Conflicting Worldviews: The Disintegration of Protestant Evangelical Christianity

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 23 Sayı: 1, 188 - 205, 30.06.2023

Özlem Topcan

https://doi.org/10.30627/cuilah.1281268

Öz

The concept of “worldview” has become an important academic research field to comprehend the rapidly changing social dynamics in religious and philosophical domains, notably after 1950-1960. Each worldview with religious or secular beliefs has its meanings, principles, nature and characters. With the rise of modernism, Protestant Christianity, marginalised in the scientific and public spheres and confined to the private sphere, constructed the idea of "worldview" within the boundaries of its belief principles and created challenges to modern-secular society. Its worldview is divine and focuses on God's sovereignty over all life. Rather than purely doctrinal, it has a structure encompassing all the dynamics of individual and public life regarding religion, morality and politics. From a Calvinist perspective, the Protestant Evangelical worldview is promoted to people as "a system of truth and life that can withstand all problems" because of its ontological premise.

Anahtar Kelimeler

History of Religious, Philosophy, Worldview, Evangelic, Modernism, Secularism

Proje Numarası

2219/2

ÇATIŞAN DÜNYA GÖRÜŞLERİ: PROTESTAN EVANJELİK HIRİSTİYANLIĞIN AYRIŞMASI

Öz

“Dünya Görüşü” kavramı hızla değişen sosyal dinamiklerin anlaşılabilmesi için özellikle 1950-1960’dan sonra dini ve felsefi açıdan akademik alanda yoğun şekilde araştırma konusu haline gelmiştir. Dini veya seküler inanç esaslarına sahip birçok dünya görüşü mevcuttur. Bunların kendilerine göre anlamları, ilkeleri, doğası ve karakterleri bulunmaktadır. Modernizm akımının ortaya çıkmasıyla beraber bilimsel ve kamusal alandan dışlanan ve bireysel alana sıkışan Protestan Hıristiyanlık inancı, bu dönemde, felsefe alanında kullanılan “dünya görüşü” kavramını kendi inanç esasları kapsamında dönüştürmüş ve modern-seküler kültüre karşı inanç savaşında kullanmıştır. Protestan Evanjelik dünya görüşü, yaşamın bütününde Tanrı’nın egemenliğine odaklanan “ilahi” bir karaktere sahiptir. Salt doktriner olmaktan ziyade, dini, ahlaki ve siyasi açıdan bireysel ve kamusal yaşam alanlarının tüm dinamiklerini kapsayan bir yapıdadır. Kalvinist bakış açısıyla ilk öncül varsayımı ontolojik olan Protestan Evanjelik dünya görüşü, “tüm sorunlara karşı koyabilecek bir hakikat ve yaşam sistemi” olarak bireylere sunulmaktadır. Dolayısıyla, gelişen yenidünya düzeninde ortaya çıkabilecek tüm toplumsal sorunların da çözüm adresi olarak gösterilmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Dinler Tarihi, Felsefe, Dünya Görüşü, Evanjelik, Modernizm, Sekülerizm.

Destekleyen Kurum

TÜBİTAK (Bu araştırma, 2219/2 Yurtdışı Doktora Sonrası Araştırma Burs Programı kapsamında TÜBİTAK tarafından desteklenmiştir.)

Proje Numarası

2219/2

Teşekkür

Groningen Üniversiteside araştırma ve çalışmalarıma imkân sağlayan TÜBİTAK’a teşekkürlerimi sunarım

Kaynakça

• Antoun, Richard T. Understanding Fundamentalism: Christian, Islamic and Jewish Movements. Walnut Creek, Lanham, New York, Oxford: AltaMira Press, 2001.
• Bartholomew, Craig G. Contours of the Kuyperian Tradition. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2017.
• Bratt, James D. Abraham Kuyper: Modern Calvinist, Christian Democrat. Grand Rapids, Michigan, Cambridge, UK: William B. Eerdsmans Publishing Company, 2013.
• Clark, Maudemarie. Nietzsche on Truth and Philosophy. Cambridge, New York, Port Chester, Melbourne, Sydney: Cambridge University Press, 1990.
• Dooyeweerd, Herman. A New Critique of Theoretical Thought: The Necessary Presuppositions of Philosophy. çev. William S. Young-David H. Freeman. USA: The Presbyterian and Reformed Publishing Company, 1969.
• Dooyeweerd, Herman. Roots of Western Culture: Pagan, Secular and Christian Oprions. Toronto: Wedge Publishing Foundation, 1979.
• Elshtain, Jean Bethke. Sovereignty: God, State and Self. New York: Basic Books, 2008.
• Geertz, Clifford. Yerel Bilgi, çev. Kudret Emiroğlu, Ankara: Dost Kitabevi, 2007.
• Hankins, Barry. American Evangelicals: A Contemporary History of a Mainstream Religious Movement, United States of America: y Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc, 2009.
• Hamilton, Michael S. “American Evangelicalism: Character, Function, and Trajectories of Change.” The Future of Evangelicalism in America, ed. Candy Gunther Brown-Mark Silk. New York: Columbia University Press, 2016.
• Henderson, Roger. “The Development of the Principle of Distributed Authority, or Sphere Sovereignty,” Philosophia Reformata 82/1 (Nisan, 2017), 74-99. https://doi.org/10.1163/23528230-08201005
• Huntington, Samuel P. Who Are We: The Challenges to America’s National Identity. New York, London, Toronto, Sydney: Simon & Schuster Paperbacks, 2004.
• Paul G. Hiebert, Transforming Worldviews: An Anthropological Understanding of How People Change (Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker Academic, 2008), 30.
• Jones, Julie Scott. Being the Chosen: Exploring a Christian Fundamentalist Worldview. UK: Ashgate Publishing Company, 2010.
• Kuyper, Abraham. Calvinism: Six Lectures Delivered in the Theological Seminary at Princeton. New York, Chicago, Toronto: Fleming H. Revell Company, 1898.
• Levine, Peter. Nietzsche and the Modern Crisis of the Humanities. Albany: State of New York University Press, 1995.
• Marsden, George M. The Soul of the American University: From Protestant Establishment to Established Nonbelief. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994.
• Marsden, George M. Understanding Fundamentalism and Evangelicalism. Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdsmans Publishing Company, 1991.
• Mcilroy, David H. “Subsidiarity and Sphere Sovereignty: Christian Reflections on the Size, Shape and Scope of Government,” Journal of Church and State 45/4 (Sonbahar, 2003), 739–763. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23920937
• Moreland, J. P.-William Lane Craig. Philosophical Foundations For a Christian Worldview. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2003.
• Niebuhr, Reinhold. Faith and History: A Comparison of Christian and Modern Views of History. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1949.
• Naugle, David K. Worldview: The History of a Concept. Grand Rapids, Michigan, Cambridge, UK: William B. Eerdsmans Publishing Company, 2002.
• Olson, Laura R.-Warber, Adam L. “The Mainline Protestant Vote,” Religion and the Bush Presidency, Ed. Mark J. Rozell and Gleaves Whitney, United States: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007.
• Orr, James. Christian View of God and the World. PDF: Christian Classics Ethereal Library, 9. Basım 1908. http://www.ccel.org
• Plank, William. Nietzsche ve Varlık: Güç Istenci ve Dağıtık Sistemlerin Doğası Üzerine. İstanbul: Mitra Yayınları, 2012.
• Schaeffer, Francis A. A Christian Manifesto. Wheaton, Illinois: Crossway Books, 1981.
• Sire, James W. Naming the Elephant: Worldview as a Concept. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2004.
• Tarnas, Richard. The Passion of the Western Mind. London: Pimlico, 2010.
• Topcan, Özlem, “Protestan Evanjeliklerin Amerika-İsrail İlişkilerindeki Rolü Üzerine Teolojik, Politik ve Tarihsel Değerlendirme,” Turkish Academic Research Review 7/4 (2022).
• Tuininga, Matthew J. Calvin’s Political Theology and the Public Engagement of the Church. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 2017.
• Uygur, Nermi. Dünya Görüşü. İstanbul: Elif Yayınları, 1963.
• Vidal, Clement. The Beginning and the End: The Meaning of Life in a Cosmological Perspective. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing, 2014.
• Weir, Todd H. Defending the Faith: Global Histories of Apologetics and Politics in the Twentieth Century. UK: Oxford University Press, 2020.
• Wolters, Albert M. Creation Regained: Biblical Basics for a Reformational Worldview. Grand Rapids, Michigan, Cambridge, UK: William B. Eerdsmans Publishing Company, 2. Basım, 2005.
• Wolters, Albert M. “Dutch Neo-Calvinism: Worldview, Philosophy and Rationality.” Rationality in the Calvinian Tradition, ed. H Hart vd. 113-131. UPA: Toronto, 1983.
• Wolters, Albert M. “On The Idea of Worldview and Its Relation to Philosophy.” Stained Glass, ed. Paul A. Marshall vd. 14–25. Lanham, Md: University Press of America, 1983.