Boru Destekli Hava Soğutmalı Sistemlerin Lityum-İyon Batarya Paketlerindeki Termal Performansının İncelenmesi
Yıl 2025,
Cilt: 40 Sayı: 4
,
855
-
866
,
29.12.2025
Ferhat Akkuş
,
Mehmet Zerrakki Işık
Öz
Artan küresel enerji talebi ve çevresel kaygılar, fosil yakıtlara dayalı ulaşım sistemlerinde sürdürülebilir alternatiflerin geliştirilmesini zorunlu kılmıştır. Bu doğrultuda elektrikli araçlar, yüksek verimlilikleri ve sıfır emisyon özellikleriyle ön plana çıkmaktadır. Elektrikli araçların temel bileşenlerinden biri olan lityum-iyon bataryalar, termal kararlılık açısından dikkatle izlenmeli; aşırı ısınmanın önüne geçilmelidir. Bu çalışmada, tasarlanan geometrideki sahip lityum-iyon batarya paketlerinin termal davranışı, boru destekli hava soğutmalı sistemle sayısal ve deneysel olarak incelenmiştir. Farklı hava akış hızlarında ve boru konfigürasyonlarında analiz edilerek soğutma performansları karşılaştırılmıştır. Sonuçlar, artan hava hızı ve boru sayısının sıcaklık dağılımını iyileştirdiğini, hücreler arası sıcaklık farkını azalttığını ve maksimum sıcaklık değerlerini düşürdüğünü göstermektedir. Çalışma, elektrikli araçlarda batarya güvenliğini artırmaya yönelik termal yönetim sistemlerinin optimizasyonu için önemli bulgular sunmaktadır.
Teşekkür
Bu çalışma, yazarın doktora tezinin bir parçası olup, Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştırma Kurumu (TÜBİTAK) tarafından 2211-C Öncelikli Alanlara Yönelik Yurt İçi Doktora Burs Programı (Başvuru No: 1649B032205256) kapsamında desteklenmiştir. Ayrıca çalışma, Batman Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Koordinatörlüğü tarafından BTÜBAP-2022-Doktora-04 numaralı proje ile mali olarak desteklenmiştir. Sağlanan katkılar için TÜBİTAK’a ve Batman Üniversitesi’ne teşekkür ederiz
Kaynakça
-
1. Kartal, M.T. (2022). The role of consumption of energy, fossil sources, nuclear energy, and renewable energy on environmental degradation in top-five carbon producing countries. Renewable Energy, 184, 871-880.
-
2. Herzog, A.V., Lipman, T.E. & Kammen, D.M. (2000). Renewable Energy Sources. Energy and Resources Group. University of California, Berkeley, USA
-
3. Alkan, Ö. & Albayrak, Ö.K. (2020). Ranking of renewable energy sources for regions in Turkey by fuzzy entropy based fuzzy COPRAS and fuzzy MULTIMOORA. Renewable Energy, 162, 712-726.
-
4. Alrwashdeh, S.S. (2022). Energy sources assessment in Jordan. Results in Engineering, 13, 100329.
-
5. Lahnaoui, A., Wulf, C., Heinrichs, H. & Dalmazzone, D. (2018). Optimizing hydrogen transportation system for mobility by minimizing the cost of transportation via compressed gas truck in North Rhine-Westphalia. Applied Energy, 223, 317-328.
-
6. Erdoğan, B., Tan, A. & Tümay, M. (2024). Elektrikli araçlarda kullanılan batarya şarj uygulamaları için genetik algoritma ile geliştirilmiş bir rezonans dönüştürücü tasarımı. Çukurova Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Dergisi, 39(4), 1129-1142.
-
7. Karadöl, İ., Baltacı, U.S. & Keçecioğlu, Ö.F. (2024). Rüzgâr enerji santralleri rampa oranı: Türkiye örneği. Çukurova Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Dergisi, 39(3), 797-811.
-
8. Zhu, W. H., Zhu, Y. & Tatarchuk, B.J. (2014). Self-discharge characteristics and performance degradation of Ni-MH batteries for storage applications. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 39(34), 19789-19798.
-
9. Front Matter. (2021). In Uncertainties in Modern Power Systems [Internet]. Elsevier. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/B978012820491701001X, Erişim tarihi: 22.03.2025.
-
10. Ehsani, M., Gao, Y., Longo, S. & Ebrahimi, K (2018). Modern Electric, Hybrid Electric, and Fuel Cell Vehicles (3rd ed.). CRC Press. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9780429504884, Erişim tarihi: 22.03.2025.
-
11. Han, X., Ouyang, M., Lu, L. & Li, J. (2014). A comparative study of commercial lithium-ion battery cycle life in electric vehicle: Capacity loss estimation. Journal of Power Sources, 268, 658-669.
-
12. Wei, Y. & Agelin-Chaab, M. (2019). Development and experimental analysis of a hybrid cooling concept for electric vehicle battery packs. Journal of Energy Storage, 25, 100906.
-
13. Natkunarajah, N., Scharf, M. & Scharf, P. (2015). Scenarios for the return of lithium-ion batteries out of electric cars for recycling. Procedia CIRP, 29, 740-745.
-
14. Bulut, M. & Sözbir, N. (2022). Modeling and analysis of battery thermal control in a geostationary satellite. Sakarya University Journal of Science, 26(4), 666-676.
-
15. Li, Y., Chen, M., Bai, F., Song, W. & Feng, Z. (2019). Thermal equilibrium characteristic of large-size lithium-ion pouch battery: Resting time between charge and discharge. Energy Procedia, 158, 2623-2630.
-
16. Bai, F.-F., Chen, M.-B., Song, W.-J., Li, Y. & Feng, Z.-P. (2019). Thermal performance of pouch lithium-ion battery module cooled by phase change materials. Energy Procedia, 158, 3682-3689.
-
17. Baran, V., Mühlbauer, M.J., Schulz, M. & Pfanzelt, J. (2019). In operando studies of rotating prismatic Li-ion batteries using neutron diffraction. Journal of Energy Storage, 24, 100772.
-
18. Wu, W., Wu, W. & Wang, S. (2018). Thermal management optimization of a prismatic battery with shape-stabilized PCM. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 121, 967-977.
-
19. Panchal, S., Dincer, I., Agelin-Chaab, M., Fraser, R. & Fowler, M. (2016). Experimental temperature distributions in a prismatic lithium-ion battery at varying conditions. International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, 71, 35-43.
-
20. Mastali, M., Foreman, E., Modjtahedi, A., Samadani, E., Amirfazli, A. & Farhad, S. (2018). Electrochemical-thermal modeling of LiFePO4 pouch batteries. International Journal of Thermal Sciences, 129, 218-230.
-
21. Huang, Y., Lu, Y., Huang, R., Chen, J., Chen, F. & Liu, Z. (2017). Study on thermal interaction and heat dissipation of cylindrical lithium-ion cells. Energy Procedia, 142, 4029-4036.
-
22. Abdulvahitoğlu, A., Abdulvahitoğlu, A. & Kılıç, M. (2022). Elektrikli araç bataryalarının bütünleşik SWARA-TOPSIS metodu ile değerlendirilmesi. Çukurova Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Dergisi, 37(4), 1061-1076.
-
23. Conte, F.V. (2006). Battery and battery management for hybrid electric vehicles: A review. Elektrotech Inftech, 123(10), 424-431.
-
24. Li, W., Chen, S., Peng, X., Xiao, M., Gao, L. & Garg, A. (2019). Clustering of similar-performance cells for lithium-ion EV battery module design. Engineering, 5(4), 795-802.
-
25. Fan, L., Khodadadi, J.M. & Pesaran, A.A. (2013). A parametric study on air-cooled Li-ion battery modules. Journal of Power Sources, 238, 301-312.
-
26. Zhang, Z., Wang, J., Feng, X., Chang, L., Chen, Y. & Wang, X. (2018). Solutions to EV air conditioning systems: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 91, 443-463.
-
27. Li, Z., Huang, J., Liaw, B. Y., Metzler, V. & Zhang, J. (2014). A review of lithium deposition in Li-ion batteries. Journal of Power Sources, 254, 168-182.
-
28. Mustafa, J. (2022). Effect of inlet/outlet size and battery spacing on cooling of Li-ion pack and using outlet air for HVAC. Journal of Energy Storage, 46, 103826.
-
29. Hasan, H.A., Togun, H., Mohammed, H.I., Abed, A.M. & Homod, R.Z. (2023). CFD simulation of spacing effect between Li-ion batteries. Journal of Energy Storage, 72, 108631.
-
30. Zhang, S.-B., Nie, F., Cheng, J.-P., Yang, H. & Gao, Q. (2024). Optimizing airflow for air-cooled Li-ion battery pack. Applied Thermal Engineering, 236, 121486.
-
31. Alihosseini, A. & Shafaee, M. (2021). Experimental and numerical study of Li-ion battery cooling using heat pipe. Journal of Energy Storage, 39, 102616.
-
32. Ren, R., Zhao, Y., Diao, Y. & Liang, L. (2023). Bottom liquid cooling for Li-ion battery with multichannel flat tube. Applied Thermal Engineering, 219, 119636.
-
33. Çengel, Y. A., Boles, M. A. & Kanoglu, M. (2019). Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach (9th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education.
-
34. Keleş, H. & Özmen, Y. (2024). 45° eğimli ikincil jetlere sahip jet dizilerinde ısı transferi incelenmesi. Çukurova Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Dergisi, 39(4), 923-937.
-
35. Fan, Y., Bao, Y., Ling, C., Chu, Y., Tan, X. & Yang, S. (2019). Experimental study on air cooling for high-energy cylindrical Li-ion batteries. Applied Thermal Engineering, 155, 96-109.
-
36. Rao, Z. & Wang, S. (2011). A review of power battery thermal energy management. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15(9), 4554-4571.
-
37. Malik, M., Dincer, I., Rosen, M.A., Mathew, M. & Fowler, M. (2018). Thermal and electrical performance of liquid-cooled Li-ion battery pack. Applied Thermal Engineering, 129, 472-481.
Investigation of Thermal Performance of Pipe-Supported Air-Cooled Systems in Lithium-Ion Battery Packs
Yıl 2025,
Cilt: 40 Sayı: 4
,
855
-
866
,
29.12.2025
Ferhat Akkuş
,
Mehmet Zerrakki Işık
Öz
The increasing global energy demand and environmental concerns have necessitated the development of sustainable alternatives to fossil fuel-based transportation systems. In this context, electric vehicles have gained prominence due to their high efficiency and zero-emission characteristics. Lithium-ion batteries, as one of the core components of electric vehicles, require careful monitoring for thermal stability to prevent overheating. In this study, the thermal behavior of lithium-ion battery packs with the designed geometry was investigated numerically and experimentally with a tube-supported air-cooled system. Cooling performances were compared by analyzing different air flow velocities and pipe configurations. The results demonstrate that increasing air velocity and the number of pipes improves temperature distribution, reduces temperature gradients between cells, and lowers maximum temperature values. This study provides significant insights for the optimization of thermal management systems aimed at enhancing battery safety in electric vehicles.
Kaynakça
-
1. Kartal, M.T. (2022). The role of consumption of energy, fossil sources, nuclear energy, and renewable energy on environmental degradation in top-five carbon producing countries. Renewable Energy, 184, 871-880.
-
2. Herzog, A.V., Lipman, T.E. & Kammen, D.M. (2000). Renewable Energy Sources. Energy and Resources Group. University of California, Berkeley, USA
-
3. Alkan, Ö. & Albayrak, Ö.K. (2020). Ranking of renewable energy sources for regions in Turkey by fuzzy entropy based fuzzy COPRAS and fuzzy MULTIMOORA. Renewable Energy, 162, 712-726.
-
4. Alrwashdeh, S.S. (2022). Energy sources assessment in Jordan. Results in Engineering, 13, 100329.
-
5. Lahnaoui, A., Wulf, C., Heinrichs, H. & Dalmazzone, D. (2018). Optimizing hydrogen transportation system for mobility by minimizing the cost of transportation via compressed gas truck in North Rhine-Westphalia. Applied Energy, 223, 317-328.
-
6. Erdoğan, B., Tan, A. & Tümay, M. (2024). Elektrikli araçlarda kullanılan batarya şarj uygulamaları için genetik algoritma ile geliştirilmiş bir rezonans dönüştürücü tasarımı. Çukurova Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Dergisi, 39(4), 1129-1142.
-
7. Karadöl, İ., Baltacı, U.S. & Keçecioğlu, Ö.F. (2024). Rüzgâr enerji santralleri rampa oranı: Türkiye örneği. Çukurova Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Dergisi, 39(3), 797-811.
-
8. Zhu, W. H., Zhu, Y. & Tatarchuk, B.J. (2014). Self-discharge characteristics and performance degradation of Ni-MH batteries for storage applications. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 39(34), 19789-19798.
-
9. Front Matter. (2021). In Uncertainties in Modern Power Systems [Internet]. Elsevier. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/B978012820491701001X, Erişim tarihi: 22.03.2025.
-
10. Ehsani, M., Gao, Y., Longo, S. & Ebrahimi, K (2018). Modern Electric, Hybrid Electric, and Fuel Cell Vehicles (3rd ed.). CRC Press. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9780429504884, Erişim tarihi: 22.03.2025.
-
11. Han, X., Ouyang, M., Lu, L. & Li, J. (2014). A comparative study of commercial lithium-ion battery cycle life in electric vehicle: Capacity loss estimation. Journal of Power Sources, 268, 658-669.
-
12. Wei, Y. & Agelin-Chaab, M. (2019). Development and experimental analysis of a hybrid cooling concept for electric vehicle battery packs. Journal of Energy Storage, 25, 100906.
-
13. Natkunarajah, N., Scharf, M. & Scharf, P. (2015). Scenarios for the return of lithium-ion batteries out of electric cars for recycling. Procedia CIRP, 29, 740-745.
-
14. Bulut, M. & Sözbir, N. (2022). Modeling and analysis of battery thermal control in a geostationary satellite. Sakarya University Journal of Science, 26(4), 666-676.
-
15. Li, Y., Chen, M., Bai, F., Song, W. & Feng, Z. (2019). Thermal equilibrium characteristic of large-size lithium-ion pouch battery: Resting time between charge and discharge. Energy Procedia, 158, 2623-2630.
-
16. Bai, F.-F., Chen, M.-B., Song, W.-J., Li, Y. & Feng, Z.-P. (2019). Thermal performance of pouch lithium-ion battery module cooled by phase change materials. Energy Procedia, 158, 3682-3689.
-
17. Baran, V., Mühlbauer, M.J., Schulz, M. & Pfanzelt, J. (2019). In operando studies of rotating prismatic Li-ion batteries using neutron diffraction. Journal of Energy Storage, 24, 100772.
-
18. Wu, W., Wu, W. & Wang, S. (2018). Thermal management optimization of a prismatic battery with shape-stabilized PCM. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 121, 967-977.
-
19. Panchal, S., Dincer, I., Agelin-Chaab, M., Fraser, R. & Fowler, M. (2016). Experimental temperature distributions in a prismatic lithium-ion battery at varying conditions. International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, 71, 35-43.
-
20. Mastali, M., Foreman, E., Modjtahedi, A., Samadani, E., Amirfazli, A. & Farhad, S. (2018). Electrochemical-thermal modeling of LiFePO4 pouch batteries. International Journal of Thermal Sciences, 129, 218-230.
-
21. Huang, Y., Lu, Y., Huang, R., Chen, J., Chen, F. & Liu, Z. (2017). Study on thermal interaction and heat dissipation of cylindrical lithium-ion cells. Energy Procedia, 142, 4029-4036.
-
22. Abdulvahitoğlu, A., Abdulvahitoğlu, A. & Kılıç, M. (2022). Elektrikli araç bataryalarının bütünleşik SWARA-TOPSIS metodu ile değerlendirilmesi. Çukurova Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Dergisi, 37(4), 1061-1076.
-
23. Conte, F.V. (2006). Battery and battery management for hybrid electric vehicles: A review. Elektrotech Inftech, 123(10), 424-431.
-
24. Li, W., Chen, S., Peng, X., Xiao, M., Gao, L. & Garg, A. (2019). Clustering of similar-performance cells for lithium-ion EV battery module design. Engineering, 5(4), 795-802.
-
25. Fan, L., Khodadadi, J.M. & Pesaran, A.A. (2013). A parametric study on air-cooled Li-ion battery modules. Journal of Power Sources, 238, 301-312.
-
26. Zhang, Z., Wang, J., Feng, X., Chang, L., Chen, Y. & Wang, X. (2018). Solutions to EV air conditioning systems: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 91, 443-463.
-
27. Li, Z., Huang, J., Liaw, B. Y., Metzler, V. & Zhang, J. (2014). A review of lithium deposition in Li-ion batteries. Journal of Power Sources, 254, 168-182.
-
28. Mustafa, J. (2022). Effect of inlet/outlet size and battery spacing on cooling of Li-ion pack and using outlet air for HVAC. Journal of Energy Storage, 46, 103826.
-
29. Hasan, H.A., Togun, H., Mohammed, H.I., Abed, A.M. & Homod, R.Z. (2023). CFD simulation of spacing effect between Li-ion batteries. Journal of Energy Storage, 72, 108631.
-
30. Zhang, S.-B., Nie, F., Cheng, J.-P., Yang, H. & Gao, Q. (2024). Optimizing airflow for air-cooled Li-ion battery pack. Applied Thermal Engineering, 236, 121486.
-
31. Alihosseini, A. & Shafaee, M. (2021). Experimental and numerical study of Li-ion battery cooling using heat pipe. Journal of Energy Storage, 39, 102616.
-
32. Ren, R., Zhao, Y., Diao, Y. & Liang, L. (2023). Bottom liquid cooling for Li-ion battery with multichannel flat tube. Applied Thermal Engineering, 219, 119636.
-
33. Çengel, Y. A., Boles, M. A. & Kanoglu, M. (2019). Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach (9th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education.
-
34. Keleş, H. & Özmen, Y. (2024). 45° eğimli ikincil jetlere sahip jet dizilerinde ısı transferi incelenmesi. Çukurova Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Dergisi, 39(4), 923-937.
-
35. Fan, Y., Bao, Y., Ling, C., Chu, Y., Tan, X. & Yang, S. (2019). Experimental study on air cooling for high-energy cylindrical Li-ion batteries. Applied Thermal Engineering, 155, 96-109.
-
36. Rao, Z. & Wang, S. (2011). A review of power battery thermal energy management. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15(9), 4554-4571.
-
37. Malik, M., Dincer, I., Rosen, M.A., Mathew, M. & Fowler, M. (2018). Thermal and electrical performance of liquid-cooled Li-ion battery pack. Applied Thermal Engineering, 129, 472-481.