Mediator Role of Psychological Well-Being in the Relationship Between Parent ’s Regulation of Child's Emotion and Child ’s Emotion Regulation

Öz

The purpose of the present study was to analyze the mediating role of psychological well-being in the relationship between parents’ regulation of their children’s emotions and childs’ regulation of their own emotion. The study group consisted of 386 mothers living in different cities of Turkey. To collect the data, the convenience sampling method was applied, and the measurement tools were published on an online platform and presented to the participants for their answers. The data of the research were obtained using the Parent Emotion Regulation Scale (PERS), Emotion Regulation Checklist, Psychological Well-Being Scale, and the personal information form. Pearson moment correlation analysis and parallel multiple variable analysis (PROCESS) in the data analysis. According to the findings obtained from the study, psychological well-being significantly mediates the relationship between parent ’s child’s emotion regulation and child's emotion regulation. This result shows that the psychological well-being of the parent plays a mediating role in the emotion regulation process in the relationship between the parent ’s regulation of the child ’s emotion and the child ’s regulation of their own emotion. This result of the research was discussed within the scope of the relevant literature, and suggestions were made for future research.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Parent ’s Regulation of the Child’s Emotion
• Child ’s Regulation of His/Her Own Emotion
• Psychological Well-being
• Mediator Analysis

Ebeveynin Çocuğunun Duygusunu Düzenlemesi ile Çocuğun Duygu Düzenlemesi İlişkisinde Psikolojik İyi Oluşun Aracı Rolü

Öz

Bu araştırmanın amacı, okul öncesi dönemde çocuğu olan ebeveynlerin çocuklarının duygusunu düzenlemesi ile çocuğun kendi duygusunu düzenlemesi arasındaki ilişkide psikolojik iyi oluşun aracı rolünün incelenmesidir. Araştırmanın çalışma grubunu, Türkiye’ nin farklı şehirlerinde yaşayan toplam 386 anne oluşturmaktadır. Katılımcılara ulaşabilmek amacıyla uygun (kolay ulaşılabilir) örnekleme yöntemi uygulanmış, ölçme araçları ise çevrimiçi bir platformda yayınlanarak katılımcılara ulaşılmıştır. Veri toplama aracı olarak, Anne-Baba Duygu Düzenleme Ölçeği, Duygu Düzenleme Ölçeği, Psikolojik İyi Oluş Ölçeği ve kişisel bilgi formu kullanılarak araştırmanın verileri elde edilmiştir. Verilerin analizinde, Pearson moment korelasyon analizi ve Paralel Çoklu Değişken Analizi (PROCESS) kullanılmıştır. Araştırmadan elde edilen bulgulara göre, ebeveynin çocuğunun duygusunu düzenlemesi ile çocuğun kendi duygusunu düzenlemesi arasındaki ilişkide psikolojik iyi oluş anlamlı düzeyde aracılık etmektedir. Araştırmadan elde edilen bu sonuç ilgili alan yazın kapsamında tartışılmış ve gelecekteki araştırmalara yönelik önerilerde bulunulmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Ebeveynin Çocuğunun Duygusunu Düzenlemesi
• Çocuğun Kendi Duygusunu Düzenlemesi
• Psikolojik İyi Oluş
• Aracılık Analizi

Kaynakça

1. Ahçı, Z. G., Akdeniz, S., Harmancı, H., Akaroğlu, E. G., & Seçer, İ. (2020). The validity and reliability study of the Turkish version of parent emotion regulation scale. European Journal of Educational Studies, 6(11). 221-229. Doi: 10.5281/zenodo.3633421
2. Apaydın Demirci, Z., Arslan, E., & Temel, M. (2020). Examination of preschool children's emotion regulation and interpersonal problem solving skills. Turkish Journal of Educational Sciences, 18(2), 406–421. https://doi.org/10.37217/tebd.714803
3. Atan, A. (2020). Psychological well-being in 5-6 year old children: A model proposal and the predictive role of personality types, ego states and psychological well-being levels of parents and teachers [Unpublished master's thesis]. Pamukkale University.
4. Ayan, B. E. (2019). The mediating role of cognitive distortions and emotion regulation difficulties in the relationship between early maladaptive schemas and psychological well-being [Unpublished master's thesis]. Medipol University.
5. Batum, P., & Yağmurlu, B. (2007). What counts in externalizing behaviors? The contributions of emotion and behavior regulation. Current Psychology, 25(4), 272–294. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02915236
6. Ben-Zur, H. (2003). Happy adolescents: The link between subjective well-being, internal resources and parental factors. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 32(2), 67–79. –79. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021864432505
7. Berlin, L. J., & Cassidy, J. (2003). Mothers' self-reported control of their preschool children's emotional expressiveness: A longitudinal study of associations within infant-mother attachment and children's emotion regulation. Social Development, 12(4), 477–495. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9507.00244
8. Bilge, Y., & Sezgin, E. (2021). The mediating role of mother's personality traits and attachment styles in the relationship between mother and child emotion regulation. Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry, 21(3), 310–318.

9. Brannon, E. E. (2013). The development of emotion regulation in children: The role of temperament and parent socialization [Unpublished master's thesis]. Oklahoma State University.
10. Bronson, M. B. (2000). Self-regulation in early childhood: Nature and nurture. Guilford Press.
11. Cole, P. M., Michel, M. K., & Teti, L. O. (1994). The development of emotion regulation and dysregulation: A clinical perspective. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 59(2-3), 73–100. https://doi.org/10.2307/1166139
12. Diener, E., Wirtz, D., Biswas-Diener, R., Tov, W., Kim-Prieto, C., Choi, D., Oishi, S. (2009). New measures of well-being. Social Indicators Research Series, 39, 247-266. Doi: 10.1007/978-90-481-2354-4_12
13. Dodge, K. A., & Garber, J. (1991). Domains of emotion regulation. In J. Garber, & K. Dodge (Eds), The development of emotion regulation and dysregulation (pp. 3–11). Cambridge University.
14. Duman, A. E. (2022). The mediating role of emotion regulation difficulties in the relationship between parental emotional availability and well-being [Unpublished master's thesis]. Hacettepe University.
15. Eisenberg, N. E., & Fabes, R. A. (1992). Emotion and its regulation in early development. Jossey-Bass.
16. Eisenberg, N., Shepard, S. A., Fabes, R. A., Murphy, B. C., & Guthrie, I.K. (1998). Shyness and children's emotionality, regulation, and coping: Contemporaneous, longitudinal, and across-context relationships. Child Development, 69(3), 767–790. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1998.00767.x
17. Eisenberg, N., & Spinrad, T. L. (2004). Emotion‐related regulation: Sharpening the definition. Child Development, 75(2), 334–339.
18. Fırat, B. (2020). Examination of emotion regulation skills of 48-72 month old children according to mothers' emotion regulation difficulties and adult attachment styles [Unpublished master's thesis]. İstanbul Arel University.
19. Fox, N. A., & Calkins, S. D. (2003). The development of self-control of emotion: Intrinsic and extrinsic influences. Motivation and Emotion, 27(1), 7–26. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1023622324898
20. Furman, W., & Buhrmester, D. (1985). Children's perceptions of the personal relationship ships in their social networks. Developmental Psychology, 21(6), 1016-1024.
21. Farmer, A. S., & Kashdan, T. B. (2012). Social anxiety and emotion regulation in daily life: Spillover effects on positive and negative social events. Cognitive Behavior Therapy, 41(2), 152–162. https://doi.org/10.1080/16506073.2012.666561
22. Gottman, J. M.,Katz, L. F., & Hooven, C. (1996). Parental meta-emotion philosophy and the emotional life of families: theoretical models and preliminary data. Journal of Family Psychology, 10(3), 243-268. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.10.3.243
23. Gratz, K. L., & Roemer, L. (2004). Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dysregulation: Development, factor structure, and initial validation of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 26(1), 41–54. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JOBA.0000007455.08539.94
24. Gross, J. J. (2014). Emotion regulation: Conceptual and empirical foundations. J. J. Gross (Ed.), Handbook of emotion regulation (pp. 3–20). Guilford Press.
25. Gross, J. J., & John, O. P. (2003). Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: Implications for affect, relationships, and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(2), 348–362. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.348
26. Gross, J. J., & Munoz, R. F. (1995). Emotion regulation and mental health. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 2(2), 151–164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2850.1995.tb00036.x
27. Güven, E. (2018). A systematic model proposal in the context of emotion regulation difficulties in children [Unpublished doctoral thesis]. Ankara University.
28. Huberty, T. J. (2012). Anxiety and depression in children and adolescents: assessment, intervention and prevention. Springer.
29. Hurrell, K. E., Hudson, J. L., & Schniering, C. A. (2015). Parental reactions to children's negative emotions: Relationships with emotion regulation in children with an anxiety disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 29, 72–82. Doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2014.10.008
30. İnce, S. (2020). Examining the emotional regulation skills of preschool children and the emotional socialization behaviors of their mothers, fathers and teachers [Unpublished master’s thesis]. Gazi University.
31. John, O. O., & Gross J. J. (2004). Healthy and unhealthy emotion regulation: Personality processes, individual differences, and life span development. Journal of Personality, 72(6), 1301–1334. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2004.00298.x
32. Kağıtçıbaşı, Ç., Sunar, D., & Bekman, S. (2001). Long-term effects of early intervention: Turkish low income mothers and children. Applied Developmental Psychology, 22, 333-361.
33. Kahraman, S., & Tanrıkulu, T. (2019). The effectiveness of the psychoeducational program in parents' communication with their gifted children. Turkish Journal of Gifted Intelligence and Education, 9(1), 32–46.
34. Kahraman, S., & Alemdar, E. (2021). The mediating role of conscious awareness in the relationship between emotion regulation strategies of mothers with preschool children and their communication with their children. Journal of Family Psychological Counseling, 4(2), 27–52.
35. Kalpidou, M. D., Power, T. G., Cherry, K. E., & Gottfried, N. W. (2004). Regulation of emotion and behavior among 3-and 5-year-olds. The Journal of General Psychology, 131(2), 159–178. https://doi.org/10.3200/GENP.131.2.159-180
36. Karasar, N. (2020). Scientific research methods. Nobel Publishing House.
37. Karaş, Z., & Altun, F. (2022). Emotion regulation skills of preschool children: What is the role of the child's temperament and the parent's emotional intelligence and psychological well-being? Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli University SBE Journal, 12(2), 1268–1283. Doi: https://doi.org/10.30783/nevsosbilen.987751
38. Kayar, A. (2021). Depressive symptoms and effects of childhood trauma on university students. Self-criticism and emotion regulation in its relationship with self-harming behavior. Examining the mediating role of difficulty [Unpublished master’s thesis]. Hacettepe University.
39. Kındıroğlu, Z., & Ekici, F.Y. (2019). The relationship between parents' psychological well-being and psychological resilience levels and children's social competence and behavior. Adıyaman University Journal of Educational Sciences, 9(1), 138–158. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.17984/adyuebd.458224
40. Koca, D. (2019). Self-efficacy and well-being in gifted adolescents: The mediating role of emotion regulation [Unpublished master’s thesis]. İstanbul Sabahattin Zaim University.
41. Kurbet, H. (2010). Examination of the emotional regulation skills of kindergarten children and their mothers' empathic tendencies and attitudes [Unpublished master’s thesis]. Gazi University.
42. Leland A.J. (2014). Preschoolers' emotion regulation: Maternal perspectives on tantrums and emotion regulation [Unpublished master’s thesis]. University of Connecticut.
43. Metin, I. (2010). The effects of dispositional anger, effortful control and maternal responsiveness on Turkish preschoolers' emotion regulation. [Unpublished master’s thesis]. Koc University.
44. Morris, A. S., Silk, J. S., Steinberg, L., Myers, S. S., & Robinson, L. R. (2007). The role of the family context in the development of emotion regulation. Social Development, 16(2), 361–388. Doi:10.1111/j.1467-9507.2007.00389.x
45. Marroquín, B., Tennen, H., & Stanton, A. L. (2017). Coping, emotion regulation, and well-being: Intrapersonal and interpersonal processes. The Happy Mind: Cognitive Contributions to Well-Being, 253–274. Springer International Publishing/Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58763-9_14
46. Pektaş, E. (2015). Examining the relationship between university students' perceived parental acceptance-rejection and depression and trait anxiety levels: The mediating role of emotion regulation difficulties [Unpublished master’s thesis]. Hacettepe University.
47. Pereira, A. I., Barros, L., Roberto, M. S., & Marques, T. (2017). Development of the parent emotion regulation scale (PERS): Factor structure and psychometric qualities. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 26(12), 3327–3338. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-017-0847-9
48. Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(6), 1069–1081. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.57.6.1069
49. Ryff, C. D., & Keyes, C. L. (1995). The structure of psychological well-being revisited. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 719–727. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022- 3514.69.4.719
50. Shields, A., & Cicchetti, D. (1997). Emotion regulation among school-age children: The development and validation of a new criterion Q-sort scale. Developmental Psychology, 33(6), 906-916. Doi: 10.1037//0012-1649.33.6.906.
51. Sille, A. (2016). The relationship between mother's emotional socialization and 48-72 month old children's emotion regulation skills [Unpublished master’s thesis]. Institute of Social Sciences, Maltepe University.
52. Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics. Boston: MA: Pearson Publishing.
53. Telef, B. B. (2013). Psychological well-being scale (PIOO): Adaptation to Turkish, validity and reliability study. Hacettepe Faculty of Education Journal, 28(3), 374–384.
54. Thompson, R. A. (1994). Emotion regulation: A theme in search of definition. Monographs of The Society for Research in Child Development, 59(2-3), 25–52, 250–283. https://doi.org/10.2307/1166137
55. Thompson, R. A., & Calkins., S. D. (1996). The double-edged sword: Emotion regulation in high risk children. Development and Psychopathology, 8, 163–182. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579400007021
56. Tuzgöl-Dost, M., Aytac, M., & Kıbrıslıoğlu-Uysal, N. (2019). The predictive power of parenting style on personality traits, self-esteem and life satisfaction. Electronic Social Journal of Sciences, 18(71), 1146–1165.