The Moderating Effects of Perceived Accountability On The Relationship Between Sales Personnel’s Empowerment And Organizational Commitment: A Field Research In Turkish Travel Agencies
Yıl 2008,
Cilt: 17 Sayı: 3, 105 - 128, 01.09.2008
Asst. Prof. Dr. Halil Demırer
Asst. Prof. Dr. Nuriye Gures
Res. Asst. Volkan Akgul
Öz
In this research study the moderating effects of demographic variables and perceived accountability on the evident relationship between employee empowerment and organizational commitment were examined 426 sales persons in travel agencies in Turkey were chosen as sample of the survey The common definitions and widely used measures were used for the analyses among variables Responses for some demographics and perceived accountability were categorized in order to be able to regress in moderated form to test the hypotheses Findings proved that perceived accountability and income level of the sales persons were found to be the first order determinants of employee empowerment However only the age and marital status factors have a moderating effect on the relationship between employee empowerment and organizational commitment Keywords: perceived accountability employee empowerment organizational commitment sales personnel travel agency
Kaynakça
- Anderson, R. E. & Huang, W. Y. R. (2006), Empowering Salespeople: Personal, Managerial, and Organizational Perspectives, Psychology & Marketing, 23(2), 139-159.
- Baker. (2000). An Examination of The Relationship Between Organizational Commitment and Employee Empowerment, Bell & Howell Information and Learning Company: Iowa.
- Becker, H. S. (1960), Notes on the Concept of Commitment, American Journal of Sociology, 66, 32-40.
- Blau, G. & Boal, K. (1989), Using Job Involvement and Organizational Commitment Interactively to Predict, Turnover, Journal of Management, 15, 115-127.
- Bodner, S. L. (2003), Dimensional Assessment of Empowerment in Organization,University of North Texas, Texas.
- Bowen, D. E., & Lawler, E. E. (1992), The Empowerment of Service Workers: What, Why, How and When, Sloan Management Review, 1-9.
- Brown, M. (1969), Identification and Some Conditions of Organizational Involvement, Administrative Science Quarterly, 14, 346-355.
- Buchanan, B. (1974), Building Organizational Commitment: The Socialization of Managers in Work Organizations, Administrative Science Quarterly, 19, 533- 546.
- Cyboran, V. L. (2005), The Influence of Reflections on Employee Psyhological Empowerment: Report of an Exploratory Workplace, Performance Improvement Quarterly, 18(4), 37-49.
- DeCotiis, T. A. & Jenkins, J. M. (1986), Empyolee Commitment: Money in the Bank, Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 26(4), 70-75.
- DeLeede, J., Nijhof, A. & Fisscher, O. (1999), The Myth of Self-Managing Teams: A Reflection on the Allocation of Responsibility Between Individuals, Teams and the Organization, Journal of Business Ethics, 21(2), 203-215.
- Dobbin, F. & Boychuk, T. (1999), National employment systems and job autonomy: Why job autonomy is high in the Nordic countries and low in the United States, Canada and Australia, Organizational Studies, 2(92), 257-291.
- Dose, J. J. & Klimoski, R. J. (1995), Doing the Right Thing in the Workplace: Responsibility in the Face of Accountability, Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, 8(1), 35-58.
- Drucker, P. (1993), Pos-capitalist Society, Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann.
- Dunham, R. B., Grube, J. A. & Castaneda, M. B. (1994), Organizational Commitment: The Utility of an Integrative Definition, Journal of Applied Psychology, 79(3), 370-380.
- Ferris, G. R., Dulebohn, J. H., Frink, D. D., George-Falvy, J., Mitchell, T. R. & Matthews, L. M. (1997), Job and Organizational Characteristics, Accountability and Employee Influence, Journal of Managerial Issue, 9, 162- 175.
- Field, A. P. (2005). Discovering Statistics Using SPSS (Second Edition), London: Sage.
- Ford, R. C. & Fotter, M. D. (1995), Empowerment: A Matter of Degree, Academy of
- Management Executive, 9(3), 21-31.
- Frink, D. D. & Ferris, G. R. (1999), The Moderating Effectes Of Accountability On The Conscientiousness-Peformance Relationship, Journal of Business and Psychology, 13(4), 515-524.
- Frink, D. D. & Klimoski, R. J. (1998), Toward a Theory of Accountability in Organizations and Human Resources Management, Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management Decision, 16, 1-51.
- Hair, J.F., Anderson, R.E., Tatham, R.L., & Black, W.C. 1998. Multivariate Data Analysis. Prentice-Hall, Inc, Upper Saddle River.
- Hall, D. T. & Schneider, B. (1972), Correlates of Organizational Identification as a Function of Career Patterns and Organizational Types, Administrative Science Quarterly, 15, 176-189.
- Heimbold, C. A. (1999), Attributes and Formation of Good Leaders, Vital Speeches of the Day, 65(6), 179-181.
- Herrenkohl, R. C., Judson, T. G. & Heffer, J. A. (1999), Defining and Measuring Employee Empowerment, The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 35(3), 373-389.
- Kacmar, M. K., Carlson, D. S. & Brymer, R. A. (1999), Antecedent and Consequences of Organitional Commitment: a Comparison of Two Scales, Educational and Psychological Measurement, 59(6), 976-994.
- Kerr, S. (1975), On the Folly of Rewarding A, While Hoping for B, Academy of management Journal 18, 769-783.
- Kim, S. Y. (2003), The Effects of Situational Factors and Percived Accountability on Contextual Performance, The University of Memphis.
- Lawler, E. E. (1998), High involvement management, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
- Leech, N. L., Barrett, K. C., & Morgan, G. A. (2005). SPSS for Intermediate Statistics: Use and Interpretation (2 edition). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. th
- Lerner, J. & Tetlock, P. (1999), Accounting for the Effects of Accountability, Psychological Bulletin, 125(2), 255-275.
- Luthans, F., Baack, D. & Taylor, L. (1978), Organizational Commitment: Analysis of Antecedents, Human Relations, 40(4), 219-239.
- Martin, C. A. & Bush, A. J. (2003), The Potential Influence of Organizational and Personal Variables on Customer-Oriented Selling, The Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing, 18, 114-132.
- Meyer, J. & Allen, N. (1984), Testing the “Side-Bet Theory” of Organizational Commitment: Some Methodological Considerations, Journal of Applied Psychology, 69, 372-378.
- Meyer, J. P., Allen, N. J. & Smith, C. A. (1993), Commitment to organizations and occupations: extension and test of a three-component conceptualization, Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 538-551.
- Meyer, J. P., Bobocel, D. R. & Allen, N. J. (1991), Development of Organizational Commitment During the First Year of Employment:A Longitudinal Study of Pre- and Post-Entry Influences, Journal of Management, 17(4), 717-734.
- Morrow, P. C. (1983), Concept Redundancy in Organizational Research: The Case of Work Commitment, Academy of Management Review, 10(3), 486-500.
- Mowday, R., Steers, R. & Porter, L. (1979), The Measurement of Organizational Commitment, Journal of Vocational Behavior, 14, 533-546.
- Niehoff, B. P., Moorman, R. H., Blakely, G. & Fuller, J. (2001), The Influence of Empowerment and Job Enrichment on Employee Loyalty in a Downsizing Environment, Group & Organization Management, 26(1), 93-113.
- Plunkett, L. C. & Fournier, R. (1991), Participative Management: Implementing Empowerment (Vol. 5), John Wiley: New York.
- Randal, D. M. (1990), The Consequences of Organizational Commitment: Methodological Investigation, Journal of Organizational Behavior, 11, 361- 378.
- Reichers, A. E. (1985), A Review and Reconceptualization of Organizational Commitment. Academy of Management Journal, 10(3), 465-476.
- Sallee, A. & Flaherty, K. (2003), Enhancing Salesperson Trust: An Examination of Managerial Values, Empowerment, and The Moderating Influence of SBU Strategy. Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management, 23(4), 299-310.
- Schlenker, B. R., Britt, T. W., Pennington, J., Murphy, R. & Doherty, K. (1994), The Triangle Model of Responsibility, Psychological Review, 101, 632-652.
- Somers, M. J. & Birnbaum, D. (1998), Work-related Commitment and Job Performance: it's also Nature of the Performance That Counts, Journal of Organizational Behavior, 19, 621-634.
- Sparks, B. A., Bradley, G. L. & Callen, V. J. (1997), Psychological Empowerment and Customer Orientation: an Extensiont to the Not-For-Profit Context, Journal of Marketing Research, 19, 343-351.
- Spreitzer, G. M. (1995), Psycohological Empowerment in the Workplace: Dimensions, Measurement, and Validations, Academy of Management Journal, 38(5), 1442- 1465.
- Tabachnick, B.G. and Fidell, L.S. (1996). Using Multivariate Statistics. 3rd Ed., Harper Collins College Publishers, New York.
- Tan, D. S. K. & Akhtar, S. (1998), Organizational Commitment and Experienced Burnout: an Exploratory Study From a Chinese Cultural Perspective, The International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 6(4), 310-333.
- Ugboro, I. O. & Obeng, K. (1999), Top Management Leadership, Employee Empowerment, Job Satisfaction, and Customer Satisfaction in TQM Organizations: an Emprical Study, Journal of Quality Management, 5, 247- 272.
- Ugboro, I. O. (2006), Organizational Commitment, Job Redesign, Employee Empowerment and Intent to Quit Among Survivors of Restructuring and Downsizing, Institute of Behavioral and Applied Management, North Carolina A&T State University.
- Van Scotter, J. R. & Motowidlo, S. J. (1996), Interpersonal Facilitation and Job Dedicationas Separate Factors of Contextual performance, Journal of Applied Psychology, 81, 525-531.
- Voorhis, R. M. V. & Hostetter, C. (2006), The Impact of MSW Educational on Social Workers Empowerment and Commitment to Client Empowerment Through Social Justice Advocacy, Journal of Social Work Education, 42(1), 105-121.
- Walton, R. E. (1985), From Control Commitment in the Workplace, Harvard Business Review, 77-83.
- Weigold, M. F. & Schlenker, B. R. (1991), Accountability and Risk Taking, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletion, 17(1), 25-29.
- Wiener, Y. (1982), Commitment in Organizations: A Normative View. Academy of Management Review, 7(3), 418-428.
- Wilkinson, A. (1998), Empowerment: theory and practice, Personnel Review, 27(1), 40- 55.
- Williams, L. J. & Hazer, T. J. (1986), Antecedents and Consequences of Satisfaction and Commitment in Turnover Models: A Reanalysis Using Latent Variable Structural Equation Methods, Journal Applied Psychology, 71(2), 219-231.
The Moderating Effects of Perceived Accountability On The Relationship Between Sales Personnel’s Empowerment And Organizational Commitment: A Field Research In Turkish Travel Agencies
Yıl 2008,
Cilt: 17 Sayı: 3, 105 - 128, 01.09.2008
Asst. Prof. Dr. Halil Demırer
Asst. Prof. Dr. Nuriye Gures
Res. Asst. Volkan Akgul
Öz
Bu araştırmada çalışanların işyerinde psikolojik güçlendirme ve organizasyona bağlılıkları arasında varolduğu bilinen ilişki üzerinde demografik değişkenler ile algılanan sorumluluğun düzenleyici etkileri incelenmiştir Araştırmanın örneklemi olarak Türkiye’de seyahahat acentalarında çalışan 426 satış personeli belirlenmiştir Değişkenler arasındaki analizlerde genel kabul görmüş tanımlar ve yaygın bir şekilde kullanılan ölçüm araçları kullanılmıştır Hipotez testi için demografik verileri ile algılanan sorumluluk verilerinin regresyon analizine düzenleyici formda girebilmesi için sınıflandırılmıştır Bulgular çalışanların psikolojik güçlendirmesini birinci derecede etkileyen değişkenler olarak satış personelinin sorumluluk algılaması ve gelir düzeyleri olduğunu göstermiştir Ancak çalışanların psikolojik güçlendirmesi ile organizasyona bağlılıkları arasındaki ilişki üzerinde düzenleyici etki sadece yaş ve medeni durum değişkenlerine ait olmuştur Anahtar sözcükler: algılanan sorumluluk çalışanın psikolojik güçlendirmesi organizasyonel bağlılık satış personeli seyahat acentası
Kaynakça
- Anderson, R. E. & Huang, W. Y. R. (2006), Empowering Salespeople: Personal, Managerial, and Organizational Perspectives, Psychology & Marketing, 23(2), 139-159.
- Baker. (2000). An Examination of The Relationship Between Organizational Commitment and Employee Empowerment, Bell & Howell Information and Learning Company: Iowa.
- Becker, H. S. (1960), Notes on the Concept of Commitment, American Journal of Sociology, 66, 32-40.
- Blau, G. & Boal, K. (1989), Using Job Involvement and Organizational Commitment Interactively to Predict, Turnover, Journal of Management, 15, 115-127.
- Bodner, S. L. (2003), Dimensional Assessment of Empowerment in Organization,University of North Texas, Texas.
- Bowen, D. E., & Lawler, E. E. (1992), The Empowerment of Service Workers: What, Why, How and When, Sloan Management Review, 1-9.
- Brown, M. (1969), Identification and Some Conditions of Organizational Involvement, Administrative Science Quarterly, 14, 346-355.
- Buchanan, B. (1974), Building Organizational Commitment: The Socialization of Managers in Work Organizations, Administrative Science Quarterly, 19, 533- 546.
- Cyboran, V. L. (2005), The Influence of Reflections on Employee Psyhological Empowerment: Report of an Exploratory Workplace, Performance Improvement Quarterly, 18(4), 37-49.
- DeCotiis, T. A. & Jenkins, J. M. (1986), Empyolee Commitment: Money in the Bank, Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 26(4), 70-75.
- DeLeede, J., Nijhof, A. & Fisscher, O. (1999), The Myth of Self-Managing Teams: A Reflection on the Allocation of Responsibility Between Individuals, Teams and the Organization, Journal of Business Ethics, 21(2), 203-215.
- Dobbin, F. & Boychuk, T. (1999), National employment systems and job autonomy: Why job autonomy is high in the Nordic countries and low in the United States, Canada and Australia, Organizational Studies, 2(92), 257-291.
- Dose, J. J. & Klimoski, R. J. (1995), Doing the Right Thing in the Workplace: Responsibility in the Face of Accountability, Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, 8(1), 35-58.
- Drucker, P. (1993), Pos-capitalist Society, Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann.
- Dunham, R. B., Grube, J. A. & Castaneda, M. B. (1994), Organizational Commitment: The Utility of an Integrative Definition, Journal of Applied Psychology, 79(3), 370-380.
- Ferris, G. R., Dulebohn, J. H., Frink, D. D., George-Falvy, J., Mitchell, T. R. & Matthews, L. M. (1997), Job and Organizational Characteristics, Accountability and Employee Influence, Journal of Managerial Issue, 9, 162- 175.
- Field, A. P. (2005). Discovering Statistics Using SPSS (Second Edition), London: Sage.
- Ford, R. C. & Fotter, M. D. (1995), Empowerment: A Matter of Degree, Academy of
- Management Executive, 9(3), 21-31.
- Frink, D. D. & Ferris, G. R. (1999), The Moderating Effectes Of Accountability On The Conscientiousness-Peformance Relationship, Journal of Business and Psychology, 13(4), 515-524.
- Frink, D. D. & Klimoski, R. J. (1998), Toward a Theory of Accountability in Organizations and Human Resources Management, Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management Decision, 16, 1-51.
- Hair, J.F., Anderson, R.E., Tatham, R.L., & Black, W.C. 1998. Multivariate Data Analysis. Prentice-Hall, Inc, Upper Saddle River.
- Hall, D. T. & Schneider, B. (1972), Correlates of Organizational Identification as a Function of Career Patterns and Organizational Types, Administrative Science Quarterly, 15, 176-189.
- Heimbold, C. A. (1999), Attributes and Formation of Good Leaders, Vital Speeches of the Day, 65(6), 179-181.
- Herrenkohl, R. C., Judson, T. G. & Heffer, J. A. (1999), Defining and Measuring Employee Empowerment, The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 35(3), 373-389.
- Kacmar, M. K., Carlson, D. S. & Brymer, R. A. (1999), Antecedent and Consequences of Organitional Commitment: a Comparison of Two Scales, Educational and Psychological Measurement, 59(6), 976-994.
- Kerr, S. (1975), On the Folly of Rewarding A, While Hoping for B, Academy of management Journal 18, 769-783.
- Kim, S. Y. (2003), The Effects of Situational Factors and Percived Accountability on Contextual Performance, The University of Memphis.
- Lawler, E. E. (1998), High involvement management, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
- Leech, N. L., Barrett, K. C., & Morgan, G. A. (2005). SPSS for Intermediate Statistics: Use and Interpretation (2 edition). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. th
- Lerner, J. & Tetlock, P. (1999), Accounting for the Effects of Accountability, Psychological Bulletin, 125(2), 255-275.
- Luthans, F., Baack, D. & Taylor, L. (1978), Organizational Commitment: Analysis of Antecedents, Human Relations, 40(4), 219-239.
- Martin, C. A. & Bush, A. J. (2003), The Potential Influence of Organizational and Personal Variables on Customer-Oriented Selling, The Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing, 18, 114-132.
- Meyer, J. & Allen, N. (1984), Testing the “Side-Bet Theory” of Organizational Commitment: Some Methodological Considerations, Journal of Applied Psychology, 69, 372-378.
- Meyer, J. P., Allen, N. J. & Smith, C. A. (1993), Commitment to organizations and occupations: extension and test of a three-component conceptualization, Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 538-551.
- Meyer, J. P., Bobocel, D. R. & Allen, N. J. (1991), Development of Organizational Commitment During the First Year of Employment:A Longitudinal Study of Pre- and Post-Entry Influences, Journal of Management, 17(4), 717-734.
- Morrow, P. C. (1983), Concept Redundancy in Organizational Research: The Case of Work Commitment, Academy of Management Review, 10(3), 486-500.
- Mowday, R., Steers, R. & Porter, L. (1979), The Measurement of Organizational Commitment, Journal of Vocational Behavior, 14, 533-546.
- Niehoff, B. P., Moorman, R. H., Blakely, G. & Fuller, J. (2001), The Influence of Empowerment and Job Enrichment on Employee Loyalty in a Downsizing Environment, Group & Organization Management, 26(1), 93-113.
- Plunkett, L. C. & Fournier, R. (1991), Participative Management: Implementing Empowerment (Vol. 5), John Wiley: New York.
- Randal, D. M. (1990), The Consequences of Organizational Commitment: Methodological Investigation, Journal of Organizational Behavior, 11, 361- 378.
- Reichers, A. E. (1985), A Review and Reconceptualization of Organizational Commitment. Academy of Management Journal, 10(3), 465-476.
- Sallee, A. & Flaherty, K. (2003), Enhancing Salesperson Trust: An Examination of Managerial Values, Empowerment, and The Moderating Influence of SBU Strategy. Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management, 23(4), 299-310.
- Schlenker, B. R., Britt, T. W., Pennington, J., Murphy, R. & Doherty, K. (1994), The Triangle Model of Responsibility, Psychological Review, 101, 632-652.
- Somers, M. J. & Birnbaum, D. (1998), Work-related Commitment and Job Performance: it's also Nature of the Performance That Counts, Journal of Organizational Behavior, 19, 621-634.
- Sparks, B. A., Bradley, G. L. & Callen, V. J. (1997), Psychological Empowerment and Customer Orientation: an Extensiont to the Not-For-Profit Context, Journal of Marketing Research, 19, 343-351.
- Spreitzer, G. M. (1995), Psycohological Empowerment in the Workplace: Dimensions, Measurement, and Validations, Academy of Management Journal, 38(5), 1442- 1465.
- Tabachnick, B.G. and Fidell, L.S. (1996). Using Multivariate Statistics. 3rd Ed., Harper Collins College Publishers, New York.
- Tan, D. S. K. & Akhtar, S. (1998), Organizational Commitment and Experienced Burnout: an Exploratory Study From a Chinese Cultural Perspective, The International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 6(4), 310-333.
- Ugboro, I. O. & Obeng, K. (1999), Top Management Leadership, Employee Empowerment, Job Satisfaction, and Customer Satisfaction in TQM Organizations: an Emprical Study, Journal of Quality Management, 5, 247- 272.
- Ugboro, I. O. (2006), Organizational Commitment, Job Redesign, Employee Empowerment and Intent to Quit Among Survivors of Restructuring and Downsizing, Institute of Behavioral and Applied Management, North Carolina A&T State University.
- Van Scotter, J. R. & Motowidlo, S. J. (1996), Interpersonal Facilitation and Job Dedicationas Separate Factors of Contextual performance, Journal of Applied Psychology, 81, 525-531.
- Voorhis, R. M. V. & Hostetter, C. (2006), The Impact of MSW Educational on Social Workers Empowerment and Commitment to Client Empowerment Through Social Justice Advocacy, Journal of Social Work Education, 42(1), 105-121.
- Walton, R. E. (1985), From Control Commitment in the Workplace, Harvard Business Review, 77-83.
- Weigold, M. F. & Schlenker, B. R. (1991), Accountability and Risk Taking, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletion, 17(1), 25-29.
- Wiener, Y. (1982), Commitment in Organizations: A Normative View. Academy of Management Review, 7(3), 418-428.
- Wilkinson, A. (1998), Empowerment: theory and practice, Personnel Review, 27(1), 40- 55.
- Williams, L. J. & Hazer, T. J. (1986), Antecedents and Consequences of Satisfaction and Commitment in Turnover Models: A Reanalysis Using Latent Variable Structural Equation Methods, Journal Applied Psychology, 71(2), 219-231.