Laboratuvar Hayvan Biliminde 4R Kuralı

Öz

İnsan organizmasının kompleksliğini tamamen taklit edebilen in vitro modeller hala günümüzde mevcut değildir. Bu modelleme için sıklıkla canlı organ kompleksi olarak laboratuvar hayvanları model olarak kullanılmaktadır. Laboratuvar hayvanları, temel tıp bilimlerinde, ilaçların ve kimyasalların güvenilirlik testlerinde ve eğitim amacıyla kullanılmaktadır. Laboratuvar hayvan biliminde göz önüne alınan temel ilkeler, yerine koyma, azaltma ve iyileştirme olarak tanımlanmıştır. Günümüzde bu ilkelere “sorumluluk” da ilave edilmiştir. Böylelikle 4R kavramı oluşmuştur. Bu yazımızda da bu dört kavram hakkında bilgi verilmesi amaçlanmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Laboratuvar hayvanı ilkeleri,yerine koyma,azaltma,iyileştirme,sorumluluk

4R Rule in Laboratory Animal Science

Öz

In vitro models that can completely mimic the complexity of the human organism are still not available today. For this model, laboratory animals are often used as a living organ complex. Laboratory animals are used in basic medical sciences, to test the safety of medicines and chemicals, and for training purposes. The basic principles considered in laboratory animal science are defined as replacement, reduction, and refinement. Nowadays, “responsibility” is added as the fourth principle. Thus, 4R concept was formed. In this article, it is aimed to give detailed information about these four concepts..

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Laboratory animal principle,Replacement,Reduction,Refinement,Responsibility

Kaynakça

1. Aguilar-Nascimento, J.E. (2005). Fundamental Steps in Experimental Design for Animal Studies. Acta Cirữrgica Brasileira, 20(1), 2-8.
2. Altuğ, T. (2009). Hayvan deneyleri etiği. Sağlık Bilimlerinde Süreli Yayıncılık. 53- 68.
3. Balkan, A., & Balkan, M. (2013). Hayvan Çalışmalarında Etik, Laboratuvar Standardizasyonu ve Hayvan Bakımı ile İlgili Yasal Zorunluluklar. Turk Toraks Dergisi, 14(suplament 2), 6-9.
4. Balls, M. (1994). Replacement of Animal Procedures: Alternatives in Research, Education and Testing. Laboratory Animals, 28, 193-211.
5. Barroso, J., Ahn, I.Y., Caldeira, C., Carmichael, P.L., Casey, W., Coecke, S., Curren, .R, Desprez, B., Eskes, C., Griesinger, C., Guo, J., Hill, E., Roi, A.J., Kojima, H., Li, J., et al., (2016). International Harmonization and Cooperation in the Validation of Alternative Methods. In: Eskes C., Whelan M. (Eds) Validation of Alternative Methods for Toxicity Testing. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 856. Springer, Cham, 343-386. 856 pp.
6. Boo, de J., & Hendriksen, C. (2005). Reduction Strategies in Animal Research: A Review of Scientific Approaches at the Intra– Experimental, Supra–Experimental and Extra–Experimental Levels. Atla, 33, 369-377.
7. Ergün, Y. (2010). Hayvan deneylerinde etik. Arşiv. 19: 220-235.
8. Fenwick, N., Griffin, G., & Gauthier, C. (2009). The Welfare of Animals Used in Science: How the “Three Rs” Ethic Guides İmprovements. 50, 523-530.

9. Festing, M.F.W., & Altman, D.G. (2002). Guidelines for the design and statistical analysis of experiments using laboratory animals. ILAR Journal, 43(4), 244-258.
10. Forni, M. (2007). Laboratory Animal Science: A Resource to İmprove the Quality of Science. Veterinary Research. Communications, 31(Suppl 1), 43–47.
11. Franco, N.H., & Olsson, I.A.S. (2014). Scientists and the 3Rs: Attitudes to Animal Use in Biomedical Research and the Effect of Mandatory Training in Laboratory Animal Science. Laboratory Animals, 48(1), 50– 60.
12. Gibot, L. (2017). 3D Tissue models to bridge the gap between cell culture and tissue in assessing electroporation. In: D. Miklavčič (Eds.) Handbook of Electroporation. (pp. 255-269.) Springer, Cham. 2998 pp.
13. Graham, M.L., & Prescott, M.J. (2015). The multifactorial role of the 3Rs in shifting the harm-benefit analysis in animal models of disease. European Journal of Pharmacology, 759, 19–29.
14. Gruber, F.P., & Hartung, T. (2004). Alternatives to animal experimentation in basic research. Altex, 21(Suppl 1), 3-31.
15. Johnson, P.D., & Besselsen, D.G. (2002). Practical aspects of experimental design in animal research. ILAR Journal, 43(4), 202-206.
16. Mandal, J., & Parija, S.C. (2013). Ethics of involving animals in research. Tropical Parasitology, 3(1), 4-6.
17. Okur, H. (2016). Deneysel Araştırma Yöntemleri. Çocuk Cerrahisi Dergisi, 30(Ek sayı 1), 7-11.
18. Otto, G.P., Cocorocchio, M., Munoz, .L, Tyson, R.A., Bretschneider, T., & Williams, R.S.B. (2016). Employing Dictyostelium as an Advantageous 3Rs Model for Pharmacogenetic Research. In: Jin T., & Hereld D. (Eds) Chemotaxis. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 1407. (pp. 123-130) Humana Press, New York, USA, 425 pp.
19. Özkul, T. (2012). Deney Hayvanlarının Kullanımında Genel Mevzuat, Düzenleme ve Kurallar. Küçük Deney Hayvanlarından Rat (Ed. Orhan Yücel) Journal of Clinical and Analytical Medicine Kitap Serisi. Ankara. Türkiye.
20. Pereira, S., & Tettamanti, M. (2005). Ahimsa And Alternatives - The Concept Of The 4th R. The CPCSEA in India. Altex, 22(1), 3-6.
21. Rusche, B. (2003). The 3Rs and Animal Welfare Conflict Or The Way Forward? Altex, 20(Suppl 1), 63-76.
22. Smaje, L.H., Smith, J.A., Combes, R.D., Ewbank, R., Gregory, J.A., Jennings, M., Moore, G.J., Morton, D.B. (1998). Working Group Report: Advancing Refinement of Laboratory Animal Use. Laboratory Animals Ltd., 32, 137-142.
23. Stephens, M.L., Conlee, K., Alvino, G., & Rowan, A.N. (2002). Possibilities for Refinement and Reduction: Future Improvements within Regulatory Testing. ILAR Journal, 43, 74-79.
24. Tan, D., & Çobanoğlu, N. (2013). Hukuki ve Etik Boyutuyla Türkiye’de Hayvan Deneyleri. Turkiye Klinikleri Tıp Etiği Dergisi, 21(1), 24-37.
25. The 3Rs. (2018). National Centre for the Replacement Refinement & Reduction of Animals in Research. Retrieved from https://www.nc3rs.org.uk/the-3rs
26. CCAC Guidelines Committee, (2010). The Canadian Council on Animal Care (CCAC) guidelines on: euthanasia of animals used in science. Retrieved from https://www.ccac.ca/Documents/Standards/Guidelines/Euthanasia .pdf