Cranial Index Determination Using Computed Tomography (CT) Scans of Children with Normal Brain Development: A Retrospective Study.

Year 2015, Volume: 40 Issue: 2, 239 - 244, 14.09.2015

Muhammad Musa Muhammad Danfulani

https://doi.org/10.17826/cutf.98563

Cited By: 2

Abstract

Purpose: Cranial Index (CI) determination is of clinical significance in the evaluation of skull growth and development in children. This study investigated cranial index in computed tomography (CT) scans of children seen in the Radiology Department of Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital Sokoto, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: A total of CT scan records of 76 children (42 males and 34 females) with normal brain development were used for this retrospective study. The cranial length (CL) and cranial width (CW) were measured on the axial CT and cranial index calculated as the percentage of cranial width to cranial length multiplied by 100. Mean values of CL, CW, CI as well as standard deviations and standard error of mean were calculated for both sexes. Results: The overall mean values for cranial length was 16.45±1.01, cranial width 13.01±0.94 and CI was 79.12±3.37. Meanwhile in males, the CI was 78.35±3.23 and 80.08±3.34 in females respectively. Thus, classifying head patterns based on the CI values seen in this study, 55.26% of the children had mesocephalic head shape and 28.95% had brachycephaly. Dolicocephaly and hyperbrachycephaly had a frequency of 7.89% each. Conclusion: Cranial Index (CI) reported in this study showed that most of the children had mesocephalic head shape (55.26%) with dolicocephaly (7.89%) and brachycephaly (7.89%) less common. The observed difference between the mean cranial index of males and females was statistically significant (p = 0.025). The report from this study is of importance in the field of pediatric neurology, anthropology as well as genetics and forensic medicine.

Keywords

-

Normal Beyin Gelişimi Gösteren Çocuklarda Bilgisayarlı Tomografi (BT) Taraması İle Kranial İndeksin Belirlenmesi: Retrospektif Bir Çalışma

Abstract

Amaç: Kranial endeksin belirlenmesi çocuklarda kafatası büyümesi ve gelişiminin belirlenmesinde klinik bir öneme sahiptir. Bu çalışmada Nijerya’da Usmanu Danfodiyo üniversitesi Sokoto araştırma hastanesi radyoloji bölümüne başvuran çocukların bilgisayarlı tomografi (BT) taraması ile kranial endeksleri belirlenmiştir. Materyal ve Metod: Normal beyin gelişimine sahip 76 çocuğun (42 erkek ve 34 kız) BT taraması bu retrospektif çalışma için kullanılmıştır. Kranial uzunluk ve kraniyal genişlik aksiyal BT’de ölçülmüş, kraniyal indeks, kraniyal genişliğin kraniyal uzunluğa oranının 100 ile çarpılması ile hesaplanmıştır. Kranial uzunluk, kraniyal genişlik, kranial indeks’in ortalama değerleri ve ortalamanın standart sapma ve standart hata değerleri her iki cinsiyet için hesaplanmıştır. Bulgular: Kranial uzunluk için ortalama değer 16.45±1.01, kranial genişlik için ortalama değer 13.01±0.94 ve kranial indeks için ortalama değer 79.12±3.37 olarak bulunmuştur. Kranial indeks erkeklerde 78.35±3.23, kızlarda 80.08±3.34 olarak saptanmıştır. Böylece bu çalışmada kranial indeks değerlerine göre kafa modellerini sınıflandırılmıştır, çocukların Araştırma Makalesi / Research Article 239 Musa and Danfulani Cukurova Medical Journal %55.26’sı mesosefalik kafa, %28.95’i ise brakisefaliye sahiptir. Dolikosefali ve hiperbrakisefalinin her birinin frekansı %7.89’dur. Sonuç: Bu çalışmada rapor edilen kranial indekse göre çocukların büyük kısmı mesosefalik kafa şekline (%55.26), daha az yaygın olarak da Dolikosefali (%7.89) ve hiperbrakisefaliye (%7.89) sahiptir. Erkek ve kızlarda ortalama kranial indeks değerleri arasında gözlenen farklılık istatistiki olarak anlamlıdır (p=0.025). Bu çalışmanın sonucu, pediatrik nöroloji, antropoloji aynı zamanda genetik ve adli tıp bakımından önem taşımaktadır.

Keywords

Kranial indeks, bilgisayarlı tomografi, çocuklar

References

• Van Lindert EJ, Siepel FJ, Delye H, Ettema AM, Bergé SJ, Maal TJ, Borstlap WA. Validation of cephalic index measurements in scaphocephaly. Child's Nervous System. 2013;29:1007-14.
• Crelin ES. Functional Anatomy of the Newborn, New Haven, Yale University Press, London, UK, 1973.
• Hutchison BL, Hutchison LA, Thompson JM, and Mitchell EA. Plagiocephaly and brachycephaly in the first two years of life: a prospective cohort study. Pediatrics, 2004;114:970–80.
• Collett BR, Heike CL, Atmosukarto I, Starr JR, Cunningham ML and Speltz ML. Longitudinal, three- dimensional analysis of head shape in children with and without deformational plagiocephaly or brachycephaly, Journal of Pediatrics. 2012;160:673– 8.
• Cohen Jr. MM and Maclean RE (Eds). Craniosynostosis: Diagnosis, Evaluation and Management, Oxford University Press, New York, NY, USA. 2000. basis of Clinical Practice, Churchill Livingstone, Elsevier, 40th edition. 2008.
• Farkas LG, Posnick JC and Hreczko TM. Anthropometric growth study of the head. The Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal, 1992;29:303–8.
• Fr¨uhwald J, Schicho KA, Figl,T. Benesch M, Watzinger F and Kainberger F. Accuracy of craniofacial measurements: computed tomography and three-dimensional computed tomography compared with stereolithographic models. Journal of Craniofacial Surgery. 2008;19:22–6.
• Marcus JR, Domeshek LF, Das R, Marshal S, Nightingale R, Stokes TH and Mukundan S. Objective three dimensional analysis of cranial morphology. Eplasty. 2008;8:20.
• Ruiz-Correa S, Sze RW, Starr JR, Lin HJ, Speltz ML, Cunnigham ML, Hing AV. New scaphocephaly severity indices of sagittal craniosynostosis: a comparative study with cranial index quantifications. The Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal, 2006;43:211– 21.
• Likus W, Bajor G, GruszczyNska K, Baron J, Markowski JB, Machnikowska-SokoBowska M, Milka D and Lepich T. Cephalic Index in the First Three Years of Life: Study of Children with Normal Brain Development Based on Computed Tomography. The Scientific World Journal. 2014:1-6.
• Koizumi T, Komuro Y, Hashizume K and Yanai A. Cephalic index of Japanese children with normal brain development. Journal of Craniofacial Surgery. 2010;21:1434–7.
• Gribel BF, Gribel MN, Fraz¨ao DC, Mcnamara Jr. JA and Manzi FR. Accuracy and reliability of craniometric measurements on lateral cephalometry and 3D measurements on CBCT scans. The Angle Orthodontist. 2011;81:26–35.
• Hummel P and Fortado D. Impacting infant head shapes. Advances in Neonatal Care. 2005;5:329–40.
• GrahamJr. JM, Kreutzman J, Earl D, Halberg A, Samayoa C and Guo X. Deformational brachycephaly in supine-sleeping infants. Journal of Pediatrics. 2005;146:253–7.
• Cartwright CC. Assessing asymmetrical infant head shapes. Nurse Practitioner. 2002;27:33–9.
• Posnick JC, al-Qattan MM, Moffat SM and Armstrong D. Cranio-orbito-zygomatic measurements from standard CT scans in unoperated Treacher Collins syndrome patients: comparison with normal controls. The Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal. 1995;32:20–4.
• Komuro Y, Yanai A, Hayashi A, Nakanishi H, Miyajima M and Arai H. Cranial reshaping employing distraction and contraction in the treatment of sagittal synostosis. British Journal of Plastic Surgery. 2005;58:196–201.
• Yagain VK, Pai SR, Kalthur SG, Chethan P and Chethan I. Hemalatha study of cephalic index in Indian students. International Journal of Morphology. 2012;30:125–9.
• Waitzman AA, Posnick JC, Armstrong DC and Pron GE. Craniofacial skeletal measurements based on computer tomography—part II: normal values and growth trends. The Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal. 1992;29:118–28.