Ayrımcılığa Covid-19 Sürecinden Bir Bakış: Temel Kuramlar, Yaşçılık Tartışmaları ve Öneriler

H. Andaç Demirtaş Madran

Derleme

Ageism During the Covid-19 Pandemic: Discussion and Recommendations

Yıl 2021, Sayı: 60, 63 - 90, 16.07.2021

H. Andaç Demirtaş Madran

Öz

The spread of the coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) was labeled a “pandemic” by the World Health Organization on March 11, 2020. It has caused not only health-related issues but also economic, educational, psychological, and social problems. Further, discrimination associated with the pandemic has been observed around the globe. Besides the obvious negative consequences faced by the individuals targeted, pandemic-related discrimination has affected the spread of the virus by influencing public attitudes toward disease prevention and the restrictions imposed by authorities. Discrimination toward foreigners, minorities, and certain religious groups (e.g., Muslims) increased during this period. Additionally, the pandemic saw ageism spread rapidly to become more visible than ever. Acknowledging that Covid-19 poses a higher risk for individuals over a certain age, several countries implemented restrictions specific to those age groups. However, this practice resulted in the emergence of problems that were not considered initially, especially the escalation of ageism. This study examines ageism during the Covid-19 pandemic based on major theories and current research. First, discrimination and ageism are defined in detail. Then, pandemic-related ageism is discussed within the framework of basic theoretical approaches. Finally, recommendations for preventing ageism related to the pandemic and in general are presented.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Prejudice, discrimination, ageism, age-based discrimination, covid-19

Kaynakça

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Ayrımcılığa Covid-19 Sürecinden Bir Bakış: Temel Kuramlar, Yaşçılık Tartışmaları ve Öneriler

Yıl 2021, Sayı: 60, 63 - 90, 16.07.2021

H. Andaç Demirtaş Madran

Öz

İlk olarak 2019 yılının aralık ayı sonunda Çin’in Wuhan eyaletinde belirlenmiş olan yeni tip koronavirüs, Dünya Sağlık Örgütü tarafından 11 Mart 2020’de “pandemi” olarak nitelendirilmiştir. Covid-19 pandemisi sadece fiziksel sağlığı etkilemememiş, tüm dünyada ekonomik, eğitimsel, psikolojik ve toplumsal sorunlara yol açmıştır. Şiddet olaylarını tetikleyen “ayrımcılık” eğiliminde de belirgin bir artış olduğu, önyargı ve ayrımcılığın salgınla aynı hızda tüm dünyaya yayıldığı gözlenmiştir. Bu tür olağanüstü durumlarda yaşanan ayrımcılığın kalıcı ve değişime dirençli olduğu bilinmektedir. Bu ayrımcılık türü kurbanlarda yarattığı hasarın yanı sıra, halkın önlemlere ve kısıtlamalara yönelik tutumlarına, sağlıkla ilgili politikaların oluşturulmasına da etki etmektedir. Bu nedenle son derece önemli bir insanlık sorunu olan ayrımcılıkla bu tür özel durumlarda daha güçlü bir şekilde mücadele etmek gerekmektedir. Varlığından çok haberdar olunmayan bir ayrımcılık türü olan “yaşçılık” da bu dönemde hızla yayılmıştır. Bu makalede Covid-19 salgını döneminde artan yaşçılığı temel kuramlar ve güncel bulgular ışığında irdelemek amaçlanmaktadır. Bu amaçla, öncelikle ayrımcılık ve yaşçılık üzerinde durulmuş ve ilgili kavramlar tanımlanmıştır. Ardından Psikanalitik Kuram, Evrimsel Yaklaşım, Sosyal Kimlik Kuramı, Yükleme Kuramı ve Terör Yönetimi Kuramı gibi temel kuramsal yaklaşımların yaşçılığa ilişkin açıklamaları üzerinde durulmuştur. Ayrımcılığın pandemi dönemlerine özgü doğası ve bu süreçte tırmanan yaşçılık ilgili kuramlar rehberliğinde irdelenmiş, Covid-19 salgını sırasında tüm dünyada ve Türkiye’de yaşçılığın ortaya çıkış şekilleri güncel araştırma bulguları doğrultusunda ele alınmış, konunun medyaya yansıyışı üzerinde durulmuştur. Son olarak, bu süreçte yaşçılıkla mücadele etmek için altının çizilmesi gereken gerçekler ve çözüm önerileri tartışılmıştır. Sonuç olarak bu çalışmada güncel araştırmalar ışığında Covid-19 pandemisi döneminde tüm dünyada ayrımcılık eğiliminde belirgin bir artış gözlendiği, ancak özellikle yaşçılığın belirli yaş gruplarındaki bireylere dayatılan kısıtlamaların da etkisiyle salgınla aynı hızda yayıldığı ortaya konmuştur. Bu durumun, bilimsel bulgularla belgelenen olumsuz sonuçları da gözönüne alındığında, çok disiplinli bir yaklaşım gözetilerek yürütülecek bir mücadeleyi gerektirdiği açıktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Önyargı, ayrımcılık, yaşçılık, yaşa dayalı ayrımcılık, Covid-19

Kaynakça

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Stroebe, W., & Insko, C. A. (1989). Stereotype, prejudice, and discrimination: Changing conceptions. In D. Bar-Tal, C. F. Graumann, A. W. Kruglanski, & W. Stroebe (Eds.), Theory and research in stereotyping and prejudice(pp. 3-34). New York, NY: Springer.
Tabri, N., Hollingshead, S., & Wohl, M. J. A. (2020, March 31). Framing Covid-19 as an existential threat predicts anxious arousal and prejudice towards Chinese people.PsyArXiv Preprints. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/mpbtr.
Tajfel, H. (Ed.). (1978). Differentiation between social groups: Studies in the social psychology of intergroup relations. Cambridge, MA: Academic Press.
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Tuna Uysal, M., & Tan Eren, G. (2020). Covid-19 sürecinde sosyal medyada yaşlılara yönelik ayrımcılık: Twitter örneği. Turkish Studies, 15(4), 1147-1162. http://dx.doi.org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.44396
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Vale, M. T., Stanley, J. T., Houston, M. L., Villalba, A. A., & Turner, J. R. (2020). Ageism and behavior change during a health pandemic: A preregistered study. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, Article 587911. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.587911.
Vervaecke, D., & Meisner, B. A. (2020). Caremongering and assumptions of need: The spread of compassionate ageism during Covid-19, The Gerontologist, Article gnaa131, https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnaa131
Whitley, B. E., & Kite, M. E. (2009). The psychology of prejudice and discrimination. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
Williams, J., Gonzalez‐Medina, D., & Le, Q. (2011). Infectious diseases and social stigma. Applied Innovations and Technologies, 4(1), 58-70.
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WHO - World Health Organization (2020b). Risks and safety for older people. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/newsroom/q-a-detail/coronavirus-disease-Covid-19-risks-and-safety-for-older-people
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WHO - World Health Organization (2020d). WHO Director –General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on Covid-19-11 March 2020. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-Covid-19---11-march-2020
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Yaşar, Ö., & Avcı, N. (2020). Değişen yaşlılık algısı: Covid-19 ile damgalanan yaşlılar. Turkish Studies, 15(4), 1251-1273. https://dx.doi.org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.44275

Toplam 110 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil	Türkçe
Konular	İletişim ve Medya Çalışmaları
Bölüm	Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar	H. Andaç Demirtaş Madran 0000-0001-5582-2608
Yayımlanma Tarihi	16 Temmuz 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi	24 Aralık 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı	Yıl 2021 Sayı: 60

Kaynak Göster

APA	Demirtaş Madran, H. A. (2021). Ayrımcılığa Covid-19 Sürecinden Bir Bakış: Temel Kuramlar, Yaşçılık Tartışmaları ve Öneriler. Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences(60), 63-90.
AMA	Demirtaş Madran HA. Ayrımcılığa Covid-19 Sürecinden Bir Bakış: Temel Kuramlar, Yaşçılık Tartışmaları ve Öneriler. Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences. Temmuz 2021;(60):63-90.
Chicago	Demirtaş Madran, H. Andaç. “Ayrımcılığa Covid-19 Sürecinden Bir Bakış: Temel Kuramlar, Yaşçılık Tartışmaları Ve Öneriler”. Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences, sy. 60 (Temmuz 2021): 63-90.
EndNote	Demirtaş Madran HA (01 Temmuz 2021) Ayrımcılığa Covid-19 Sürecinden Bir Bakış: Temel Kuramlar, Yaşçılık Tartışmaları ve Öneriler. Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences 60 63–90.
IEEE	H. A. Demirtaş Madran, “Ayrımcılığa Covid-19 Sürecinden Bir Bakış: Temel Kuramlar, Yaşçılık Tartışmaları ve Öneriler”, Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences, sy. 60, ss. 63–90, Temmuz 2021.
ISNAD	Demirtaş Madran, H. Andaç. “Ayrımcılığa Covid-19 Sürecinden Bir Bakış: Temel Kuramlar, Yaşçılık Tartışmaları Ve Öneriler”. Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences 60 (Temmuz 2021), 63-90.
JAMA	Demirtaş Madran HA. Ayrımcılığa Covid-19 Sürecinden Bir Bakış: Temel Kuramlar, Yaşçılık Tartışmaları ve Öneriler. Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences. 2021;:63–90.
MLA	Demirtaş Madran, H. Andaç. “Ayrımcılığa Covid-19 Sürecinden Bir Bakış: Temel Kuramlar, Yaşçılık Tartışmaları Ve Öneriler”. Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences, sy. 60, 2021, ss. 63-90.
Vancouver	Demirtaş Madran HA. Ayrımcılığa Covid-19 Sürecinden Bir Bakış: Temel Kuramlar, Yaşçılık Tartışmaları ve Öneriler. Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences. 2021(60):63-90.

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