İnsanın İnsana Ettiği: İnsandışılaştırma

Yıl 2024, , 963 - 992, 31.07.2024

Banu Açıkgöz

https://doi.org/10.54752/ct.1517551

Öz

İlk olarak savaşlar, soykırımlar, işkenceler ile ilişkilendirilerek kavramsallaştırılan insandışılaştırmanın artık incelikli bir şekilde günlük yaşamlarımızda da uygulanması bu çalışmanın yapılması için gerekli zemini oluşturmuştur. Bu araştırmada, insanlık tarihi kadar eski ancak sosyal psikoloji bilimi tarafından detaylı olarak görece çok yakın zamanlarda ele alınmaya başlanan insandışılaştırma (insanlıktan çıkarma) kavramı üzerine derinlemesine bir yazın taraması yapılmıştır. Onu insan yapan özelliklerinden arındırıp insana hayvani veya makine benzeri özellikler atfedilmesi şeklinde tanımlanabilecek olan insandışılaştırma ile ilgili en önemli sorun, insandışılaştırmanın şiddeti meşrulaştırmasıdır. Şiddet ile kast edilen yalnızca fiziksel şiddet değildir. Günümüzde kadınların, sağlık çalışanlarının, mültecilerin, göçmenlerin, yoksulların, heteronormatif kalıpların dışında cinsel yönelime sahip bireylerin maruz kaldığı şiddet vakalarının ardındaki meşrulaştırıcı gücün insandışılaştırma olduğu düşünülerek bu çalışma kurgulanmıştır. Ancak her insandışılaştırıcı eylem beraberinde şiddeti getirmediğinden, insandışılaştırmanın mağdurları belirtilen sosyal gruplarla sınırlı değildir. Yaşlılar, ev kadınları, engelliler, iş kadınları, feministler ve mavi yakalılar da insandışılaştırmaya maruz kalan diğer sosyal gruplar arasındadır. Araştırmada, öncelikle insandışılaştırmanın nasıl tanımlandığı ve teorize edildiği, ardından insanın nesneleştirilmesiyle ilişkisi, son olarak da mağdurlarının, faillerinin ve tanıklarının özellikleri anlatılmaktadır

Anahtar Kelimeler

insandışılaştırma, insanlıktan çıkarma, çalışma ilişkisi

Kaynakça

• Alikılıç, Ö., Gökaliler, E. ve Alikılıç, İ. (2021) “Nefret Söylemi Üzerinden Ötekileştirme: Twitter’da Mültecilere Yönelik Nefret Tipolojisi Analizi”, Akdeniz Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Dergisi, (36), 501-520. https://doi.org/10.31123/akil.989074
• Bar-Tal D. (1989) “Delegitimization: The Extreme Case of Stereotyping”, D. Bar-Tal, C. Grauman, A. Kruglanski ve W. Stroebe (Ed.) Stereotyping and Prejudice: Changing Conceptions içinde, New York: Springer, 169-88.
• Bar-Tal, D. ve Hammack, P. L. (2012) “Conflict, Delegitimization, and Violence”, L. Tropp (Ed.) Oxford Handbook of Intergroup Conflict içinde, New York: Oxford University Press, 29-52.
• Bastian, B. ve Crimston, D. (2014) “Self-dehumanization”, TPM: Testing, Psychometrics, Methodology in Applied Psychology, 21(3), 241-250. https://doi.org/10.4473/TPM21.3.1
• Bastian, B. ve Haslam, N. (2010). “Excluded from Humanity: Ostracism and Dehumanization”, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 46(1), 107-113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2009.06.022
• Bastian, B. ve Haslam, N. (2011) “Experiencing Dehumanization: Cognitive and Emotional Effects of Everyday Dehumanization”, Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 33(4), 295-303. https://doi.org/10.1080/01973533.2011.614132
• Bastian, B., Denson, T. F. ve Haslam, N. (2013a) “The Roles of Dehumanization and Moral Outrage in Retributive Justice”, PloS One, 8(4), e61842. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0061842
• Bastian, B., Jetten, J. ve Radke, H. R. (2012) “Cyber-dehumanization: Violent Video Game Play Diminishes Our Humanity”, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48(2), 486-491. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2011.10.009
• Bastian, B., Jetten, J., Chen, H., Radke, H. R., Harding, J. F. ve Fasoli, F. (2013b) “Losing Our Humanity: The Self-dehumanizing Consequences of Social Ostracism”, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 39(2), 156-169. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167212471205
• Baudrillard, J. ve Maclean, M. (1985) “The Masses: The Implosion of the Social in the Media”, New Literary History, 16(3), 577-589. https://doi.org/10.2307/468841
• Bernard, P., Gervais, S. J., Allen, J., Campomizzi, S. ve Klein, O. (2012) “Integrating Sexual Objectification with Object versus Person Recognition: The Sexualized-body-inversion Hypothesis”, Psychological Science, 23(5), 469-471. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797611434748
• Bustillos, A., Demoulin, S., Rodríguez, L. L., Vázquez, A. ve Zlobina, A. (2023) “Approaching Dehumanizing Interactions: Joint Consideration of Other-, Meta-, and Self-dehumanization”, Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 49, 101233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cobeha.2022.101233
• Capozza, D., Andrighetto, L., Di Bernardo, G. A. ve Falvo, R. (2012) “Does Status Affect Intergroup Perceptions of Humanity?”, Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 15(3), 363-377. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430211426733
• Capozza, D., Boccato, G., Andrighetto, L. ve Falvo, R. (2009) “Categorization of Ambiguous Human/Ape Faces: Protection of Ingroup but not Outgroup Humanity”, Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 12(6), 777-787. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430209344868
• Coşkun, A. (2014) “Sağlık Hizmetleri Sektöründe Ahlaki Bir Sorun Olarak İnsandışılaştırma”, İş Ahlakı Dergisi, 7(2), 9-51. https://doi.org/10.12711/tjbe.2014.7.2.0160
• de Beauvoir, S. (2020) İkinci Cinsiyet 1. Cilt: Olgular ve Efsaneler. (Çev. G. Acar Savran), İstanbul: Koç Üniversitesi Yayınları.
• Delgado, N., Rodríguez-Pérez, A., Vaes, J., Leyens, J. P. ve Betancor, V. (2009) “Priming Effects of Violence on Infrahumanization”, Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 12(6), 699-714. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cobeha.2023.101258
• Demoulin, S., Cortes, B. P., Viki, T. G., Rodriguez, A. P., Rodriguez, R. T., Paladino, M. P. ve Leyens, J. P. (2009) “The Role of In‐group Identification in Infra‐humanization”, International Journal of Psychology, 44(1), 4-11. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207590802057654
• Demoulin, S., Leyens, J. P., Paladino, M. P., Rodriguez‐Torres, R., Rodriguez‐Perez, A. ve Dovidio, J. (2004) “Dimensions of “Uniquely” and “Non‐uniquely” Human Emotions”, Cognition and Emotion, 18(1), 71-96. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930244000444
• Demoulin, S., Maurage, P. ve Stinglhamber, F. (2021a) “Exploring Metadehumanization and Self-dehumanization from a Target Perspective”, M. Kronfeldner (Ed.) The Routledge Handbook of Dehumanization içinde, New York: Routledge, 260-274.
• Demoulin, S., Nguyen, N., Chevallereau, T., Fontesse, S., Bastart, J., Stinglhamber, F. ve Maurage, P. (2021b) “Examining the Role of Fundamental Psychological Needs in the Development of Metadehumanization: A Multi‐population Approach”, British Journal of Social Psychology, 60(1), 196-221. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12380
• Dover, M. A. (2016) “The Moment of Microaggression: The Experience of Acts of Oppression, Dehumanization, and Exploitation”, Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 26(7-8), 575-586. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10911359.2016.1237920
• Dworkin, A. (2000) “Against the Male Flood: Censorship, Pornography, and Equality”, D. Cornell (Ed.) Oxford Readings in Feminism: Feminism and Pornography, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 19-44.
• Fiske, A. P. (1991) Structures of Social Life: The Four Elementary Forms of Human Relations: Communal Sharing, Authority Ranking, Equality Matching, Market Pricing. New York: Free Press.
• Fiske, S. T. (2021) “How Status and Interdependence Explain Different Forms of Dehumanization”, M. Kronfeldner (Ed) The Routledge Handbook of Dehumanization içinde, New York: Routledge, 245-259.
• Fiske, S. T., Cuddy, A. J. C., Glick, P. ve Xu, J. (2002) “A Model of (Often Mixed) Stereotype Content: Competence and Warmth Respectively Follow from Perceived Status and Competition”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82(6), 878-902. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.82.6.878
• Fontesse, S., Demoulin, S., Stinglhamber, F. ve Maurage, P. (2019) “Dehumanization of Psychiatric Patients: Experimental and Clinical Implications in Severe Alcohol-use Disorders”, Addictive Behaviors, 89, 216-223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.08.041
• Fredrickson, B. L. ve Roberts, T. A. (1997) “Objectification Theory: Toward Understanding Women’s Lived Experiences and Mental Health Risks”, Psychology of Women Quarterly, 21(2), 173-206. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1997.tb00108.x
• Frick, M. L. (2021) “Dehumanization and Human Rights”, M. Kronfeldner (Ed.) The Routledge Handbook of Dehumanization içinde, New York: Routledge, 187-200.
• Golossenko, A., Palumbo, H., Mathai, M. ve Tran, H. A. (2023) “Am I Being Dehumanized? Development and Validation of the Experience of Dehumanization Measurement”, British Journal of Social Psychology, 62(3), 1285-1329. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12633
• Gosling, S. D. (2001) “From Mice to Men: What Can We Learn about Personality from Animal Research?”, Psychological Bulletin, 127(1), 45-86. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.127.1.45
• Harris, L. T. (2017) Invisible Mind: Flexible Social Cognition and Dehumanization. Cambridge: MIT Press.
• Harris, L. T. ve Fiske, S. T. (2006) “Dehumanizing the Lowest of the Low: Neuroimaging Responses to Extreme Out-groups”, Psychological Science, 17(10), 847-853. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01793.x
• Harris, L. T. ve Fiske, S. T. (2011) “Dehumanized Perception: A Psychological Means to Facilitate Atrocities, Torture, and Genocide?”, Zeitschrift für Psychologie, 219(3), 175-178. https://doi.org/10.1027/2151-2604/a000065
• Haslam, N. (2006) “Dehumanization: An Integrative Review”, Personality and Social Psychology Review, 10(3), 252-264. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr1003_4
• Haslam, N. (2021) “The Social Psychology of Dehumanization”, M. Kronfeldner (Ed) The Routledge Handbook of Dehumanization içinde, New York: Routledge, 127-144.
• Haslam, N. (2022) “Dehumanization and the Lack of Social Connection”, Current Opinion in Psychology, 43, 312-316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2021.08.013
• Haslam, N. ve Loughnan, S. (2014) “Dehumanization and Infrahumanization”, Annual Review of Psychology, 65, 399-423. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115045
• Haslam, N., Bain, P., Douge, L., Lee, M. ve Bastian, B. (2005) “More Human than You: Attributing Humanness to Self and Others”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89(6), 937-950. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.89.6.937
• Haslam, N., Bastian, B. ve Bissett, M. (2004) “Essentialist Beliefs about Personality and Their Implications”, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30(12), 1661-1673. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167204271182
• Haslam, N., Loughnan, S. ve Holland, E. (2013) “The Psychology of Humanness”, S. J. Gervais (Ed.) Objectification and (De)humanization içinde, New York: Springer, 25-51.
• Haslam, N., Loughnan, S., Kashima, Y. ve Bain, P. (2008) “Attributing and Denying Humanness to Others”, European Review of Social Psychology, 19(1), 55-85. https://doi.org/10.1080/10463280801981645
• Haslam, N., Loughnan, S., Reynolds, C. ve Wilson, S. (2007) “Dehumanization: A New Perspective”, Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 1(1), 409-422. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2007.00030.x
• Heflick, N. A. ve Goldenberg, J. L. (2009) “Objectifying Sarah Palin: Evidence that Objectification Causes Women to Be Perceived as Less Competent and Less Fully Human”, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45(3), 598-601. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2009.02.008
• Heflick, N. A., Goldenberg, J. L., Cooper, D. P. ve Puvia, E. (2011) “From Women to Objects: Appearance Focus, Target Gender, and Perceptions of Warmth, Morality and Competence”, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 47(3), 572-581. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2010.12.020
• Heinämaa, S. ve Jardine, J. (2021) “Objectification, Inferiorization, and Projection in Phenomenological Research on Dehumanization”, M. Kronfeldner (Ed.) The Routledge Handbook of Dehumanization içinde, New York: Routledge, 309-325.
• Holtz, P. ve Wagner, W. (2011) “Dehumanization, Infrahumanization, and Naturalization”, The Encyclopedia of Peace Psychology. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9780470672532.wbepp079
• Jack, A. I., Dawson, A. J. ve Norr, M. E. (2013) “Seeing Human: Distinct and Overlapping Neural Signatures Associated with Two Forms of Dehumanization”, NeuroImage, 79, 313-328. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.04.109
• Jenkins, T. A., Robison, M. ve Joiner, T. E. (2023) “Dehumanization and Mental Health: Clinical Implications and Future Directions”, Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 50, 101257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cobeha.2023.101257
• Kelman, H. C. (1973) “Violence without Moral Restraint: Reflections on the Dehumanization of Victims and Victimizers”, Journal of Social Issues, 29(4), 25-61. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1973.tb00102.x
• Kelman, H. C. (1976) “Violence without Restraint: Reflections on the Dehumanization of Victims and Victimizers”, G. M. Kren ve L. H. Rappoport (Ed.) Varieties of Psychohistory içinde, New York: Springer, 282-314.
• Kteily, N. S. ve Landry, A. P. (2022) “Dehumanization: Trends, Insights, and Challenges”, Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 26(3), 222-240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2021.12.003
• Kteily, N., Hodson, G. ve Bruneau, E. (2016) “They See Us as Less than Human: Metadehumanization Predicts Intergroup Conflict via Reciprocal Dehumanization”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 110(3), 343-370. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspa0000044
• Lammers, J. ve Stapel, D. A. (2011) “Power Increases Dehumanization”, Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 14(1), 113-126. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430210370042
• Langton, R. (2009) Sexual Solipsism: Philosophical Essays on Pornography and Objectification. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Leyens, J. P., Demoulin, S., Vaes, J., Gaunt, R. ve Paladino, M. P. (2007) “Infra‐humanization: The Wall of Group Differences”, Social Issues and Policy Review, 1(1), 139-172. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-2409.2007.00006.x
• Leyens, J. P., Rodriguez‐Perez, A., Rodriguez‐Torres, R., Gaunt, R., Paladino, M. P., Vaes, J. ve Demoulin, S. (2001) “Psychological Essentialism and the Differential Attribution of Uniquely Human Emotions to Ingroups and Outgroups”, European Journal of Social Psychology, 31(4), 395-411. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.50
• Lopez, J. M., Woolley, K. ve McGill, A. L. (2021) “A Preference for Preference: Lack of Subjective Preference Evokes Dehumanization”, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 164, 52-67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2021.01.002
• Loughnan, S. ve Haslam, N. (2007) “Animals and Androids: Implicit Associations between Social Categories and Nonhumans”, Psychological Science, 18(2), 116-121. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01858.x
• Loughnan, S., Haslam, N. ve Kashima, Y. (2009) “Understanding the Relationship between Attribute-based and Metaphor-based Dehumanization”, Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 12(6), 747-762. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430209347726
• Loughnan, S., Haslam, N., Murnane, T., Vaes, J., Reynolds, C. ve Suitner, C. (2010) “Objectification Leads to Depersonalization: The Denial of Mind and Moral Concern to Objectified Others”, European Journal of Social Psychology, 40(5), 709-717. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.755
• Loughnan, S., Haslam, N., Sutton, R. M. ve Spencer, B. (2014) “Dehumanization and Social Class: Animality in the Stereotypes of “White Trash,” “Chavs,” and “Bogans””, Social Psychology, 45(1), 54–61. https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000159
• MacInnis, C. C. ve Hodson, G. (2012) “Intergroup Bias toward “Group X”: Evidence of Prejudice, Dehumanization, Avoidance, and Discrimination against Asexuals”, Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 15(6), 725-743. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430212442419
• Martinez, A. G., Piff, P. K., Mendoza-Denton, R. ve Hinshaw, S. P. (2011) “The Power of a Label: Mental Illness Diagnoses, Ascribed Humanity, and Social Rejection”, Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 30(1), 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2011.30.1.1
• Martínez, R., Rodríguez-Bailón, R. ve Moya, M. (2012) “Are They Animals or Machines? Measuring Dehumanization”, The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 15(3), 1110-1122. https://doi.org/10.5209/rev_SJOP.2012.v15.n3.39401
• Maynard, J. L. ve Luft, A. (2023) “Humanizing Dehumanization Research”, Current Research in Ecological and Social Psychology, 4, 100102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cresp.2023.100102
• Mikkola, M. (2011) “Dehumanization”, T. Brooks (Ed.) New Waves in Ethics içinde New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 128-149.
• Mikkola, M. (2016) The Wrong of Injustice: Dehumanization and Its Role in Feminist Philosophy, New York: Oxford University Press.
• Mikkola, M. (2021) “Why Dehumanization is Distinct from Objectification”, M. Kronfeldner (Ed.) The Routledge Handbook of Dehumanization içinde, New York: Routledge, 326-340.
• Moradi, B. (2013) “Discrimination, Objectification, and Dehumanization: Toward a Pantheoretical Framework”, S. J. Gervais (Ed.) Objectification and (De)humanization içinde, New York: Springer, 153-181.
• Nussbaum, M. C. (1995) “Objectification”, Philosophy & Public Affairs, 24(4), 249-291.
• Nussbaum, M. C. (2004) Hiding from Humanity: Disgust, Shame, and the Law, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
• Opotow, S. (1990) “Moral Exclusion and Injustice: An Introduction”, Journal of Social Issues, 46(1), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1990.tb00268.x
• Opotow, S., Gerson, J. ve Woodside, S. (2005) “From Moral Exclusion to Moral Inclusion: Theory for Teaching Peace”, Theory into Practice, 44(4), 303-318. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15430421tip4404_4
• Rector, J. M. (2014) The Objectification Spectrum: Understanding and Transcending Our Diminishment and Dehumanization of Others, New York: Oxford University Press.
• Rodríguez-Pérez, A. ve Betancor, V. (2023) “Infrahumanization: A Restrospective on 20 Years of Empirical Research”, Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 50, 101258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cobeha.2023.101258
• Ruttan, R. L. ve Lucas, B. J. (2018) “Cogs in the Machine: The Prioritization of Money and self-dehumanization”, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 149, 47-58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2018.08.007
• Savage, R. (2013) “Modern Genocidal Dehumanization: A New Model”, Patterns of Prejudice, 47(2), 139-161. https://doi.org/10.1080/0031322x.2012.754575
• Schroeder, J. ve Epley, N. (2020) “Demeaning: Dehumanizing Others by Minimizing the Importance of Their Psychological Needs”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 119(4), 765-791. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspa0000199
• Schwartz, S. ve Struch, N. (1989) “Values, Stereotypes, and Intergroup Antagonism,” D. Bar-Tal, C. Grauman, A. Kruglanski ve W. Stroebe (Ed.) Stereotypes and Prejudice: Changing Conceptions içinde, New York: Springer, 151-167.
• Smith, D. L. (2016) “Paradoxes of Dehumanization”, Social Theory and Practice, 42(2), 416-443. https://doi.org/10.5840/soctheorpract201642222
• Smith, D. L. (2021) Making Monsters: The Uncanny Power of Dehumanization, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
• Staub, E. (1989) The Roots of Evil: The Origins of Genocide and Other Group Violence, New York: Cambridge University Press.
• Stinglhamber, F. ve Demoulin, S. (2023) “Enlarging the Victim’s Perspective on Dehumanization”, Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 50, 101248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cobeha.2023.101248
• Taşdelen, B. (2020) “Twitter’da Suriyeli Mültecilere Karşı Çevrimiçi Nefret Söylemi: #suriyelileriistemiyoruz”, Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 11(2), 562-575. https://doi.org/10.36362/gumus.706944
• Tausen, B. M., Lee, J. H., Dischinger, A. S. ve Dennis, I. A. (2023) “When Dehumanization Does (and Does Not) Matter: Exploring the Relationship between Social Justice Motivations, Avoidant Behaviors, and Intentions to Help Individuals Experiencing Homelessness”, Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 53(9), 835-849. https://doi.org/10.1111/jasp.12971
• Vaes, J. ve Muratore, M. (2013) “Defensive Dehumanization in the Medical Practice: A Cross‐sectional Study from a Health Care Worker's Perspective”, British Journal of Social Psychology, 52(1), 180-190. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12008
• Vaes, J., Paladino, M. P. ve Puvia, E. (2011) “Are Sexualized Females Complete Human Beings? Why Men and Women Dehumanize Sexually Objectified Women”, European Journal of Social Psychology, 41(6), 774-785. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.824
• Viki, G. T., Fullerton, I., Raggett, H., Tait, F. ve Wiltshire, S. (2012) “The Role of Dehumanization in Attitudes toward the Social Exclusion and Rehabilitation of Sex Offenders”, Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 42(10), 2349-2367. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2012.00944.x
• Wackerhausen, A. C. (2023) “Dehumanization Clarified: What Are We Talking about, When We Talk about Dehumanization?”, Social Theory & Practice, 49(3), 543-577. https://doi.org/10.5840/soctheorpract20211022143
• Waytz, A. ve Epley, N. (2012) “Social Connection Enables Dehumanization”, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48(1), 70-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2011.07.012
• Yang, W., Jin, S., He, S., Fan, Q. ve Zhu, Y. (2015) “The Impact of Power on Humanity: Selfdehumanization in Powerlessness”, PloS One, 10, e0125721. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0125721