Penkonazole Maruz Bırakılan Tatlı Su Midyelerinin Solungaç Na+/K+-ATPaz, Mg2+-ATPaz, Ca2+-ATPaz ve Total-ATPaz Aktivitelerinin Değerlendirilmesi

Öz

Triazol bir fungusit olan penkonazol, tarımsal üretimi arttırmak ve fungusları kontrol etmek için dünya çapında yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. Çift kabuklu yumuşakçalar, özellikle midyeler, sucul ekosistemlerde kirliliğin spesifik biyomonitor organizmalarıdır. Bu çalışmada tatlı su midyelerinin (Unio mancus) solungaç Na⁺/K⁺-ATPaz, Mg²⁺-ATPaz, Ca²⁺-ATPaz ve Total-ATPaz aktiviteleri üzerine penkonazol maruziyetinin olası toksik etkileri değerlendirilmiştir. Bu amaçla, 96 saatlik statik yenileme test sisteminde tatlı su midyeleri farklı konsantrasyonlarda penkonazole (1, 10, 100 ve 1000 µg AI L^-1) maruz bırakılmıştır. Toksisite testlerinde penkonazolün ticari formu (TOPAS^® 100 EC, Syngenta, Almanya) kullanılmıştır. Maruziyet ortamındaki gerçek penkonazol konsantrasyonları LC-MS/MS analizi ile belirlenmiştir. LC-MS/MS analizi sonuçlarına göre, maruziyet ortamındaki gerçek penkonazol konsantrasyonlarının, nominal penkonazol konsantrasyonlarından yaklaşık % 25 oranında daha düşük olduğu belirlenmiştir. 96 saatlik maruziyetten sonra, en yüksek penkonazol konsantrasyonu Mg²⁺-ATPaz hariç diğer ATPaz aktivitelerinin önemli düzeyde inhibisyonuna neden olmuştur (P < 0.05). Elde edilen veriler, akut penconazol maruziyetinin tatlı su midyeleri için potansiyel bir risk olabileceğini ve ATPaz enzimlerinin akuatik toksikoloji çalışmaları için önemli ve faydalı biyokimyasal belirteçler olduğunu göstermiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Penkonazol toksisitesi
• Tatlı su midyesi
• ATPazlar
• LC-MS/MS

Assessment of Na+/K+-ATPase, Mg2+-ATPase, Ca2+-ATPase, and Total-ATPase Activities in Gills of Freshwater Mussels Exposed to Penconazole

Öz

Penconazole, a triazole fungicide, is widely used worldwide to increase agricultural production and to control fungus. Bivalves, especially mussels, are specific biomonitor organisms of pollution in aquatic ecosystems. This study deals with the possible toxic effects of exposure to penconazole on Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase, Mg²⁺-ATPase, Ca²⁺-ATPase, and Total-ATPase activities in the gills of freshwater mussels (Unio mancus). In this context, freshwater mussels were exposed to different concentrations of penconazole (1, 10, 100, and 1000 µg AI L^-1) in 96 hours static-renewal test system. The commercial form of penconazole (TOPAS^® 100 EC, Syngenta, Germany) was used in toxicity tests. The actual penconazole concentrations in the exposure media were determined by LC-MS/MS analysis. According to the LC-MS/MS analysis results, the actual penconazole concentrations in the exposure media were determined to be approximately 25% lower than the nominal penconazole concentrations. After 96 hours of exposure, the highest concentration of penconazole caused significant inhibition of ATPase activities except Mg²⁺-ATPase activity (P < 0.05). The observed data indicated that acute penconazole exposure may be a potential risk for freshwater mussels and that ATPase enzymes are important and useful biochemical markers for aquatic toxicology studies.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Penconazole toxicity
• Freshwater mussel
• ATPases
• LC-MS/MS

Kaynakça

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