Akademik Girişimcilikte Bireysel ve Sosyal Faktörlerin Rolü

Öz

Akademik girişimcilik kapsamında literatürde artan sayıda teorik çalışmaların yapıldığı gözlemse de, bu tarz bir girişimciliğin bireysel ve sosyal faktörlerin etkisiyle nasıl şekillendiğine yönelik deneysel çalışmaların henüz istenen seviyelerde olmadığı gözlenmiştir. Bu kapsamda, mevcut çalışmada çeşitli üniversitelere ait 422 akademisyenle anket yapılarak, onların fırsatları arama ve geçmiş girişimcilik tecrübeleri kapsamındaki girişimcilik kapasitelerinin akademik girişimcilikteki etkileri araştırılmıştır. İlave olarak, organizasyonel destek kapsamında bir sosyal çevre değişkeni olan üniversitelerde bulunan tekno parkların/bilim merkezlerinin akademik girişimcilikteki rolü de incelenmiştir. Sonuçlar, bireysel düzeydeki özelliklerin ve tecrübenin akademik girişimcilikte önemli faktörler olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Ayrıca, sosyal çevrenin de bireysel düzey kadar olmasa da etkide bulunduğu ve tekno parkların/bilim merkezlerinin yeni bir akademik girişim başlatmada rolü olduğu tespit edilmiştir

Anahtar Kelimeler

• -

The Role of Individual and Social Factors on Academic Entrepreneurship

Öz

There are a lot of increasing theoretical researches in the literature related with academic entrepreneurship, but there is a gap in this area about the individual and social factors that effect the academic entrepreneurship. For this aim, this study examined how an academics’ level of entrepreneurial capacity in terms of opportunity seeking, and their prior entrepreneurial experience effect their academic entrepreneurship. In addition, Technoparks’ role in stimulating venture creation were taken to the consideration. The results showed that individual level attributes and experience are the most important variables. Also, as compared to the individual level, social environment plays an lesser influential role. Finally, it was found that technology centers play an indirect role in academics’ new venture formation

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Academic Entrepreneurship, Entrepreneurship Capacity

Kaynakça

1. Bercovitz, J. ve Feldman, M., “Academic entrepreneurs: organizational change at the individual level”, Organization Science, 19, 1, 2008, 69-89.
2. Birley, S., “Universities, academics, and spinout companies: lessons from imperi- al”, International Journal of Entrepreneurship Education, 1, 1, 2002, 133-153.
3. Brazeal, D.V. ve Herbert, T.T., “The genesis of entrepreneurship”, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 23, 3, 1999, 29-45.
4. Brennan, M.C. ve McGowan, P., “Academic entrepreneurship: an exploratory case study”, International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research, 12, 3, 2006, 144-164.
5. Clark, B., Creating Entrepreneurial Universities: Organisational Pathways of Transfor- mation, Pergamon Press, New York, NY, 1998.
6. Clarysse, B. ve Bruneel, J., “Nurturing and growing innovative start-ups: the role of policy as integrator”, R&D Management, 37, 2, 2007, 139-149.
7. Clarysse, B., Wright, M., A. Lockett, E. Van de Velde ve A. Vohora, “Spinning out new ventures: a typology of incubation strategies from European research ins- titutions”, Journal of Business Venturing, 20, 2, 2005, 183-216.
8. Clarysse, B., Wright, M., Lockett, A., Mustar, P. ve Knockaert, M., “Academic spi- noffs, formal technology transfer and capital raising”, Industrial and Corporate Change, 16, 4, 609-621, 2007

9. Cook, S.D.N. ve Brown, J.S., “Bridging epistemologies: the generative dance bet- ween organisational knowledge and organisational knowing”, Organisation Science, 10, 4, 1999, 381-400.
10. Cooper, S., Technical entrepreneurship, in Carter, S. and Jones-Evans, D. (Eds), En- terprise and Small Business, Pearson, Harlow, 220-241, 2000.
11. Dess, G.G., Ireland, R.D., Zahra, S.A., Floyd, S.W., Janney, J.J. ve Lane, P.J., “Emer- ging issues in corporate entrepreneurship”, Journal of Management, 29, 3, 2003, 351-378.
12. Dickson, K., Coles, A. ve Smith, H., Science in the marketplace: the role of the scientific entrepreneur, in During, W. and Oakey, R. (Eds), New Technology-based Firms in the 1990s, Paul Chapman, London, 27-37, 1998.
13. Etzkowitz, H., “The European entrepreneurial university: an alternative to the US model”, Industry and Higher Education, October, 2003, 325-335.
14. Gibbons, M., Limoges, C., Nowotny, H., Schwartzman, S., Scott, P. ve Trow, M., The New Production of Knowledge, Sage, London, 1994.
15. Hitt, M.A., Ireland, R.D., Camp, M. ve Sexton, D.L., “Strategic entrepreneurship: entrepreneurial strategies for wealth creation”, Strategic Management Journal, 22, 2001, 479-491.
16. Jones-Evans, D., “A typology of technology-based entrepreneurs: a model based on previous occupational background”, International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research, 1, 1, 1995, 26-47.
17. Kenney, M. ve Goe, R.W., “The role of social embeddedness in professorial entrep- reneurship: a comparison of electrical engineering and computer science at UC Berkeley and Stanford”, Research Policy, 33, 5, 2004, 691-707.
18. Kim, J.Y. ve Miner, A.S., “Vicarious learning from the failures and near-failures of others: evidence from the U.S. commercial banking industry”, Academy of Management Journal, 50, 3, 2007, 687-714.
19. Krabel, S. ve Mueller, P., “What drives scientists to start their own company?: an empirical investigation of Max Planck Society scientists”, Research Policy, 38, 6, 2009, 947-956.
20. Lockett, A. ve Wright, M., “Resources, capabilities, risk capital and the creation of university spin-out companies”, Research Policy, 34, 7, 2005, 1043-1057.
21. Louw, L., VanEeden, S.M., Bosch, J.K. ve Venter, D.J.L., “Entrepreneurial traits of undergraduate students at selected South African tertiary institutions”, Inter- national Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research, 9, 1, 2003, 5-26.
22. Miles, M.P. ve Covin, J.G., “Exploring the practice of corporate venturing: some common forms and their organisational implications”, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 26, 3, 2002, 21-40.
23. Mosey, S. ve Wright, M., “From human capital to social capital: a longitudinal study of technology-based academic entrepreneurs”, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 31, 6, 2007, 909-935.
24. Nicolaou, N., Shane, S., Cherkas, L. ve Spector, T.D., “Opportunity recognition and the tendency to be an entrepreneur: a bivariate genetics perspective”, Organi- zational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 110, 2, 2009, 108-117.
25. Nicolaou, N., Shane, S., Cherkas, L., Hunkin, J. ve Spector, T.D., “Is the tendency to engage in entrepreneurship genetic?”, Management Science, 54, 1, 2008, 167-178
26. Nonaka, I. ve Takeuchi, H., The Knowledge-creating Company: How Japanese Compa- nies Create the Dynamics of Innovation, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1995
27. Oakey, R.P., High-technology New Firms: Variable Barriers to Growth, Paul Chapman, London, 1995.
28. Roberts, E.B., Entrepreneurs in High Technology: Lessons from MIT and Beyond, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1991.
29. Saxenian, A., Regional advantage: Culture and competition in Silicon Valley and Route 128, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 1996.
30. Segal, N.S., “Universities and technological entrepreneurship in Britain: Some implications of the Cambridge phenomenon”, Technovation, 4, 3, 1986. 189-204.
31. Shane, S. ve Venkataraman, S., “The promise of enterpreneurship as a field of rese- arch”, Academy of Management Review, 25, 1, 2000, 217-226.
32. Shane, S., Born Entrepreneurs. In: Born Leaders: How Our Genes Affect Our Work Life, Oxford University Press, USA, 2010.
33. Sharma, P. ve Chrisman, J.J., “Towards a reconciliation of the definitional issues in the field of corporate entrepreneurship”, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 23, 3, 1999, 11-27.
34. Siegel, D., Technology Entrepreneurship: Institutions and Agents Involving in University Technology Transfer, Edgar Elgar, London, 2006.
35. Souitaris, V., Zerbinati, S. ve Al-Laham, A., “Do entrepreneurship programmes rai- se entrepreneurial intention of science and engineering students? The effect of learning, inspiration and resources”, Journal of Business Venturing, 22, 4, 2007, 566-591.
36. Spilling, O.R., “The entrepreneurial system”, Journal of Business Research, 36, 1, 1996, 91-103.
37. Storey, D.J. ve Tether, B.S., “Public policy measures to support new technology- based firms in the European Union”, Research Policy, 26, 9, 1998, 1037-1057.
38. Stuart, T.E. ve Ding, W.W., “When do scientists become entrepreneurs? The social structural antecedents of commercial activity in the academic life sciences”, American Journal of Sociology, 112, 1, 2006, 97-144.
39. Thursby, J.G. ve Thursby, M.C., “Who is selling the ivory tower? Sources of Growth in university licensing”, Management Science, 48, 1, 2002, 90-104.
40. Tidd J., Bessant, J. ve Pavitt, K., Managing innovation, Wiley, Chichester, 2005.
41. Tidd, J. ve Barnes, S., “Spin-in or spin-out? Corporate venturing in life sciences”, International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation, 1, 2, 1999, 109-116.
42. Ucbasaran, D., Westhead, P. ve Wright, M., “Opportunity identification and pur- suit: does an entrepreneur’s human capital matter?”, Small Business Economics, 30, 2, 2008, 153-173.
43. Wright, M., Clarysse, B., Mustar, P. ve Lockett, A., Academic Entrepreneurship in Europe, Edgar Elgar, London, 2007.
44. Zahra, S.A. ve Dess, G.G., “Entrepreneurship as a field of research: encouraging dialogue and debate”, Academy of Management Review, 26, 2001, 8-10.