS-containing diets and the parasitoids that emerged using the pupae of these larvae as hosts were shortened. While the host adult weight and size increased, the weight of the parasitoid decreased. Dose-dependent decreases in THCs were observed. Prohemocyte, plasmatocyte, oenocytoid, and spherulocyte counts decreased, while granulocyte counts increased. Furthermore, the changes in the biology of the host exposed to nano-PSs indirectly affected the endoparasitoids. In addition, this study emphasizes that nanoplastic toxicity in honey-bees is generally ignored and that the consumption of bee products may pose potential hazards to human health. This reveals the crucial role of taking necessary precautions in beekeeping.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Cellular immunity
• greater wax moth
• life cycle
• nano-plastic
• parasitoid wasp

Nano-Polistiren Uygulamasının Konak-Endoparazitoitlerin (Galleria mellonella ve Pimpla turionellae) Biyolojik Parametrelerinde ve Konak Hemosit Sayılarında Oluşturduğu Değişiklikler

Öz

Plastik kirliliği çevre ve insan sağlığı açısından en büyük tehditlerden biridir. Mikro ve nanoplastikler, günlük yaşamımızın birçok alanında karşımıza çıkmaktadır ve organizmalarda birikerek yaşam süresinin azalmasına, genotoksisiteye ve metabolizmanın değişmesine neden olabilmektedir. Çevredeki nanoplastik kontaminasyonu, böcek biyoçeşitliliğindeki ve popülasyonlarındaki azalmalara neden olabilir. Aynı zamanda besin zincirinde onlarla beslenen canlıların besin ağlarının ve ekosistemlerin çökmesine yol açabilir. Bu nedenle nano-polistiren (PS)’lerin model organizma Galleria mellonella ve endoparazitoiti Pimpla turionellae’nın yaşam döngüsüne, biyolojik özelliklerine, konağın toplam hemosit sayısına (THS) ve hemosit tiplerine etkileri incelendi. Nano-PS’ler tekli emülsiyon çözücü buharlaştırma yöntemine göre üretildi ve farklı konsantrasyonlarda solüsyonları ile larval besinler hazırlandı. Bu besinler, larvalara gelişinceye kadar verildi. Nano-PS içeren besinlerle beslenen konak larvaların ve bu larvaların pupalarını konak olarak kullanarak ortaya çıkan parazitoitlerin gelişim süreleri kısaldı. Konak ergin ağırlığı ve boyutları artarken, parazitoitin ağırlığı azaldı. THS’de doza bağlı azalmalar görüldü. Prohemosit, plazmatosit, önositoid ve sferülosit sayısının azaldığı, granülosit sayısının ise arttığı görüldü. Ayrıca nano-PS’lerle beslenen konağın biyolojisindeki değişiklikler, endoparazitoitleri dolaylı olarak etkiledi. Öte yandan bu çalışma ile bal arılarında nanoplastik toksisitesinin genellikle göz ardı edildiği ve arı ürünlerinin tüketilmesinin insan sağlığı için potansiyel tehlikeler yaratabileceği vurgulanmaktadır. Bu durum, arıcılıkta gerekli önlemlerin alınmasının önemini ortaya koymaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Hücresel bağışıklık
• büyük balmumu güvesi
• yaşam döngüsü
• nano-plastik

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