An Analysıs of The Effects of Complexıty Level of The Tarıffs on Trade Opennes

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 17 Sayı: 34, 437 - 445, 13.09.2019

Mustafa Torun , Hakan Çetinoğlu

https://doi.org/10.35408/comuybd.569119

https://izlik.org/JA72JL55GE

Öz

States may need to
intervene in international trade for economic, political and social reasons. In
this study, the effects of tariffs on international trade were investigated by
using statistical techniques. According to the test results, the average of trade
openness for countries with medium and high tariff complexity is equal. On the
other hand, for countries with low tariff complexity, the average of trade openness
score is statistically higher than those with a commercially clear score of
middle and high tariff complexity. As a result, it can be concluded that the
level of complexity of tariffs adversely affects trade openness, which should
be taken into account when designing international trade policy.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Ticari Açıklık , Uluslararası Ticaret , Tarifeler , Kruskal Wallis Testi

Kaynakça

• REFERENCESAmiti, M., Redding, S. J., & Weinstein, D. (2019). The Impact of the 2018 Trade War on US Prices and Welfare (No. w25672). National Bureau of Economic Research.
• Anderson, J. E., & Neary, J. P. (1992). Trade reform with quotas, partial rent retention, and tariffs. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 57-76.
• Bagwell, K., & Staiger, R. W. (2005). Enforcement, private political pressure, and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade/World Trade Organization escape clause. The Journal of Legal Studies, 34(2), 471-513.
• Baier, S. L., & Bergstrand, J. H. (2001). The growth of world trade: tariffs, transport costs, and income similarity. Journal of international Economics, 53(1), 1-27.
• Baldwin, R. (1987). Politically realistic objective functions and trade policy PROFs and tariffs. Economics Letters, 24(3), 287-290.
• Bhagwati, J., & Ramaswami, V. K. (1963). Domestic distortions, tariffs and the theory of optimum subsidy. Journal of Political economy, 71(1), 44-50.
• Bohara, A. K., Gawande, K., & Sanguinetti, P. (2004). Trade diversion and declining tariffs: evidence from Mercosur. Journal of International economics, 64(1), 65-88.
• Brander, J. A., & Spencer, B. J. (1984). Trade warfare: tariffs and cartels. Journal of international Economics, 16(3-4), 227-242.
• Brown, D. K. (1987). Tariffs, the terms of trade, and national product differentiation. Journal of Policy Modeling, 9(3), 503-526.
• Bureau, J. C., Guimbard, H., & Jean, S. (2019). Competing liberalizations: tariffs and trade in the twenty-first century. Review of World Economics, 1-47.
• Busch, M. L., & Reinhardt, E. (2003). Developing countries and general agreement on tariffs and trade/world trade organization dispute settlement. Journal of World Trade, 37(4), 719-735.
• Cline, W. R. (Ed.). (1983). Trade Policy in the 1980s (Vol. 3). Peterson Institute.
• Debaere, P., & Mostashari, S. (2010). Do tariffs matter for the extensive margin of international trade? An empirical analysis. Journal of International Economics, 81(2), 163-169.
• Dos Santos, N. B., Farias, R., & Cunha, R. (2005). Generalized system of preferences in general agreement on tariffs and trade/World Trade Organization: History and current issues. Journal of World Trade, 39(4), 637-670.
• Edwards, S. (1988). Terms of trade, tariffs, and labor market adjustment in developing countries. The World Bank Economic Review, 2(2), 165-186.
• Findlay, R., & Wellisz, S. (1982). Endogenous tariffs, the political economy of trade restrictions, and welfare. In Import competition and response (pp. 223-244). University of Chicago Press.
• Gatti, R. (1999). Corruption and trade tariffs, or a case for uniform tariffs. The World Bank.
• Hoekman, B., & Nicita, A. (2008). Trade policy, trade costs, and developing country trade. The World Bank.
• Jackson, J. H. (1967). The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade in United States Domestic Law. Michigan Law Review, 66(2), 249-332.
• Jackson, J. H. (1969). World Trade and the Law of GATT (Vol. 482). Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill.
• Jones, R. W. (1967). International capital movements and the theory of tariffs and trade. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 81(1), 1-38.
• Jones, R. W. (1969). Tariffs and trade in general equilibrium: comment. The American Economic Review, 59(3), 418-424.
• Kiliç C., Balan F., Kurt Ü. (2015). An Empirical Investigation of Factors Affecting the Trade Balance of G 20 Countries. International Journal of Economic Perspectives, 9(2), 49-56.
• Kılıç, C., Balan, F. (2018). Is There an Environmental Kuznets Inverted-U Shaped Curve?. Panoeconomicus, 65(1), 79-94.
• Lindé, J., & Pescatori, A. (2019). The macroeconomic effects of trade tariffs: Revisiting the lerner symmetry result. Journal of International Money and Finance.
• Lipsey, R. G. (1957). The theory of customs unions: trade diversion and welfare. Economica, 24(93), 40-46.
• Metzler, L. A. (1949). Tariffs, the terms of trade, and the distribution of national income. Journal of Political Economy, 57(1), 1-29.
• Nagurney, A., Besik, D., & Dong, J. (2019). Tariffs and quotas in world trade: A unified variational inequality framework. European Journal of Operational Research, 275(1), 347-360
• Nam, C. H. (1987). Export-promoting subsidies, countervailing threats, and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. The World Bank Economic Review, 1(4), 727-743.
• Nye, J. V. (1991). The myth of free-trade Britain and fortress France: tariffs and trade in the nineteenth century. The Journal of Economic History, 51(1), 23-46.
• Reitz, C. (1996). Enforcement of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. U. Pa. J. Int'l Econ. L., 17, 555.
• Venables, A. J. (1982). Optimal tariffs for trade in monopolistically competitive commodities. Journal of International Economics, 12(3-4), 225-241.