COVID-19 PANDEMİSİNİN SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİR TÜKETİM DAVRANIŞI ÜZERİNE ETKİLERİ: PANDEMİ ÖNCESİ VE PANDEMİ DÖNEMİ KARŞILAŞTIRMASINA YÖNELİK BİR NİTEL ARAŞTIRMA

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 34 Sayı: 2, 1423 - 1443, 24.10.2025

Serap Çabuk , Duygu Gür

https://doi.org/10.35379/cusosbil.1589455

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı tüketicilerin sürdürülebilir tüketime yönelik tutumlarını ve COVID-19 pandemisi sürecinde değişen tüketim davranışlarını keşfetmektir. Araştırma sürecinde yaşanılan Covid-19 salgını, katılımcıların pandemi dönemi değişen tüketim alışkanlıklarını keşfetmek üzere karşılaştırmalı bir analiz yapılmasına zemin hazırlamıştır. Derinlemesine görüşme tekniği kullanılarak 33 katılımcıdan
toplanan veriler NVivo14 Programı kullanılarak içerik analizi yöntemiyle değerlendirilmiştir. COVID-19’un ortaya çıkışıyla birlikte, tüketicilerin sağlık ve çevre bilincinde artış gözlenmiş, bu durum sürdürülebilir tüketime yönelik tutumlara olumlu yansımıştır. Pandemi öncesi katılımcıların çevre bilincinin ve çevreci ürünlere yönelik farkındalığın yüksek olduğu gözlenmiş olmasına rağmen bu bilincin satın
alma davranışına tamamen yansımadığı tespit edilmiştir. Pandemi sürecinde, sağlıkla ilgili endişelerin artması, tüketicilerin çevreci ürünlerden ziyade hijyen odaklı ürünleri tercih etmelerine neden olmuştur. Ancak, özellikle gıda kategorisinde organik içeriklere duyulan ilginin arttığı dikkat çekmektedir. Gelecek çalışmalarda, kuşaklar arası farklılıkların belirginleştiği tüketim davranışlarının incelenmesi ve işletmelerin organik ürünlerine yönelik tüketici güveninin araştırılması, literatüre anlamlı katkılar sunacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Sürdürülebilir tüketim , Covid-19 pandemi , Tüketici davranışı , Organik gıda tüketimi , Organik gıda

THE EFFECTS OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC ON SUSTAINABLE CONSUMPTION BEHAVIOR: A QUALITATIVE STUDY COMPARING PREPANDEMIC AND PANDEMIC PERIODS

Öz

The aim of this study is to explore consumers’ attitudes toward sustainable consumption and the changes in their consumption behaviors observed during the COVID-19 pandemic. The outbreak of COVID-19 during the research process provided an opportunity to conduct a comparative analysis focusing on shifts in participants' consumption habits during this period. Data were collected from 33 participants using in-depth interviews and analyzed through content analysis using NVivo14 software. Following the emergence of COVID-19, an increase in both health and environmental awareness among consumers was observed, which positively influenced their attitudes toward sustainable consumption. Although participants demonstrated a high level of environmental awareness and recognition of eco-friendly products before the pandemic, this awareness did not fully translate into purchasing behavior. During the pandemic, rising health concerns led consumers to prioritize hygiene-oriented products over environmentally friendly alternatives. However, increased interest in organic products, particularly in the food category, was observed. Future research should investigate generational differences in consumption behaviors and explore consumer trust toward
organic products offered by businesses, as such inquiries may provide valuable contributions to the literature.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Sustainable consumption , Covid-19 pandemic , Consumer behaviour , Organic food consumption , Organic food

Kaynakça

• Aiguobarueghian, I., Adanma, U. M., Ogunbiyi, E. O., & Solomon, N. O. (2024). Waste management and circular economy: A review of sustainable practices and economic benefits. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 22(2), 1708–1719. https://doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2024.22.2.1517
• Akyüz, H. Ö., & Aytekin, İ. (2022). Covid-19 sürecinde koruyucu sağlık ve hijyen ürünlerinin satışı ve tüketimi üzerine bir inceleme. Medical Research Reports, 5(1), 27–39.
• Allen, M., Dube, O. P., Solecki, W., Aragón-Durand, F., Cramer, W., Humphreys, S., & Kainuma, M. (2018). Special report: Global warming of 1.5 °C. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 677. doi:10.1017/9781009157940.003
• Baran, J., Kowalczyk, K., & Tereszkiewicz, K. (2024). Determinants of changes in perception of the quality of dairy products by polish consumers. Journal of Entrepreneurship & Sustainability Issues, 12(1). http://doi.org/10.9770/jesi.2024.12.1(20)
• Barbier, E. B., & Burgess, J. C. (2017). The Sustainable Development Goals and the systems approach to sustainability. Economics, 11(1), 20170028. https://doi.org/10.5018/economics-ejournal.ja.2017-28
• Baş, T., & Akturan, U. (2013). Nitel araştırma yöntemleri, Nvivo ile nitel veri analizi, örnekleme, analiz, yorum. Seçkin Yayıncılık, 2.
• Bezerra, A. C. V., Silva, C. E. M. D., Soares, F. R. G., & Silva, J. A. M. D. (2020). Factors associated with people's behavior in social isolation during the COVID-19 pandemic. Ciencia & Saude Coletiva, 25, 2411–2421. DOI: 10.1590/1413-81232020256.1.10792020
• Blundell, R., Griffith, R., Levell, P., & O’Connell, M. (2020). Could COVID-19 infect the consumer prices index? Fiscal Studies, 41(2). https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-5890.12229
• Birleşmiş Milletler. (2020). Sustainable consumption and production. United Nations. [Erişim tarihi 20.10.2021] .https://sdgs.un.org/topics/sustainable-consumption-and-production
• Carducci, A., Fiore, M., Azara, A., Bonaccorsi, G., Bortoletto, M., Caggiano, G., ... & Ferrante, M. (2021). Pro-environmental behaviors: Determinants and obstacles among Italian university students. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(6), 3306. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18063306
• Cervellati, E. M., Stella, G. P., Filotto, U., & Maino, A. (2022). How COVID-19 changed Italian consumers' behavior. Global Finance Journal, 51, 100680. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfj.2021.100680
• Chauhan, V., & Shah, M. H. (2020). An empirical analysis into sentiments, media consumption habits, and consumer behaviour during the coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak. Purakala with ISSN: 0971-2143.
• Cramer-Flood, E. (2020, June 22). Global ecommerce 2020: Ecommerce decelerates amid global retail contraction but remains a bright spot. eMarketer. https://bit.ly/3svJJ8d
• Creswell, J. W. (2013). Steps in conducting a scholarly mixed methods study.
• Corbin, J., & Strauss, A. (2008). The basics of qualitative research (3rd ed.) Los Angeles, CA: Sage.
• Corona, B., Tunn, V. S., & van den Broek, K. L. (2024). Integrating consumer behaviour into the environmental assessment of circular packaging: A scoping review. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 29(1), 80–98. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-023-02218-1
• Costanza, R., Fisher, B., Ali, S., Beer, C., Bond, L., Boumans, R., ... & Snapp, R. (2007). Quality of life: An approach integrating opportunities, human needs, and subjective well-being. Ecological Economics, 61(2–3), 267–276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2006.02.023
• Çabuk, S., & Keleş, C. (2008). Tüketicilerin yeşil ürün satın alma davranışlarının sosyo-demografik değişkenler açısından incelenmesi. Çukurova Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 17(1), 85–102.
• De Guimarães, J. C. F., Severo, E. A., Klein, L. L., Dorion, E. C. H., & Lazzari, F. (2023). Antecedents of sustainable consumption of remanufactured products: A circular economy experiment in the Brazilian context. Journal of Cleaner Production, 385, 135571. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.135571
• Degli Esposti, P., Mortara, A., & Roberti, G. (2021). Sharing and sustainable consumption in the era of COVID-19. Sustainability, 13(4), 1903. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13041903
• Doraiswamy, S., Cheema, S., Al Mulla, A., & Mamtani, R. (2024). COVID-19 lockdown and lifestyles: A narrative review. F1000Research, 10, 363. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.52535.2
• Duarte, P., e Silva, S. C., Mangei, I., & Dias, J. C. (2024). Exploring ethical consumer behavior: a comprehensive study using the ethically minded consumer behavior-scale (EMCB) among adult consumers. International Review on Public and Nonprofit Marketing, 21(4), 841-862. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12208-024-00404-x
• Echegaray, F. (2021). What post-COVID-19 lifestyles may look like? Identifying scenarios and their implications for sustainability. Sustainable Production and Consumption, 27, 567–574. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2020.12.021
• ElHaffar, G., Durif, F., & Dubé, L. (2020). Towards closing the attitude-intention-behavior gap in green consumption: A narrative review of the literature and an overview of future research directions. Journal of Cleaner Production, 275, 122556. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.122556
• Elliott, J. (2012). An Introduction to Sustainable Development. Routledge.
• Fischer, D., Böhme, T., & Geiger, S. M. (2017). Measuring young consumers’ sustainable consumption behavior: Development and validation of the YCSCB scale. Young Consumers, 18(3), 312–326. https://doi.org/10.1108/YC-03-2017-00671
• Foroudi, P., Marvi, R., Cuomo, M. T., Bagozzi, R., Dennis, C., & Jannelli, R. (2023). Consumer perceptions of sustainable development goals: Conceptualization, measurement and contingent effects. British Journal of Management, 34(3), 1157–1183. DOI: 10.1111/1467-8551.12637
• Geiger, S. M., Fischer, D., & Schrader, U. (2018). Measuring what matters in sustainable consumption: An integrative framework for the selection of relevant behaviors. Sustainable development, 26(1), 18-33. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.1688
• Haider, M., Shannon, R., & Moschis, G. P. (2022). Sustainable consumption research and the role of marketing: A review of the literature (1976–2021). Sustainability, 14(7), 3999. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14073999
• Han, H. (2020). Theory of green purchase behavior (TGPB): A new theory for sustainable consumption of green hotel and green restaurant products. Business Strategy and the Environment, 29(6), 2815-2828. https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.2545
• Han, H. (2021). Consumer behavior and environmental sustainability in tourism and hospitality: A review of theories, concepts, and latest research. Sustainable Consumer Behaviour and the Environment, 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2021.1903019
• Hansmann, R., Mieg, H. A., & Frischknecht, P. (2012). Principal sustainability components: Empirical analysis of synergies between the three pillars of sustainability. International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology, 19(5), 451-459. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504509.2012.696220
• Hayta, A. (2009). Sürdürülebilir tüketim davranışının kazanılmasında tüketici eğitiminin rolü. Ahi Evran Üniversitesi Kırşehir Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 10(3), 143-151.
• Hesham, F., Riadh, H., & Sihem, N. K. (2021). What have we learned about the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on consumer behavior?. Sustainability, 13(8), 4304. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13084304
• Hobbs, J. E. (2020). Food supply chains during the COVID-19 pandemic. Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics, 68, 12237. https://doi.org/10.1111/cjag.12237
• Hosseinzadeh, P., Zareipour, M., Baljani, E., & Moradali, M. R. (2022). Social consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review. Investigacion y Educacion en Enfermeria, 40(1). https://doi.org/10.17533/udea.iee.v40n1e10
• Joshi, N., Raghuvanshi, R. S., & Dutta, A. (2024). Who has a pro-ecological worldview among educated Indian adults with internet access, and what are the influencing factors? Environment, Development and Sustainability, 26(1), 1903-1938. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-021-01411-9
• Jribi, S., Ben Ismail, H., Doggui, D., & Debbabi, H. (2020). COVID-19 virus outbreak lockdown: What impacts on household food wastage? Environment, Development and Sustainability, 22, 3939–3955. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-020-00740-y
• Jung, H. J., Choi, Y. J., & Oh, K. W. (2020). Influencing factors of Chinese consumers’ purchase intention to sustainable apparel products: Exploring consumer “attitude–behavioral intention” gap. Sustainability, 12(5), 1770. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12051770
• Karahan, S., Uca, S., & Güdük, T. (2022). Nitel araştırmalarda görüşme türleri ve görüşme tekniklerinin uygulanma süreci. Nitel Sosyal Bilimler, 4(1), 78-101. https://doi.org/10.47105/nsb.1118399
• Kaya, B. E., & Erbaş, İ. (2021). COVID-19 pandemi döneminin tüketicinin tüketim alışkanlıkları ve tüketim mekânlarına bakış açısı üzerindeki etkisi. İdealkent, COVID-19 Sonrası Kentsel Kamusal Mekânların Dönüşümü, 277-300. DOI:10.31198/idealkent.879408
• Kirk, C. P., & Rifkin, L. S. (2020). I’ll trade you diamonds for toilet paper: Consumer reacting, coping and adapting behaviors in the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Business Research, 117, 124–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.05.028
• Liu, W., Oosterveer, P., & Spaargaren, G. (2016). Promoting sustainable consumption in China: A conceptual framework and research review. Journal of Cleaner Production, 134, 13-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.10.124
• McCracken, G. (1988). The long interview. Sage Publications.
• McMichael, A. J., Butler, C. D., & Folke, C. (2003). New visions for addressing sustainability. Science, 302(5652), 1919-1920.
• Mehta, S., Saxena, T., & Purohit, N. (2020). The new consumer behaviour paradigm amid COVID-19: Permanent or transient? Journal of Health Management, 22(2), 0972063420940834. https://doi.org/10.1177/0972063420940834
• Mızıkacı, M. (2021). Sürdürülebilirlik ve İklim Değişimi. Sürdürülebilir Yaşam Rehberi, 32.
• Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook. Sage.
• Minh, T. C., & Quynh, N. N. T. (2024). Factors affecting sustainable consumption behavior: Roles of pandemics and perceived consumer effectiveness. Cleaner and Responsible Consumption, 12, 100158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clrc.2023.100158
• Munro, P., Kapitan, S., & Wooliscroft, B. (2023). The sustainable attitude-behavior gap dynamic when shopping at the supermarket: A systematic literature review and framework for future research. Journal of Cleaner Production, 138740. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.138740
• Nicolosi, A., Laganà, V. R., & Di Gregorio, D. (2023). Habits, health, and environment in the purchase of bakery products: Consumption preferences and sustainable inclinations before and during COVID-19. Foods, 12(8), 1661. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12081661
• Odeyemi, O., Usman, F. O., Mhlongo, N. Z., Elufioye, O. A., & Ike, C. U. (2024). Sustainable entrepreneurship: A review of green business practices and environmental impact. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 21(2), 346-358. https://doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2024.21.2.0461
• Olya, H., Kim, N., & Kim, M. J. (2024). Climate change and pro-sustainable behaviors: Application of nudge theory. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 32(6), 1077-1095. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2023.2201409
• Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative research & evaluation methods (3rd ed.). Sage Publications.
• Peattie, K. (2015). Sustainability marketing. In Handbook of research on sustainable consumption (pp. 101-117). Edward Elgar Publishing.
• Peña-Vinces, J., Solakis, K., & Guillen, J. (2020). Environmental knowledge, the collaborative economy, and responsible consumption in the context of second-hand perinatal and infant clothes in Spain. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 159, 104840. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.104840
• Perkins, K. M., Velazquez, L., & Munguia, N. (2021). Reflections on sustainable consumption in the context of COVID-19. Frontiers in Sustainability, 2, 647542. https://doi.org/10.3389/frsus.2021.647542
• Piao, X., & Managi, S. (2023). The international role of education in sustainable lifestyles and economic development. Scientific Reports, 13(1), 8733. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-35173-w
• Prothero, A., Dobscha, S., Freund, J., Kilbourne, W. E., Luchs, M. G., Ozanne, L. K., & Thøgersen, J. (2011). Sustainable consumption: Opportunities for consumer research and public policy. Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, 30(1), 31-38. https://doi.org/10.1509/jppm.30.1.31
• Qi, X., & Ploeger, A. (2021). Explaining Chinese consumers’ green food purchase intentions during the COVID-19 pandemic: An extended theory of planned behaviour. Foods, 10. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10061200
• Qiu, R. T. R., Park, J., Li, S., & Song, H. (2020). Social costs of tourism during the COVID-19 pandemic. Annals of Tourism Research, 84, Article 102994. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2020.102994
• Quoquab, F., & Mohammad, J. (2020). A review of sustainable consumption (2000 to 2020): What we know and what we need to know. Journal of Global Marketing, 33(5), 305-334. https://doi.org/10.1080/08911762.2020.1811441
• Ripple, W. J., Wolf, C., Newsome, T. M., Barnard, P., & Moomaw, W. R. (2020). World scientists’ warning of a climate emergency. BioScience, 70, 8–12.
• Rondoni, A., & Grasso, S. (2021). Consumers’ behaviour towards carbon footprint labels on food: A review of the literature and discussion of industry implications. Journal of Cleaner Production, 301, 127031. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.127031
• Rosa, I. M., Purvis, A., Alkemade, R., Chaplin-Kramer, R., Ferrier, S., Guerra, C. A., ... & Pereira, H. M. (2020). Challenges in producing policy-relevant global scenarios of biodiversity and ecosystem services. Global Ecology and Conservation, 22, e00886. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2019.e00886
• Rozenkowska, K. (2023). Theory of planned behavior in consumer behavior research: A systematic literature review. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 47(6), 2670-2700. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcs.12970
• Sánchez-Bravo, P., Chambers, S., Noguera-Artiaga, L., Sendra, E., Cámara, M., & Carbonell-Barrachina, Á. A. (2021). Consumers’ attitude towards sustainability and purchase intention of sustainable food products: A review. Foods, 10(9), 2106. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10092106
• Sargisson, R. J., De Groot, J. I., & Steg, L. (2020). The relationship between sociodemographics and environmental values across seven European countries. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 2253. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02253
• Scott, K. A., & Weaver, S. T. (2018). The intersection of sustainable consumption and anticonsumption: Repurposing to extend product life spans. Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, 37(2), 291-305.
• Severo, E.A, De Guimarães, J.C.F., & Dellarmelin, M. (2020). Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on environmental awareness, sustainable consumption and social responsibility: Evidence from generations in Brazil and Portugal. Journal of Cleaner Production, 286, 124947. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124947
• Severo, E. A., De Guimarães, J. C. F., Wanderley, L. S. O., Gueiros, M. M. B., & Jabbour, C. J. C. (2023). Influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on the use of social media on awareness' socio-environmental and sustainable consumption: Consolidating lessons from the pandemic. Environmental Development, 46, 100865. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envdev.2023.100865
• Sheth, J. (2020). Impact of COVID-19 on consumer behavior: Will the old habits return or die? Journal of Business Research, 117, 280–283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.05.059
• Sonck-Rautio, K., Lahtinen, T., & Tynkkynen, N. (2024). Consumer meaning-making of packaging functions for sustainable food packaging–Insights from qualitative research in Finland. Current Research in Environmental Sustainability, 7, 100259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crsust.2024.100259
• Steg, L., & Vlek, C. (2009). Encouraging pro-environmental behaviour: An integrative review and research agenda. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 29(3), 309-317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2008.10.004
• Stern, P. C. (2000). Toward a coherent theory of environmentally significant behavior. Journal of Social Issues, 56(3), 407–424. https://doi.org/10.1111/0022-4537.00175
• Tanrikulu, C. (2021). Theory of consumption values in consumer behaviour research: A review and future research agenda. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 45(6), 1176-1197. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcs.12687
• Tatar, A. (2021). Çevresel sorunlara duyarlılığın sürdürülebilir tüketim davranışına etkisi. International Journal of Management and Administration, 5(9), 103-117. https://doi.org/10.33083/ijma.2021.5.9.103
• Valenzuela-Fernández, L., Escobar-Farfán, M., Guerra-Velásquez, M., & García-Salirrosas, E. E. (2023). COVID-19 effects on environmentally responsible behavior: a social impact perspective from Latin American countries. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(4), 3330. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20043330
• Wang, J., Shen, M., & Chu, M. (2021). Why is green consumption easier said than done? Exploring the green consumption attitude-intention gap in China with behavioral reasoning theory. Cleaner and Responsible Consumption, 2, 100015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clrc.2021.100015
• WCED. (1987). Our Common Future. http://www.un-documents.net/our-common-future.pdf [Erişim tarihi 22.09.2023].
• White, K., Habib, R., & Hardisty, D. J. (2019). How to SHIFT consumer behaviors to be more sustainable: A literature review and guiding framework. Journal of Marketing, 83(3), 22-49. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26973065
• World Health Organization. (2005). Ecosystems and human well-being: health synthesis: a report of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. World Health Organization. https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/43354/9241563095.pdf [Erişim tarihi 17.10.2023].
• World Health Organization. (2024). Achieving well-being: a global framework for integrating well-being into public health utilizing a health promotion approach. World Health Organization. https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/health-promotion/framework4wellbeing-(draft).pdf?sfvrsn=c602e78f_29&download=true [Erişim tarihi 25.05.2024].
• Wu, J. (2013). Landscape sustainability science: ecosystem services and human well-being in changing landscapes. Landscape Ecology, 28, 999-1023. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-013-9895-5
• Yıldırım, A., & Şimşek, H. (2011). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
• Yıldırım, A., & Şimşek, H. (2016). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri (10. Baskı) Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
• Young, W., Hwang, K., McDonald, S., & Oates, C. J. (2010). Sustainable consumption: green consumer behavior when purchasing products. Sustainable Development, 18(1), 20-31. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.394
• Zeng, Z., Zhong, W., & Naz, S. (2023). Can environmental knowledge and risk perception make a difference? The role of environmental concern and pro-environmental behavior in fostering sustainable consumption behavior. Sustainability, 15(6), 4791. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15064791
• Zhang, Y., Du, J., & Boamah, K. B. (2023). Green climate and pro‐environmental behavior: Addressing attitude‐behavior gaps towards promoting sustainable development. Sustainable Development, 31(4), 2428-2445. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.2520
• Zhuo, Z., Ren, Z., & Zhu, Z. (2022). Attitude-Behavior Gap in Green Consumption Behavior: A Review. Journal of Economics, Management and Trade, 28(12), 12-28. DOI: 10.9734/JEMT/2022/v28i121065
• Zwanka, R. J., & Buff, C. (2021). COVID-19 generation: A conceptual framework of the consumer behavioral shifts to be caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of International Consumer Marketing, 33(1), 58-67. https://doi.org/10.1080/08961530.2020.1771646