Ekonomik Kalkınma Ve Çevre Kirliliği ilişkisi: Gelişmekte Olan Ülkeler Üzerine Ampirik Bir Analiz

Öz

The aim of this study is to make a comparative analysis of the relationship between development and environmental pollution and to test the validity of Environmental Kuznets Curve in the 37 countries using data over the period of 1980 2007 According to estimations conducted by the method of panel EGSL there is negative and significant relationship between the improvements in development indicators but environmental pollution and indicating the conclusion that the increase in personal income is not compatible with Environmental Kuznets Curve According to this the results of the analysis indicate a relationship with personal income and the level of environmental pollution in the form of an N Keywords: Economic Development Environmental Pollution Environmental Kuznets Curve

Anahtar Kelimeler

• -

Ekonomik Kalkınma Ve Çevre Kirliliği ilişkisi: Gelişmekte Olan Ülkeler Üzerine Ampirik Bir Analiz

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı 37 ülkenin 1980 2007 dönemine ait verileri yardımıyla kalkınma ile çevre kirliliği arasındaki ilişkiyi karşılaştırmalı olarak analiz etmek ve bu ülkelerde Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisinin geçerliliğini sınamaktır Panel EGLS yöntemiyle yapılan tahminlemeye göre kalkınma göstergelerinde ortaya çıkan iyileşme ile çevre kirliliği arasında negatif ve anlamlı bir ilişki bulunmuş ancak varsayımın modele uygulanması sonucu kişisel gelirde ortaya çıkan artışın Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi varsayımıyla uyumlu olmadığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır Buna göre çalışmada yapılan analiz sonuçları kişisel gelir düzeyi ile çevre kirliliği arasında N şeklinde bir ilişki olduğunu göstermiştir Anahtar Kelimeler: Ekonomik Kalkınma Çevre Kirliliği Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi Relationship Between Economic Development And Environmental Pollution: An Empirical Analysis On Developing Countries

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Ekonomik Kalkınma, Çevre Kirliliği, Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi

Kaynakça

1. Akbostancı, E., S. T. Aşık ve G. İ. Tunç (2009), “The relationship between income and environment in Turkey: Is there an environmental Kuznets curve?”, 861-867, Energy Policy, 37.
2. Baldwin, R. (1995), “Does Sustainability Require Growth?”, I. Goldin ve L.A. Winters (Ed.), The Economics of Sustainable Development içinde. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press.
3. Baltagi, B.H. (2001), Econometric Analysis of Panel Data, 2nd ed. John Willey and Sons.
4. Beckerman, W. (1992), “Economic Growth and the Environment: Whose Growth? Whose Environment?”, 481-492, World Development, C. 20, No: 4
5. Bertinelli, T. and E. Strobl (2005), “The Environmental Kuznets Curve Semi- Parametrically Revisited”, Economics Letters, 88, pp. 350–357.
6. Bradford, D. F., R. Schlieckert ve S. H. Shore (2000), “The Environmental Kuznets Curve: Exploring a Fresh Specification”, CESIFO Working Paper Series, 367.
7. Bruyn, S.M., J.M. Van Den Bergh ve J.B. Opschoor (1998), “Economic Growth And Emissions: Reconsidering the Empirical Basis of Environmental Kuznets Curves”, Ecological Economics, 25(2), pp.161–175.
8. Cropper M. ve C. Griffiths (1994), “The Interaction of Population Growth and Environmental Quality”, American Economic Review, 84(2), pp.250-254.

9. Dasgupta, S. ve D.R. Wheeler (1997) “Citizen Complaints as Environmental Indicators: Evidence from China”, PRD Working Paper, No.1704, World Bank.
10. Dasgupta, S., A. Mody, S. Roy and D.R. Wheeler (1995), “Environmental Regulation and Development: A Cross-Country Empirical Analysis”, PRD Working Paper, No. 1448, World Bank.
11. Dinda, S. (2004) “Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis: A Survey”, Ecological Economics, 49(4), pp.431– 455.
12. Focacci, A. (2003), “Empirical Evidence in the Analysis of the Environmental and Energy Policies of a Series of Industrialised Nations, during the Period 1960– 1997, Using Widely Employed Macroeconomic Indicators”, Energy Policy, 31, 333-52.
13. Friedl, B., Getzner, M. (2003), “Determinants of CO2 Emissions in a Small Open Economy”, Ecological Economics, 45, pp.133-48.
14. Galeotti M. ve A. Lanza, “Richer and cleaner? A study on carbon dioxide emissions in developing countries”, Proceedings from the 22nd IAEE Annual International Conference (Rome), 9-12 June 1999.
15. Grossman, G. ve A. B. Krueger (1993), “Environmental Impacts of the North American Free Trade agreement”, 13-56, The U.S. – Mexico Free Trade Agreement, (Ed.) P. Garber, MIT Press, Cambridge.
16. Grossman, G. ve A. B. Krueger (1995), “Economic growth and the Environment”. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 110(2), pp. 353-377
17. Grossman, G.M. ve A. B. Krueger (1991), “Environmental impacts of the North American Free Trade Agreement”, NBER Working Paper, 3914.
18. Hadri K. (2000), “Testing for Stationarity in Heterogeneous Panels”, The Econometrics Journal, 3, pp.148-161.
19. Im,S.K., M.H. Pesaran and Y. Shin (2003), “Testing for Unit Roots in Heterogeneous Panels”, Journal of Econometrics, 115, 1, pp.53-74.
20. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (1997), “Greenhouse Gas Inventory Reference Manual, Revised 1996” IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. OECD, IEA.
21. Kuznets, S. (1955), “Economic Growth and Income Inequality”, American Economic Review 45, pp. 1– 28
22. Levin,A. and C.F. Lin, (2002), “Unit Root Tests in Panel Data: New Results”, Discussion Papers, 93, 56, pp.1-38.
23. Lucas, R., P. Wheeler ve H. Hettige (1992), “Economic Development, Environmental Regulation And The İnternational Migration Of Toxic İndustrial Pollution: 1960-1988”, P. Low (Editor), International Trade and the Environment, World Bank Discussion Paper No. 159, Washington DC.
24. Maddala, G.S. and S. Wu, (1999); “A Comparative Study of Unit Root Tests with Panel Data and a New Simple Test,” Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 61, pp. 631–52.
25. Mani, M. ve D. Wheeler (1997), “In search of pollution havens?: dirty industry migration in the world economy,” World Bank Working paper No. 16.
26. Meadows, D. H., D. I. Meadows, J. Randers, W. W. Behrens III (1972), “The Limits to Growth – A report for the Club of Rome’s Project on the predicament of Mankind,” Potomac Associates Book, Earth Island Ltd, London.
27. Millimet, D.L., J.A. List, and T. Stengos (2003), The enviromental Kuznets curve: real progress or misspecified models? Review of Economics and Statistics, 85(4), ss:1038–1047.
28. Moomaw, W. ve G. Unruh (1997), “Are environmental Kuznets curves misleading us? The case of CO2 emissions”, Environment and Development Economics, Vol. 2, Issue 4.
29. Önder, F. ve K. Akçasoy (2007), “Methodology On Greenhouse Gas Emissions Used By Turkey”, www.unescap.org/stat/envstat/stwes-07.pdf: Erişim Tarihi: 06.06.2007.
30. Panayotou, T. (1993), “Empirical Tests and Policy Analysis of Environmental Degradation at Different Stages of Economic Development”, ILO Technology and Employment Programme Working Paper, WP238, Geneva.
31. Panayotou, T. (2003), “Economic Growth and the Environment”. Economic Survey of Europe, No. 2.
32. Panayotou,T., (1997),“Demystifying the environmental Kuznets curve: turning a black box into a policy tool”, Environment and Development Economics, Vol. 2, Issue 4, November, ss. 465–484.
33. Pargal, S. ve D.R. Wheeler (1996), “Informal Regulation in Developing Countries: Evidence from Indonesia”, Journal of Political Economy, 104(6), ss:1314-27.
34. Pezzey, J.C.V. (1989), “Economic Analysis of Sustainable Growth and Sustainable Development”, Environment Department Working Paper 15, World Bank.
35. Richmond, A. K. and R. K. Kaufmann (2006), “Is there a Turning Point in the Relationship between Income and Energy Use and/or Carbon Emissions?”, Ecological Economics, 56, 176– 89.
36. Roberts, J. T. and P. E. Grimes (1997), “Carbon Intensity and Economic Development 1962-91: A Brief Exploration of the Environmental Kuznets Curve”, World Development, 25, 2, pp. 191-8.
37. Rupasingha, A., S. J. Goetz, D. L. Debertin, A. Pagoulatos, (2004), “The Environmental Kuznets Curve for US Counties: A Spatial Econometric Analysis with Extensions”, Papers in Regional Science, 83, pp.407-24.
38. Sachs, J., T. Panayotou and A. Peterson (1999), “Developing Countries and the Control of Climate Change: A Theoretical Perspective and Policy Implications”, CAER II Discussion Paper, No. 44, Cambridge, MA.
39. Selden, T. ve D. Song, (1994), “Environmental Quality and Development: is There a Kuznets Curve for Air Pollution Emissions?”, Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 27(2), pp.147–162.
40. Shafik, N. (1994), “Economic Development and Environmental Quality: An Econometric Analysis”. Oxford Economic Papers, 46, pp. 757–773.
41. Torras, M. ve J. K. Boyce (1998), “Income, Inequality and Pollution: A Reassessment of the Environmental Kuznets Curve”, 147-160, Ecological Economics, 25.
42. Tunç G.İ., S. Türüt-Aşık and E. Akbostancı (2007), CO2 Emissions vs. CO2 Responsibility: An Input–Output Approach for the Turkish Economy”, Energy Policy, 35, pp.855-865.
43. UN, “Our Common Future”, Chapter 2: Towards Sustainable Development, Our Common Future: Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development, Temmuz 2012).
44. http://www.un-documents.net/ocf-02.htm#III.5, (30