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Relationship of the fear of COVID-19 with residual symptoms and functionality in patients with bipolar affective disorder

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 47 Sayı: 4, 1630 - 1640, 28.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.17826/cumj.1176773

Öz

Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between fear of COVID-19 and residual symptoms and functionality levels in patients with bipolar affective disorder.
Materials and Methods: The study included 85 consecutive patients with bipolar affective disorder who were diagnosed with bipolar affective disorder according to DSM-5, were aged between 18-65 years, were literate and applied to the outpatient clinic. The patients were grouped as those with depressive/manic symptoms and those in remission with residual symptoms.
Results: There was no statistically significant difference among the participants according to having or not having manic residual symptoms in the The Fear of COVID-19 Scale. The participants which did not have any depressive residual symptoms demonstrated statistically significant lower scores than the participants who had depressive residual symptoms in The Fear of COVID-19 Scale. The Hamilton Depression Scale and Functioning Assessment Short Test scores scores were significantly positively correlated with Fear of COVID-19 Scale scores. Conclusion: Patients with depressive residual symptoms score significantly higher in the Fear of COVID-19 Scale. Studying resilience, fear of illness and residual symptoms in patients during the stress period will also be valuable in terms of determining follow-up and treatment strategies.

Kaynakça

  • 1.Bavel JJV, Baicker K, Boggio PS, Capraro V, Cichocka A, Cikara M et al. Using social and behavioural science to support COVID-19 pandemic response. Nat. Human Behav. 2020 ; 4(5):460– 71. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-020-0884-z
  • 2. Li S, Zhang Y. Mental healthcare for psychiatric inpatients during the COVID-19 epidemic. Gen Psychiatr 2020; 33(2):e100216. https://doi.org/10.1136/gpsych-2020-100216 .
  • 3.Kim SW, Su KP. Using psychoneuroimmunity against COVID-19. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 87:4-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.03.025.
  • 4.Iasevoli F, Fornaro M, D’Urso G, Galletta D, Casella C, Paternoster M, Buccelli C, Bartolomeis A De. Psychological distress in patients with serious mental illness during the COVID-19 outbreak and one-month mass quarantine in Italy. Psychol Med 2020; 19:1–3. https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-172581 .
  • 5. Hao F, Tan W, Jiang L, Zhang L, Zhao X, Zou Y et al. Do psychiatric patients experience more psychiatric symptoms during COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown? A case- control study with service and research implications for immunopsychiatry. Brain Behav Immun. 2020; 87:100- 16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.069).
  • 6. . Druss BG. Addressing the COVID-19 Pandemic in populations with serious mental illness. JAMA Psychiatry.2020; 3:2019-2020. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.3413
  • 7. Angst J, Sellaro R. Biol Psychiatry. Historical perspectives and natural history of bipolar disorder. 2000; 48(6):445-57.
  • 8. Van Rheenen TE, Meyer D, Neill E, Phillipou A, Tan EJ, Toh WL et al. Mental health status of individuals with a mood‐disorder during the COVID‐19 pandemic in Australia: Initial results from the COLLATE project. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2020; 275: 69–77. 10.1016/j.jad.2020.06.037.
  • 9. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders – text revision, 5th edition.2013; American Psychiatric Association, Washington DC. 10. Sütçigil L, Cansever A. Bipolar Bozukluk ve Eşik Altı Belirtiler. Türkiye Klinikleri J Int Med Sci 2006;2(29):17-22.
  • 11. Perlis RH, Ostacher MJ, Patel JK, Marangell LB, Zhang H, Wisniewski SR et al.2006. Predictors of recurrence in bipolar disorder: primary outcomes from the systematic treatment enhancement program for bipolar disorder (STEP-BD). Am. J. Psychiatry 2000; 163:217–24.
  • 12. Malhi GS, Ivanovski B, Hadzi-Pavlovic D, Mitchell PB, Vieta E, Sachdev P. Neuropsycho- logical deficits and functional impairment in bipolar depression, hypomania and euthymia. Bipolar Disord. 2007;9:114-25.
  • 13. Hamilton M. A rating scale for depression. J Neurosurg Psychiatry 1960;23:56-62.
  • 14. A Akdemir, S Örsel, İ. Dağ, H. Türkçapar, N.İşcan, H. Özbay. Hamilton depresyon derecelendirme ölçeği (HDDÖ)’nin geçerliği, güvenirliği ve klinikte kullanımı. Psikiyatri Psikoloji Psikofarmakoloji Dergisi 1996:4(4):251-9.
  • 15. Young RC, Bigss T, Ziegler, Meyer DA .A rating scale for mania:Reliability, validity, and sensitivity. Br J Psychiatry.1978; 133: 429-35.
  • 16. Karadağ F, Oral ET, Aran Yalçın F, Erten E: Young Mani Derecelendirme Ölçeğinin Türkiye’de geçerlik ve güvenilirliği.Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi; 2001; 13(2) :107-14.
  • 17. Rosa AR, Sanchez-Moreno J, Martinez-Aran A, Salamero M, Torrent C, Reinares M et al. Validity and reliability of the Functioning Assessment Short Test (FAST) in bipolar disorder. Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health. 2007;3:5.
  • 18. Aydemir Ö, Uykur B. Kısa İşlevsellik Değerlendirme Ölçeği’nin Türkçe Sürümünün Bipolar Bozuklukta Güvenilirliği ve Geçerliği.Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi; 2012 ;23(3):193-200.
  • 19. Ahorsu DK, Lin CY, Imani V, Saffari M, Griffiths MD, Pakpour AH. The Fear of COVID- 19 Scale: development and initial validation. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction 20, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00270-8 20. Bakioğlu F, Korkmaz O, Ercan, H. Fear of COVID-19 and positivity: Mediating role of intolerance of uncertainty, depression, anxiety, and stress. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction.2021; 19(6):2369-82.doi: 10.1007/s11469-020-00331-y.
  • 21. ChenQ, Liang M, Li Y,Guo J, Fei D, Wang L et al. Mental health care for medical staff in China during the COVID-19 outbreak. Lancet Psychiatry. 2020;7(4):e15-e6.
  • 22. Ahmed Z, Ahmed O, Aibao Z, Hanbin S, Siyu L, Ahmad A. Epidemic of COVID-19 in China and associated psychological problems. Asian J of Psychiatr 2020; 51:102092. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102092
  • 23. Corbett GA, Milne S , Hehir MP, Lindow SW, O’Connell MP.Health anxiety and behavioural changes of pregnant women during the covid-19 pandemic. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2020; 249:96–7.
  • 24. Pérez‐Fuentes MDC, Molero Jurado MDM, Martos Martínez Á ,Gázquez Linares J J. Threat of COVID‐19 and emotional state during quarantine: Positive and negative affect as mediators in a cross‐sectional study of the Spanish population. PLoS One. 2020; 15(6):e0235305. 10.1371/journal.pone.0235305 .
  • 25. Stanton R, To QG, Khalesi S, Williams SL, Alley SJ, Thwaite TL et al. Depression, anxiety and stress during COVID‐19: Associations with changes in physical activity, sleep, tobacco and alcohol use in Australian adults. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020;17(11): 4065. 10.3390/ijerph17114065
  • 26.Yao H, Chen JH, Xu YF. Patients with mental health disorders in the COVID-19 epidemic. Lancet Psychiatry. 2020 ; 7(4):e21.
  • 27.Lima CKT, Carvalho PMM, Lima IAAS, Nunes JVAO, Saraiva JS, de Souza RI, da Silva CGL, Neto MLR . The emotional impact of Coronavirus 2019-nCoV (new Coronavirus disease Psychiatry Res. 2020; 287:112915. 28.Fellendorf FT, Reininghaus EZ, Ratzenhofer M, Lenger M, Maget A,Platzer M et al. COVID‐19‐related fears and information frequency predict sleep behavior in bipolar disorder .Brain and Behavior. 2021;11(9): e02182 . doi:10.1002/brb3.2182.
  • 29. Karantonis JA, Rossell SL, Berk M, Van Rheenen TE. The mental health and lifestyle impacts of COVID-19 on bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord. 2021;282:442-7. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.12.186
  • 30. Luo M, Guo L, Yu M, Jiang W. The psychological and mental impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on medical staff and general public – A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychiatry Res. 2020;291:113190 doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113190.
  • 31. Xiong J, Lipsitz O, Nasri F, Lui LMW, Gill H, Phan L et al. Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on mental health in the general population: A systematic review. J. Affect. Disord. 2020(1);277:55-64 doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.08.001.
  • 32. Kim AW, Nyengerai T, Mendenhall E. Evaluating the mental health impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Perceived risk of COVID-19 infection and childhood trauma predict adult depressive symptoms in Urban South Africa. Psychol. Med. 2020;52(8):1587-99 doi: 10.1017/S0033291720003414.
  • 33. Meyer B . Residual mood symptoms and number of previous episodes predict recurrence of bipolar disorder. Evid Based Ment Health. 2006; 9(3):84.
  • 34. Perlis RH, Ostacher MJ, Patel JK, Marangell LB, Zhang H, Wisniewski SR et al. Ketter TA, Miklowitz DJ, Otto MW, Gyulai L, Reilly-Harrington NA, Nierenberg AA, Sachs GS,Thase ME . Predictors of recurrence in bipolar disorder: primary outcomes from the Systematic Treatment Enhancement Program for Bipolar Disorder (STEP-BD).Am J Psychiatry. 2006; 163(2):217-24. 35. Proudfoot J, Doran J, Manicavasagar V, Parker G. The precipitants of manic/hypomanic episodes in the context of bipolar disorder: a review. J Affect Disord. 2011;133(3):381-7.
  • 36. Robinson LJ, Thompson JM, Gallagher P, Goswami U, Young AH, Ferrier IN et al. A meta-analysis of cognitive deficits in euthymic patients with bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord 2006;93:105-15.
  • 37. Martino DJ, Strejilevich SA, Marengo E, Igoa A, Fassi G., Teitelbaum J et al . Relationship between neurocognitive functioning and episode recurrences in bipolar disorder. J. Affect. Disord. 2013;147 (1–3), 345–51.
  • 38. Samalin L, De Chazeron I, Vieta E, Bellivier F, Llorca PM. Residual symptoms and specific functional impairments in euthymic patients with bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord. 2016;18(2):164–73.
  • 39. Zhang X, Cheng X, Chen J, Zhang B, Wu Q, Deng W et al.Association of subthreshold manic symptoms and cognitive impairments in euthymic patients with bipolar disorder I. Psychiatry Res. 2019;278:303-8. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2019.06.032. Epub 2019 Jun 21. PMID: 31255953.
  • 40 . Kaya E, Aydemir Ö, Selçuk D. Remisyondaki iki uçlu hastalarda kalıntı duygudurum belirtilerinin bilişsel ve toplumsal işlevsellik üzerine etkisi. Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry 2009;10:124-30.
  • 41. Martinez-Aran A, Vieta E, Reinares M, Colom F, Torrent C, Sanchez-Moreno J et al. Cognitive function across manic or hypomanic, depressed, and euthymic states in bipolar disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2004; 161:262-70.
  • 42. Bonnín CM, Martínez-Arán A, Torrent C, Pacchiarotti I, Rosa AR, Franco C et al. Clinical and neurocognitive predictors of functional outcome in bipolar euthymic patients: a long-term, follow-up study. J Affect Disord. 2010;121(1-2):156-60. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2009.05.014.
  • 43.Deckersbach T, Nierenberg AA, Kessler R, Lund HG, Ametrano RM, Sachs G et al. RESEARCH: Cognitive rehabilitation for bipolar disorder: an open trial for employed patients with residual depressive symptoms. CNS Neurosci Ther 2010;16:298–307. https://doi.org/10.111 1/j.1755-5949.2009.00110.x
  • 44. Yon L, Samalin L, Giordana B, Milhet V, Marty L, El Hage W, et al. Residual symptoms in bipolar disorder: How to define and to manage them in clinical practice. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2012;28:e56.

Bipolar affektif bozukluk tanılı hastalarda COVID- 19 korkusunun kalıntı belirtiler ve işlevsellik ile ilişkisi

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 47 Sayı: 4, 1630 - 1640, 28.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.17826/cumj.1176773

Öz

Amaç: Bu çalışmada bipolar affektif bozukluk tanılı hastalarda COVID-19 korkusu ile kalıntı belirtiler ve işlevsellik düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkinin saptanması amaçlanmıştır.
Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışmaya DSM-5’e göre bipolar affektif bozukluk tanısı bulunan, 18-65 yaş arasında ve okur yazar olan, polikliniğe kendisi başvuran ardışık 85 bipolar affektif bozukluk tanılı hasta alınmıştır. Hastalar depresif /manik belirtiler gösteren, remisyonda olup da kalıntı belirtileri olanlar olarak gruplandırılmıştır.
Bulgular: YMDÖ’ye göre ‘manik kalıntı belirtileri olan’ olarak sınıflandırılan katılımcıların bu ölçekte medyan puanı 1 ± 1,14'tü. Katılımcılar arasında manik kalıntı belirti olup olmamasına göre COVID-19 Korkusu Ölçek puanları açısından anlamlı bir fark bulunmadı. Depresif kalıntı semptomu olmayan katılımcılar, depresif kalıntı semptomu olanlara göre COVID-19 Korkusu Ölçeğinde anlamlı şekilde daha düşük puanlar göstermiştir. HAM-D Ölçeği, . İşlevsellik Kısa Değerlendirme Testi ile COVID-19 Korkusu Ölçeği puanları arasında anlamlı düzeyde pozitif korelasyon saptanmıştır
Sonuç: Depresif kalıntı semptomu olan hastalar COVID -19 korku ölçeğinde anlamlı şekilde daha yüksek puan almışlardır. Stres döneminde hastalarda dayanıklılık hastalık korkusu ve kalıntı belirtilerin çalışılması da takip ve tedavi stratejilerinin belirlenmesi açısından kıymetli olacaktır.

Kaynakça

  • 1.Bavel JJV, Baicker K, Boggio PS, Capraro V, Cichocka A, Cikara M et al. Using social and behavioural science to support COVID-19 pandemic response. Nat. Human Behav. 2020 ; 4(5):460– 71. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-020-0884-z
  • 2. Li S, Zhang Y. Mental healthcare for psychiatric inpatients during the COVID-19 epidemic. Gen Psychiatr 2020; 33(2):e100216. https://doi.org/10.1136/gpsych-2020-100216 .
  • 3.Kim SW, Su KP. Using psychoneuroimmunity against COVID-19. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 87:4-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.03.025.
  • 4.Iasevoli F, Fornaro M, D’Urso G, Galletta D, Casella C, Paternoster M, Buccelli C, Bartolomeis A De. Psychological distress in patients with serious mental illness during the COVID-19 outbreak and one-month mass quarantine in Italy. Psychol Med 2020; 19:1–3. https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-172581 .
  • 5. Hao F, Tan W, Jiang L, Zhang L, Zhao X, Zou Y et al. Do psychiatric patients experience more psychiatric symptoms during COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown? A case- control study with service and research implications for immunopsychiatry. Brain Behav Immun. 2020; 87:100- 16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.069).
  • 6. . Druss BG. Addressing the COVID-19 Pandemic in populations with serious mental illness. JAMA Psychiatry.2020; 3:2019-2020. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.3413
  • 7. Angst J, Sellaro R. Biol Psychiatry. Historical perspectives and natural history of bipolar disorder. 2000; 48(6):445-57.
  • 8. Van Rheenen TE, Meyer D, Neill E, Phillipou A, Tan EJ, Toh WL et al. Mental health status of individuals with a mood‐disorder during the COVID‐19 pandemic in Australia: Initial results from the COLLATE project. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2020; 275: 69–77. 10.1016/j.jad.2020.06.037.
  • 9. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders – text revision, 5th edition.2013; American Psychiatric Association, Washington DC. 10. Sütçigil L, Cansever A. Bipolar Bozukluk ve Eşik Altı Belirtiler. Türkiye Klinikleri J Int Med Sci 2006;2(29):17-22.
  • 11. Perlis RH, Ostacher MJ, Patel JK, Marangell LB, Zhang H, Wisniewski SR et al.2006. Predictors of recurrence in bipolar disorder: primary outcomes from the systematic treatment enhancement program for bipolar disorder (STEP-BD). Am. J. Psychiatry 2000; 163:217–24.
  • 12. Malhi GS, Ivanovski B, Hadzi-Pavlovic D, Mitchell PB, Vieta E, Sachdev P. Neuropsycho- logical deficits and functional impairment in bipolar depression, hypomania and euthymia. Bipolar Disord. 2007;9:114-25.
  • 13. Hamilton M. A rating scale for depression. J Neurosurg Psychiatry 1960;23:56-62.
  • 14. A Akdemir, S Örsel, İ. Dağ, H. Türkçapar, N.İşcan, H. Özbay. Hamilton depresyon derecelendirme ölçeği (HDDÖ)’nin geçerliği, güvenirliği ve klinikte kullanımı. Psikiyatri Psikoloji Psikofarmakoloji Dergisi 1996:4(4):251-9.
  • 15. Young RC, Bigss T, Ziegler, Meyer DA .A rating scale for mania:Reliability, validity, and sensitivity. Br J Psychiatry.1978; 133: 429-35.
  • 16. Karadağ F, Oral ET, Aran Yalçın F, Erten E: Young Mani Derecelendirme Ölçeğinin Türkiye’de geçerlik ve güvenilirliği.Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi; 2001; 13(2) :107-14.
  • 17. Rosa AR, Sanchez-Moreno J, Martinez-Aran A, Salamero M, Torrent C, Reinares M et al. Validity and reliability of the Functioning Assessment Short Test (FAST) in bipolar disorder. Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health. 2007;3:5.
  • 18. Aydemir Ö, Uykur B. Kısa İşlevsellik Değerlendirme Ölçeği’nin Türkçe Sürümünün Bipolar Bozuklukta Güvenilirliği ve Geçerliği.Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi; 2012 ;23(3):193-200.
  • 19. Ahorsu DK, Lin CY, Imani V, Saffari M, Griffiths MD, Pakpour AH. The Fear of COVID- 19 Scale: development and initial validation. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction 20, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00270-8 20. Bakioğlu F, Korkmaz O, Ercan, H. Fear of COVID-19 and positivity: Mediating role of intolerance of uncertainty, depression, anxiety, and stress. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction.2021; 19(6):2369-82.doi: 10.1007/s11469-020-00331-y.
  • 21. ChenQ, Liang M, Li Y,Guo J, Fei D, Wang L et al. Mental health care for medical staff in China during the COVID-19 outbreak. Lancet Psychiatry. 2020;7(4):e15-e6.
  • 22. Ahmed Z, Ahmed O, Aibao Z, Hanbin S, Siyu L, Ahmad A. Epidemic of COVID-19 in China and associated psychological problems. Asian J of Psychiatr 2020; 51:102092. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102092
  • 23. Corbett GA, Milne S , Hehir MP, Lindow SW, O’Connell MP.Health anxiety and behavioural changes of pregnant women during the covid-19 pandemic. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2020; 249:96–7.
  • 24. Pérez‐Fuentes MDC, Molero Jurado MDM, Martos Martínez Á ,Gázquez Linares J J. Threat of COVID‐19 and emotional state during quarantine: Positive and negative affect as mediators in a cross‐sectional study of the Spanish population. PLoS One. 2020; 15(6):e0235305. 10.1371/journal.pone.0235305 .
  • 25. Stanton R, To QG, Khalesi S, Williams SL, Alley SJ, Thwaite TL et al. Depression, anxiety and stress during COVID‐19: Associations with changes in physical activity, sleep, tobacco and alcohol use in Australian adults. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020;17(11): 4065. 10.3390/ijerph17114065
  • 26.Yao H, Chen JH, Xu YF. Patients with mental health disorders in the COVID-19 epidemic. Lancet Psychiatry. 2020 ; 7(4):e21.
  • 27.Lima CKT, Carvalho PMM, Lima IAAS, Nunes JVAO, Saraiva JS, de Souza RI, da Silva CGL, Neto MLR . The emotional impact of Coronavirus 2019-nCoV (new Coronavirus disease Psychiatry Res. 2020; 287:112915. 28.Fellendorf FT, Reininghaus EZ, Ratzenhofer M, Lenger M, Maget A,Platzer M et al. COVID‐19‐related fears and information frequency predict sleep behavior in bipolar disorder .Brain and Behavior. 2021;11(9): e02182 . doi:10.1002/brb3.2182.
  • 29. Karantonis JA, Rossell SL, Berk M, Van Rheenen TE. The mental health and lifestyle impacts of COVID-19 on bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord. 2021;282:442-7. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.12.186
  • 30. Luo M, Guo L, Yu M, Jiang W. The psychological and mental impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on medical staff and general public – A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychiatry Res. 2020;291:113190 doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113190.
  • 31. Xiong J, Lipsitz O, Nasri F, Lui LMW, Gill H, Phan L et al. Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on mental health in the general population: A systematic review. J. Affect. Disord. 2020(1);277:55-64 doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.08.001.
  • 32. Kim AW, Nyengerai T, Mendenhall E. Evaluating the mental health impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Perceived risk of COVID-19 infection and childhood trauma predict adult depressive symptoms in Urban South Africa. Psychol. Med. 2020;52(8):1587-99 doi: 10.1017/S0033291720003414.
  • 33. Meyer B . Residual mood symptoms and number of previous episodes predict recurrence of bipolar disorder. Evid Based Ment Health. 2006; 9(3):84.
  • 34. Perlis RH, Ostacher MJ, Patel JK, Marangell LB, Zhang H, Wisniewski SR et al. Ketter TA, Miklowitz DJ, Otto MW, Gyulai L, Reilly-Harrington NA, Nierenberg AA, Sachs GS,Thase ME . Predictors of recurrence in bipolar disorder: primary outcomes from the Systematic Treatment Enhancement Program for Bipolar Disorder (STEP-BD).Am J Psychiatry. 2006; 163(2):217-24. 35. Proudfoot J, Doran J, Manicavasagar V, Parker G. The precipitants of manic/hypomanic episodes in the context of bipolar disorder: a review. J Affect Disord. 2011;133(3):381-7.
  • 36. Robinson LJ, Thompson JM, Gallagher P, Goswami U, Young AH, Ferrier IN et al. A meta-analysis of cognitive deficits in euthymic patients with bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord 2006;93:105-15.
  • 37. Martino DJ, Strejilevich SA, Marengo E, Igoa A, Fassi G., Teitelbaum J et al . Relationship between neurocognitive functioning and episode recurrences in bipolar disorder. J. Affect. Disord. 2013;147 (1–3), 345–51.
  • 38. Samalin L, De Chazeron I, Vieta E, Bellivier F, Llorca PM. Residual symptoms and specific functional impairments in euthymic patients with bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord. 2016;18(2):164–73.
  • 39. Zhang X, Cheng X, Chen J, Zhang B, Wu Q, Deng W et al.Association of subthreshold manic symptoms and cognitive impairments in euthymic patients with bipolar disorder I. Psychiatry Res. 2019;278:303-8. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2019.06.032. Epub 2019 Jun 21. PMID: 31255953.
  • 40 . Kaya E, Aydemir Ö, Selçuk D. Remisyondaki iki uçlu hastalarda kalıntı duygudurum belirtilerinin bilişsel ve toplumsal işlevsellik üzerine etkisi. Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry 2009;10:124-30.
  • 41. Martinez-Aran A, Vieta E, Reinares M, Colom F, Torrent C, Sanchez-Moreno J et al. Cognitive function across manic or hypomanic, depressed, and euthymic states in bipolar disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2004; 161:262-70.
  • 42. Bonnín CM, Martínez-Arán A, Torrent C, Pacchiarotti I, Rosa AR, Franco C et al. Clinical and neurocognitive predictors of functional outcome in bipolar euthymic patients: a long-term, follow-up study. J Affect Disord. 2010;121(1-2):156-60. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2009.05.014.
  • 43.Deckersbach T, Nierenberg AA, Kessler R, Lund HG, Ametrano RM, Sachs G et al. RESEARCH: Cognitive rehabilitation for bipolar disorder: an open trial for employed patients with residual depressive symptoms. CNS Neurosci Ther 2010;16:298–307. https://doi.org/10.111 1/j.1755-5949.2009.00110.x
  • 44. Yon L, Samalin L, Giordana B, Milhet V, Marty L, El Hage W, et al. Residual symptoms in bipolar disorder: How to define and to manage them in clinical practice. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2012;28:e56.
Toplam 40 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Klinik Tıp Bilimleri
Bölüm Araştırma
Yazarlar

Pınar Şen Gökçeimam 0000-0001-5228-3784

Selma Filiz Yar 0000-0002-6635-7171

Neslihan Kumsar 0000-0002-5010-6466

Yayımlanma Tarihi 28 Aralık 2022
Kabul Tarihi 28 Kasım 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 47 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

MLA Şen Gökçeimam, Pınar vd. “Bipolar Affektif Bozukluk tanılı Hastalarda COVID- 19 Korkusunun kalıntı Belirtiler Ve işlevsellik Ile ilişkisi”. Cukurova Medical Journal, c. 47, sy. 4, 2022, ss. 1630-4, doi:10.17826/cumj.1176773.