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AMERİKAN BOARD’UN ÇİN FAALİYETLERİ VE SUN YAT-SEN

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 22 Sayı: 44, 409 - 443, 25.10.2022

Öz

Kısaca Amerikan Board olarak bilinen Amerika Yabancı Misyon Temsilcileri
Birliği (ABCFM) on dokuzuncu yüzyıl içinde ABD’nin önde gelen Protestan misyonerlik
örgütlerinden birisiydi. Bu çalışma Çin tarihi açısından büyük öneme sahip olan Amerikan
Board’un Çin’de yürüttüğü misyonerlik faaliyetleri hakkındadır. Çalışmada ayrıca Çin
anakarası içinde cereyan eden ve Asya-Pasifik bölgesel politikalarının kısmi temelini
oluşturan, misyonerlik çalışmalarının tarihi hakkında bilgi verilmekte, bunların ne amaç
ile yapıldıklarına ve sonuçlarına bakılmaktadır. Amerikan Board’un Çin’deki faaliyetlerini
sınırlayabilmek amacıyla çalışma içinde Board’un Sun Yat-Sen (1866-1925) üzerindeki etkisi
üzerinde durulmaktadır. Çin Cumhuriyeti’nin ilk lideri olan Sun Yat-Sen, binlerce yıllık
hanedanlık yönetimine son veren Çin Cumhuriyeti’nin “kurucu babası” olarak bilinmektedir.
Modern Çin’in en büyük liderlerinden biri olarak kabul edilmektedir. Misyoner okullarında
eğitim almış Amerikan Board misyonerlerince vaftiz edilmiştir. Hayatı boyunca misyonerlerin
etkisinde kalmış olsa da hayatının sonunda Amerika’nın kendisini hayal kırıklığına
uğrattığını düşünmüştür. Çalışmada Amerikan Board’un Çin’de ne kadar etkili bir örgüt
olduğu Sun Yat-Sen örneği üzerinden gösterilmeye çalışılmaktadır. Sonuçta, Sun Yat-Sen Batı
tarzı eğitimi almış bir Hristiyan ve Amerikan vatandaşı olarak bir misyonerlik ürünüdür ve
ülkesinde gelebileceği en üst makama gelmiştir.

Kaynakça

  • BARTLETT, Samuel Colcord, Historical Sketch of the Missions of the American Board in China, Published by the Board, Boston, 1878.
  • BROWN, Arthur J., Report of a Visitation of the China Missions, Board of Foreign Missions of the Presbyterian Church, New York, 1902.
  • Facts You Should Know Regarding the American Board 1923-1924, ABCFM, Boston, 1920. https://archive.org/details/factsyoushouldkn00amer/page/ n11/mode/2up (Date accessed 01.04.2022)
  • HAGER, Charles Robert, “Doctor Sun Yat Sen: Some Personal Reminiscences”, The Missionary Herald, Vol. 108, No. 4, April 1912, p. 171-174.
  • https://archive.org/details/missionaryherald1084amer/page/171/ mode/1up?view=theater
  • National Archives San Francisco, “Immigration Arrival Investigation Case Files, 1884-1944”, Record Group 85 Immigration and Naturalization Service, p. 15-16. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5a81dadde9bfdff9a97b0da7/t/ 5d276e576e392d000188df98/1562865246177/NARA+San+Francisco+Di strict+Inventory+%28rev.+12-2018%29.pdf
  • Papers of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, Documents administered by the Houghton Library of Harvard University, Also includes individual reel units from 1-6, Guide to the Microfilm Collection, Research Publications International, Woodbridge, CT, 1994
  • US Department of State, Office of the Historian, Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, With the Annual Message of the President Transmitted to Congress December 3, 1912, “Revolution; abdication of the Manchu rulers; establishment of a provisional republican government; concerted action of the Powers; correspondence concerning recognition of the Republic of China”, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/ frus1912/ch11
  • US Department of State Archive, “United States Relations with China: From Trade to the Open Door (1784-1900)”, https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/ pa/ho/pubs/fs/90392.htm
  • BERGÈRE, Marie-Claire, Sun Yat-Sen, Trans. Janet Lloyd, Stanford University Press, Stanford, 1994.
  • COHEN, Paul A., China and Christianity: The Missionary Movement and the Growth of Chinese Antiforeignism 1860-1870, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 1963.
  • ÇOBAN DÖŞKAYA, Füsun, Amerikan Board Arşiv Belgeleri Işığında Corinna Shattuck, Mary Haratounian ve Urfa Körler Okulu, [Corinna Shattuck, Mary Haratounian and Urfa School for the Blind in American Board Archives], Berikan Yayınevi, Ankara, 2021.
  • FAIRBANK, John K., (Ed.) The Missionary Enterprise in China and America, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1974.
  • GOLDSTEIN, Jonathan, Jerry Israel and Hilary Conroy (Eds.), America Views China: American Images of China Then and Now, Lehigh University Press, Bethlehem, 1991.
  • HADDAD, John R., America’s First Adventure in China: Trade, Treaties, Opium, and Salvation, Temple University Press, Philadelphia, 2013.
  • HSO, Immanuel C. Y., The Rise of Modern China, 6th ed., Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2000.
  • JOHNSTON, Reginald Fleming, Twilight in the Forbidden City, Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, Beijing, 2008.
  • SCHIFFRIN, Harold Z., Sun Yat-Sen and the Origins of the Chinese Revolution, University of California Press, 1968.
  • SHARMAN, Lyon, Sun Yat-Sen His Life and Its Meaning: A Critical Biography, Stanford University Press, California, 1968.
  • STOCK, Eugene, A Short Handbook of Missions, Longmans, Green and Co, London 1904.
  • TIEDEMANN, R. G., Reference Guide to Christian Missionary Societies in China: From the 16th to the 20th Century, M. E. Sharpe, Inc, New York, 2009.
  • TWITCHETT, Denis and John K. Fairbank (Eds), The Cambridge History of China, Vol 10 Late Ching 1800-1911 Part I, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1978.
  • YANG, Fenggang and J. E. E. Pettit, Atlas of Religion in China: Social and Geographical Contexts, Brill Publications, Boston, 2018.
  • YAT- SEN, Sun, Memoirs of a Chinese Revolutionary: A Programme of National Reconstruction for China, AMS Press, London, 1970.
  • VARG, Paul A., Missionaries, Chinese, and Diplomats: The American Protestant Missionary Movement in China, 1890-1952, Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 1958.
  • A CHINA MISSIONARY, “First Thoughts on the Debacle of Christian Missions in China”, African Affairs, Vol. 51, No. 202, 1952, pp. 33-41.
  • BARNETT, Suzanne W., “Silent Evangelism: Presbyterians and the Mission Press in China, 1807-1860”, Journal of Presbyterian History (1962-1985) Vol. 49, No. 4, 1971, pp. 287-302.
  • BIGGERSTAFF, Knight, “A Translation of Anson Burlingame’s Instructions from the Chinese Foreign Office”, The Far Eastern Quarterly, Vol. 1, No. 3, 1942, pp. 277-279.
  • ÇOBAN DÖŞKAYA, Füsun, “Amerikan Board ve Misyoner Corinna Shattuck’ın Urfa Faaliyetleri” [The American Board and the Oorfa Activities of Missionary Corinna Shattuck], Akademik Tarih ve Düşünce Dergisi, Vol. 5, No. 14, 2018, pp. 84-119.
  • ÇOBAN DÖŞKAYA, Füsun, “Amerikan Board (ABCFM) ve Fetullahçı Terör Örgütü (FETÖ)” [American Board (ABCFM) and Fetullah Terrorist Organization (FETO)], Akademik Tarih ve Düşünce Dergisi, Vol. 7, No. 3, 2020, pp. 1431-1474.
  • ÇOBAN DÖŞKAYA, Füsun, “Mary Lyon: Mount Holyoke Kız İlahiyat Okulu ve Mezunlarının Osmanlı Devleti’nde Eğitim Misyonerliği Faaliyetleri” [Mary Lyon: Mount Holyoke Female Seminary and Educational Missionary Activities of Its Graduates in the Ottoman State], History Studies, Vol. 12, No. 4, 2020, pp. 1665-1701.
  • ÇOBAN DÖŞKAYA, Füsun, “Amerikan Board’un Kılavuz ve El Kitaplarının Analizi” [An Analysis of American Board’s Manuals and Handbooks], History Studies, Vol. 13, No. 4, 2021, pp. 1125-1143.
  • ÇOBAN DÖŞKAYA, Füsun, “Osmanlı Devleti’nde Amerikalı Misyonerlerin Antlaşma Hakları” [Treaty Rights of American Missionaries in the Ottoman State], Akademik Tarih ve Düşünce Dergisi, Vol. 8, No. 3, 2021, pp. 769-798.
  • FAIRBANK, John K., “Foreword”, Sun Yat-Sen and the Origins of the Chinese Revolution, University of California Press, 1968.
  • Jonathan Green to Rufus Anderson, 18 October 1832, Missionary Letters to the ABCFM, Hawaiian Mission Children’s Society Library Collections, Mission Houses Museum, Honolulu.
  • KASHAY, Jennifer Fish “Agents of Imperialism: Missionaries and Merchants in Early-Nineteenth-Century Hawaii”, The New England Quarterly Vol. 80, No. 2, 2007, pp. 280-298.
  • LAFFEY, John F., “Roots of French Imperialism in the Nineteenth Century: The Case of Lyon”, French Historical Studies, Vol. 6, No. 1, 1969, pp. 78-92.
  • LAZICH, Michael C., “American Missionaries and the Opium Trade in Nineteenth-Century China”, Journal of World History, Vol. 17, No. 2, 2006, pp. 197-223.
  • MA, Kan-Wen, “Sun Yat-Sen (1866–1925), a man to cure patients and the nationhis early years and medical career”, Journal of Medical Biography, Vol. 4, No. 3, 1996, pp. 161–170.
  • METALLO, Michael V., “American Missionaries, Sun Yat-Sen, and the Chinese Revolution”, Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 47, No. 2, 1978, pp. 261-282.
  • PORTER, Andrew, “Commerce and Christianity: The Rise and Fall of a Nineteenth-Century Missionary Slogan”, The Historical Journal, Vol. 28, No. 3, 1985, pp. 597-621.
  • SAHU, A. C., “Genesis and Growth of Indo-Chinese Opium Monopoly under East India Company”, Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, Vol. 38, 1977, pp. 529-533.
  • SOONG, Irma Tam, “Christianity and Dr. Sun Yat-sen’s Schooling in Hawai’i, 1879–83”, Chinese Historical Society of America, pp. 75-86. https://chsa. org/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/CHSA_HP2010_07_Soong.pdf
  • THOMSEN, Neil L., “No Such Sun Yat-sen: An Archival Success Story”, Chinese America: History and Perspectives, 1997, pp. 16-26. https://caamedia.org/ separatelivesbrokendreams/sunintro1.html
  • VARG, Paul A., “Motives in Protestant Missions, 1890-1917”, Church History, Vol. 23, No. 1, 1954, pp. 68-82.
  • Chinese Historical Society of America, “Sun Yat-sen’s 1911 Tour of America”, https://chsa.org/exhibits/online-exhibits/sun-yat-sen-an-americanlegacy/ sun-yat-sens-1911-tour-of-america (Date Accessed 08.02.2022)
  • Dr. Sun Yat-Sen Hawaii Foundation, “Sun Yat-sen’s Christian Schooling in Hawai’i”, 02.10.2008, http://sunyatsenhawaii.org/2008/09/02/sunyat- sens-christian-schooling-in-hawaii (Date Accessed 28.05.2022)
  • Punahou Archieves, “History of Punahou”, https://www.punahou.edu/ archives/history-of-punahou (Date Accessed 15.03.2022)
  • https://archives.saltresearch.org/handle/123456789/1?locale=en (Date Accessed 10.03.2022)
  • “Robert Morrison (1782-1834)”, https://web.archive.org/web/20130323080254/ http://www.wecf-cong.org/articles/robertmorrison.pdf (Date Accessed 10.04.2022)
  • Jessica Hannah, “American Missionaries in China: 1830-1900”, 4.20.2009, https:// wmpeople.wm.edu/site/page/jlhannah/americanmissionariesinchina (Date Accessed 27.05.2022)
  • Linda Lear Center Digital Collections and Exhibitions, “Efforts of the ABCFM in 19th Century China”, https://lc-digital.conncoll.edu/exhibits/show/ gold-journal/essays/abcfm (Date Accessed 22.05.2022)
  • USC US-China Institute, “Treaty of Tianjin (Tien-Tsin), 1858: Treaty between the United States of America and the Empire of China”, https://china.usc. edu/treaty-tianjin-tien-tsin-1858 (Date Accessed 12.04.2022)
  • The University of Hong Kong Medical Alumni Association, “Photo Gallery-The Foundation of Medical Faculty”, https://www.med.hku.hk/hkumaa/ history-part1.php (Date Accessed 15.03.2022)
  • The Center for Asian American Media, “9995/Sun Yat Sen”, https://caamedia. org/separatelivesbrokendreams/sun8.html (Date Accessed 11.5.2022)
  • “Treaty of Tientsin [Tianjin], 1858”, China’s External Relations: A History, https:// web.archive.org/web/20160304224140/http://chinaforeignrelations. net/node/206 (Date Accessed 22.04.2022)

AMERICAN BOARD ACTIVITIES IN CHINA AND SUN YAT-SEN

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 22 Sayı: 44, 409 - 443, 25.10.2022

Öz

American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (ABCFM), shortly known
as the American Board, was one of the leading Protestant missionary organizations in the
United States in the nineteenth century. This study concentrates on the American Board’s
missionary activities in China, which have great importance in terms of China’s history.
The study also provides information about the history of missionary work that took place
within mainland China and formed a partial basis of the regional policies of the Asia-Pacific
region and concentrates on their purpose and results. In this study, to limit the American
Board’s activities in China, only its impact on Sun Yat-Sen (1866-1925) has been focused
on. Sun Yat-Sen was the first provisional President of the Republic of China and is widely
known as the “founding father” of the Republic of China, which ended thousands of years
of dynastic rule. He is considered one of the most outstanding leaders of modern China. He
attended missionary schools and was baptized by American Board missionaries. Although
missionaries influenced him throughout his life, he thought the USA had failed him before he
died. This study aims to show how effective the American Board was in China through the
example of Sun Yat-Sen. After all, as a Christian and an American citizen with a Western-style
education, Sun Yat-Sen is a missionary product and has come to the highest position possible
in his country.

Kaynakça

  • BARTLETT, Samuel Colcord, Historical Sketch of the Missions of the American Board in China, Published by the Board, Boston, 1878.
  • BROWN, Arthur J., Report of a Visitation of the China Missions, Board of Foreign Missions of the Presbyterian Church, New York, 1902.
  • Facts You Should Know Regarding the American Board 1923-1924, ABCFM, Boston, 1920. https://archive.org/details/factsyoushouldkn00amer/page/ n11/mode/2up (Date accessed 01.04.2022)
  • HAGER, Charles Robert, “Doctor Sun Yat Sen: Some Personal Reminiscences”, The Missionary Herald, Vol. 108, No. 4, April 1912, p. 171-174.
  • https://archive.org/details/missionaryherald1084amer/page/171/ mode/1up?view=theater
  • National Archives San Francisco, “Immigration Arrival Investigation Case Files, 1884-1944”, Record Group 85 Immigration and Naturalization Service, p. 15-16. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5a81dadde9bfdff9a97b0da7/t/ 5d276e576e392d000188df98/1562865246177/NARA+San+Francisco+Di strict+Inventory+%28rev.+12-2018%29.pdf
  • Papers of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, Documents administered by the Houghton Library of Harvard University, Also includes individual reel units from 1-6, Guide to the Microfilm Collection, Research Publications International, Woodbridge, CT, 1994
  • US Department of State, Office of the Historian, Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, With the Annual Message of the President Transmitted to Congress December 3, 1912, “Revolution; abdication of the Manchu rulers; establishment of a provisional republican government; concerted action of the Powers; correspondence concerning recognition of the Republic of China”, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/ frus1912/ch11
  • US Department of State Archive, “United States Relations with China: From Trade to the Open Door (1784-1900)”, https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/ pa/ho/pubs/fs/90392.htm
  • BERGÈRE, Marie-Claire, Sun Yat-Sen, Trans. Janet Lloyd, Stanford University Press, Stanford, 1994.
  • COHEN, Paul A., China and Christianity: The Missionary Movement and the Growth of Chinese Antiforeignism 1860-1870, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 1963.
  • ÇOBAN DÖŞKAYA, Füsun, Amerikan Board Arşiv Belgeleri Işığında Corinna Shattuck, Mary Haratounian ve Urfa Körler Okulu, [Corinna Shattuck, Mary Haratounian and Urfa School for the Blind in American Board Archives], Berikan Yayınevi, Ankara, 2021.
  • FAIRBANK, John K., (Ed.) The Missionary Enterprise in China and America, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1974.
  • GOLDSTEIN, Jonathan, Jerry Israel and Hilary Conroy (Eds.), America Views China: American Images of China Then and Now, Lehigh University Press, Bethlehem, 1991.
  • HADDAD, John R., America’s First Adventure in China: Trade, Treaties, Opium, and Salvation, Temple University Press, Philadelphia, 2013.
  • HSO, Immanuel C. Y., The Rise of Modern China, 6th ed., Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2000.
  • JOHNSTON, Reginald Fleming, Twilight in the Forbidden City, Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, Beijing, 2008.
  • SCHIFFRIN, Harold Z., Sun Yat-Sen and the Origins of the Chinese Revolution, University of California Press, 1968.
  • SHARMAN, Lyon, Sun Yat-Sen His Life and Its Meaning: A Critical Biography, Stanford University Press, California, 1968.
  • STOCK, Eugene, A Short Handbook of Missions, Longmans, Green and Co, London 1904.
  • TIEDEMANN, R. G., Reference Guide to Christian Missionary Societies in China: From the 16th to the 20th Century, M. E. Sharpe, Inc, New York, 2009.
  • TWITCHETT, Denis and John K. Fairbank (Eds), The Cambridge History of China, Vol 10 Late Ching 1800-1911 Part I, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1978.
  • YANG, Fenggang and J. E. E. Pettit, Atlas of Religion in China: Social and Geographical Contexts, Brill Publications, Boston, 2018.
  • YAT- SEN, Sun, Memoirs of a Chinese Revolutionary: A Programme of National Reconstruction for China, AMS Press, London, 1970.
  • VARG, Paul A., Missionaries, Chinese, and Diplomats: The American Protestant Missionary Movement in China, 1890-1952, Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 1958.
  • A CHINA MISSIONARY, “First Thoughts on the Debacle of Christian Missions in China”, African Affairs, Vol. 51, No. 202, 1952, pp. 33-41.
  • BARNETT, Suzanne W., “Silent Evangelism: Presbyterians and the Mission Press in China, 1807-1860”, Journal of Presbyterian History (1962-1985) Vol. 49, No. 4, 1971, pp. 287-302.
  • BIGGERSTAFF, Knight, “A Translation of Anson Burlingame’s Instructions from the Chinese Foreign Office”, The Far Eastern Quarterly, Vol. 1, No. 3, 1942, pp. 277-279.
  • ÇOBAN DÖŞKAYA, Füsun, “Amerikan Board ve Misyoner Corinna Shattuck’ın Urfa Faaliyetleri” [The American Board and the Oorfa Activities of Missionary Corinna Shattuck], Akademik Tarih ve Düşünce Dergisi, Vol. 5, No. 14, 2018, pp. 84-119.
  • ÇOBAN DÖŞKAYA, Füsun, “Amerikan Board (ABCFM) ve Fetullahçı Terör Örgütü (FETÖ)” [American Board (ABCFM) and Fetullah Terrorist Organization (FETO)], Akademik Tarih ve Düşünce Dergisi, Vol. 7, No. 3, 2020, pp. 1431-1474.
  • ÇOBAN DÖŞKAYA, Füsun, “Mary Lyon: Mount Holyoke Kız İlahiyat Okulu ve Mezunlarının Osmanlı Devleti’nde Eğitim Misyonerliği Faaliyetleri” [Mary Lyon: Mount Holyoke Female Seminary and Educational Missionary Activities of Its Graduates in the Ottoman State], History Studies, Vol. 12, No. 4, 2020, pp. 1665-1701.
  • ÇOBAN DÖŞKAYA, Füsun, “Amerikan Board’un Kılavuz ve El Kitaplarının Analizi” [An Analysis of American Board’s Manuals and Handbooks], History Studies, Vol. 13, No. 4, 2021, pp. 1125-1143.
  • ÇOBAN DÖŞKAYA, Füsun, “Osmanlı Devleti’nde Amerikalı Misyonerlerin Antlaşma Hakları” [Treaty Rights of American Missionaries in the Ottoman State], Akademik Tarih ve Düşünce Dergisi, Vol. 8, No. 3, 2021, pp. 769-798.
  • FAIRBANK, John K., “Foreword”, Sun Yat-Sen and the Origins of the Chinese Revolution, University of California Press, 1968.
  • Jonathan Green to Rufus Anderson, 18 October 1832, Missionary Letters to the ABCFM, Hawaiian Mission Children’s Society Library Collections, Mission Houses Museum, Honolulu.
  • KASHAY, Jennifer Fish “Agents of Imperialism: Missionaries and Merchants in Early-Nineteenth-Century Hawaii”, The New England Quarterly Vol. 80, No. 2, 2007, pp. 280-298.
  • LAFFEY, John F., “Roots of French Imperialism in the Nineteenth Century: The Case of Lyon”, French Historical Studies, Vol. 6, No. 1, 1969, pp. 78-92.
  • LAZICH, Michael C., “American Missionaries and the Opium Trade in Nineteenth-Century China”, Journal of World History, Vol. 17, No. 2, 2006, pp. 197-223.
  • MA, Kan-Wen, “Sun Yat-Sen (1866–1925), a man to cure patients and the nationhis early years and medical career”, Journal of Medical Biography, Vol. 4, No. 3, 1996, pp. 161–170.
  • METALLO, Michael V., “American Missionaries, Sun Yat-Sen, and the Chinese Revolution”, Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 47, No. 2, 1978, pp. 261-282.
  • PORTER, Andrew, “Commerce and Christianity: The Rise and Fall of a Nineteenth-Century Missionary Slogan”, The Historical Journal, Vol. 28, No. 3, 1985, pp. 597-621.
  • SAHU, A. C., “Genesis and Growth of Indo-Chinese Opium Monopoly under East India Company”, Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, Vol. 38, 1977, pp. 529-533.
  • SOONG, Irma Tam, “Christianity and Dr. Sun Yat-sen’s Schooling in Hawai’i, 1879–83”, Chinese Historical Society of America, pp. 75-86. https://chsa. org/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/CHSA_HP2010_07_Soong.pdf
  • THOMSEN, Neil L., “No Such Sun Yat-sen: An Archival Success Story”, Chinese America: History and Perspectives, 1997, pp. 16-26. https://caamedia.org/ separatelivesbrokendreams/sunintro1.html
  • VARG, Paul A., “Motives in Protestant Missions, 1890-1917”, Church History, Vol. 23, No. 1, 1954, pp. 68-82.
  • Chinese Historical Society of America, “Sun Yat-sen’s 1911 Tour of America”, https://chsa.org/exhibits/online-exhibits/sun-yat-sen-an-americanlegacy/ sun-yat-sens-1911-tour-of-america (Date Accessed 08.02.2022)
  • Dr. Sun Yat-Sen Hawaii Foundation, “Sun Yat-sen’s Christian Schooling in Hawai’i”, 02.10.2008, http://sunyatsenhawaii.org/2008/09/02/sunyat- sens-christian-schooling-in-hawaii (Date Accessed 28.05.2022)
  • Punahou Archieves, “History of Punahou”, https://www.punahou.edu/ archives/history-of-punahou (Date Accessed 15.03.2022)
  • https://archives.saltresearch.org/handle/123456789/1?locale=en (Date Accessed 10.03.2022)
  • “Robert Morrison (1782-1834)”, https://web.archive.org/web/20130323080254/ http://www.wecf-cong.org/articles/robertmorrison.pdf (Date Accessed 10.04.2022)
  • Jessica Hannah, “American Missionaries in China: 1830-1900”, 4.20.2009, https:// wmpeople.wm.edu/site/page/jlhannah/americanmissionariesinchina (Date Accessed 27.05.2022)
  • Linda Lear Center Digital Collections and Exhibitions, “Efforts of the ABCFM in 19th Century China”, https://lc-digital.conncoll.edu/exhibits/show/ gold-journal/essays/abcfm (Date Accessed 22.05.2022)
  • USC US-China Institute, “Treaty of Tianjin (Tien-Tsin), 1858: Treaty between the United States of America and the Empire of China”, https://china.usc. edu/treaty-tianjin-tien-tsin-1858 (Date Accessed 12.04.2022)
  • The University of Hong Kong Medical Alumni Association, “Photo Gallery-The Foundation of Medical Faculty”, https://www.med.hku.hk/hkumaa/ history-part1.php (Date Accessed 15.03.2022)
  • The Center for Asian American Media, “9995/Sun Yat Sen”, https://caamedia. org/separatelivesbrokendreams/sun8.html (Date Accessed 11.5.2022)
  • “Treaty of Tientsin [Tianjin], 1858”, China’s External Relations: A History, https:// web.archive.org/web/20160304224140/http://chinaforeignrelations. net/node/206 (Date Accessed 22.04.2022)
Toplam 56 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Füsun Çoban Döşkaya Bu kişi benim 0000-0001-8121-4139

Halim Onur Andaç Bu kişi benim 0000-0003-2032-1330

Yayımlanma Tarihi 25 Ekim 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 20 Haziran 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 22 Sayı: 44

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Çoban Döşkaya, Füsun, ve Halim Onur Andaç. “AMERICAN BOARD ACTIVITIES IN CHINA AND SUN YAT-SEN”. Çağdaş Türkiye Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi 22, sy. 44 (Ekim 2022): 409-43.