Uluslararası Çevre Uyuşmazlıklarının Çözümünde Tahkim

Utku Ütük

Uluslararası Çevre Uyuşmazlıklarının Çözümünde Tahkim

Öz

1980’lerin ikinci yarısı ve 1990’lar dünyada ticari ilişkilerin, yatırımların ve bunlara bağlı olarak çevre üzerindeki olumsuz etkilerinin yükselişe geçtiği zamanlara kapı açmıştır. Küreselleşme olarak adlandırılan ancak özünde kapitalizmin yeni biçimi olan bu süreçte çevresel ve ticari çıkarların artan çatışması uluslararası hukukun çevre ve ticaret alanlarında giderek daha fazla uyuşmazlık doğurmaktadır. Uluslararası uyuşmazlıkların çözümünde başvurulan yargısal araçlar; mahkeme yargılaması ve tahkimdir. Uluslararası ticarette tarihsel süreçte her zaman önemli bir uyuşmazlık çözüm yöntemi kabul edilen tahkim, uluslararası çevre hukukunda da mahkeme yargılaması karşısında tercih edilir olmuştur. Küresel ticaretin gelişmesinde önemli bir araç olan uluslararası tahkimin çevre ve ticaret gibi çatışan çıkarların doğurduğu uyuşmazlıklardaki işlevini belirleme isteği ile konusu küreselleşen dünyada uluslararası tahkimin uluslararası çevre uyuşmazlıkları örneğinde incelenmesi olan bu çalışma hazırlanmıştır. Çalışmanın amacı çevresel ve ticari çıkarlar çatışmasında uluslararası tahkimin yönünü tespit etmektir. Çalışma kuramsaldır ve küreselleşme altında yatan ideolojinin neoliberalizm olduğundan hareketle uluslararası çevre uyuşmazlıklarının çözümünde tahkimin rolü eleştirel bir bakış açısı ile irdelenmektedir. Çalışma sonucunda 1980’lerin sonu ve 1990’ların başından bu yana, uluslararası tahkimin, çevrenin korunması ve kirliliğin önlenmesinde etkili bir hukuksal araç olamadığı uluslararası çevre hukuku ve uluslararası ticaret hukuku alanlarındaki politika belgeleri, kurallar, düzenlemeler ve davalara ilişkin bulgularla ortaya konmuştur. Çalışmada küreselleşmenin çevre-ticaret çatışmasında ticari yönü ağır basan bir uyuşmazlık çözüm aracı talep ettiğinden hareket ederek mahkeme yargılaması karşısında uluslararası tahkimin önümüzdeki dönemde de gözde yargısal uyuşmazlık çözüm aracı olacağı değerlendirilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Etik Beyan

Çağdaş Yerel Yönetimler Dergisi’nde yayımlanması talebiyle tarafınıza ilettiğim “Uluslararası Çevre Uyuşmazlıklarının Çözümünde Tahkim” başlıklı makalemin, başka bir süreli yayında, kitapta, vb. yayımlanmadığını ve yayımlanmak üzere gönderilmediğini taahhüt ederim. Aksinin kanıtlanması halinde, her türlü hukukî sorumluluk şahsıma aittir.

Teşekkür

Bu makale Prof. Dr. Kemal GÖRMEZ danışmanlığında 2023 yılında Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi Amme İdaresi Anabilim Dalı Siyaset Bilimi ve Kamu Yönetimi Bilim Dalı’nda tamamlanan “Uluslararası Çevre Uyuşmazlıklarının Çözümünde Tahkim” başlıklı Doktora Tezi” esas alınarak söz konusu tezden üretilmiştir. Doktora Tezi’nin hazırlanmasında engin tecrübesi ile yol gösteren Tez Danışmanım Prof. Dr. Kemal GÖRMEZ’e teşekkürü borç bilirim.

Kaynakça

1992 Bucharest Convention on the Protection of the Black Sea Against Pollution (Bucharest Convention). (1992). Erişim adresi: https://cil.nus.edu.sg/wp-content/uploads/formidable/18/1992-Bucharest-Convention-for-the-Protection-of-the-Black-Sea-Against-Pollution.pdf (01.01.2023).
1996 Protocol to the Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter, 1972 (as amended in 2006) (1996 Protocol to London Dumping Convention). (2006). Erişim adresi: https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-10/documents/lpamended2006.pdf (01.01.2023).
Abi-Saab, G. (2005). The WTO dispute settlement and general international law. R. Yerxa ve B. Wilson (Ed.). Key Issues in WTO dispute settlement the first ten years içinde (s. 7-10). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Appiah, K. A. (1998). Foreword. (S.Sassen, Yazar). Globalization and its discontents içinde (s. xi-xv). New York, NY: the New Press.
Agreement on Port State Measures to Prevent, Deter and Eliminate Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing. (t.y.). Erişim adresi: https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/rulesneg_e/fish_e/2009_psma.pdf (01.01.2023).
Albers, J. (2015). Responsibility and liability in the context of transboundary movements of hazardous wastes by sea: Existing rules and the 1999 Liability Protocol to the Basel Convention. Berlin, Germany: Springer.
Aust, A. (2010). Handbook of international law (2.bs.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal (Basel Convention). (1989). Erişim adresi: https://www.basel.int/Portals/4/Basel%20Convention/docs/text/BaselConventionText-e.pdf (01.01.2023).
Behn, D., Fauchald, O. K. ve Langford, M. (2022). Introduction: The legitimacy crisis and the empirical turn. D.

Behn, O. K. Fauchald, ve M. Langford (Ed.). The legitimacy of investment arbitration: Empirical perspectives içinde (s.1-38). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. DOI:10.1017/9781108946636.001
Bianchi, A. (2001). The impact of international trade law on environmental law and process. F. Francioni (Ed.). Environment, human rights and ınternational trade içinde (s.105-134). Oxford, UK: Hart Publishing.
Biswas, T. (2007). A trade and environment timeline. A. Najam, M. Halle and R. Meléndez-Ortiz (Ed.). Trade and environment: A resource book ) içinde (s.215-220). International Institute for Sustainable Development, International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development: The Regional and International Networking Group. Erişim adresi: https://www.iisd.org/system/files/publications/trade_and_env.pdf (01.01.2023).
Blackaby, N., Partasides QC, C., Redfern, A., ve Hunter, M. (2015). Redfern and Hunter on international arbitration (6.bs.). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Blessing, M. (1999). Introduction to arbitration-swiss and ınternational perspectives. Basel, Switzerland: Helbing&Lichtenhahn.
Boisson de Chazournes, L. (2017). Environmental protection and investment arbitration: Yin and yang?. Anuario Colombiano de Derecho Internacional, 10, Bogota, Colombia: Universidad del Rosario. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.12804/revistas.urosario.edu.co/acdi/a.5296 Erişim adresi: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=429552542012 (01.01.2023).
Bown, C. P. (2009). Self-enforcing trade, developing countries and WTO dispute settlement. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press.
Böckstiegel, K.H. (1986). States in the international arbitral process. J. D. M. Lew (Ed.) Contemporary problems in international arbitration içinde (s.40-49). London, UK: Springer-Science+Business Media, B.Y.
Brabazon, H. (2017). Introduction: understanding neoliberal legality. H. Brabazon (Ed.) Neoliberal legality: Understanding the role of law in the neoliberal project içinde (s.1-21). Oxon, UK: Routledge.
Brack, D. (2001). International environmental disputes, international forums for non-compliance and dispute settlement in environment-related cases, prepared for department of environment, transport and the regions. London, UK: The Royal Institute of International Affairs. Erişim adresi: https://www.ippc.int/static/media/files/publications/en/1182350929558_Noncompliance_Brack.pdf (01.01.2023).
Brysk, A. ve Bacardi, A. J. (2013). The politics of the globalization of law. A. Brysk (Ed.). The politics of the globalization of law: Getting from rights to justice içinde (s. 1-25). New York, NY: Routledge. Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity (Cartagena Protocol). (2000). Erişim adresi: https://www.cbd.int/doc/legal/cartagena-protocol-en.pdf (01.01.2023).
Carter, B. E. (2008). Making progress in international ınstitutions and law, R. A. Miller ve R. M. Bratspies (Ed.). Progress in international law içinde (s. 51-68). Leiden, The Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
Case Concerning the Auditing of Accounts Between the Kingdom of The Netherlands and the French Republic Pursuant to the Additional Protocol of 25 September 1991 to the Convention on the Protection of the Rhine Against Pollution by Chlorides of 3 December 1976, Arbitral Award of 12 March 2004 (The Rhine Chlorides Arbitration Award). (2004). Erişim adresi: https://pcacases.com/web/sendAttach/78 (01.01.2023).
Castleman, B. (2002). WTO confidential: The case of asbestos. International Journal of Health Services, 32(3), 489–501. DOI:10.2190/15cw-79xq-yht5-03ep
Center for International Legal Cooperation (CILC). (2019). The Hague rules on business and human rights arbitration. Netherlands: The Hague. Erişim adresi: https://www.cilc.nl/cms/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/The-Hague-Rules-on-Business-and-Human-Rights-Arbitration_CILC-digital-version.pdf (01.01.2023).
Chakraborty, D. ve Khan, A. U. (2008). The WTO deadlocked: Understanding the dynamics of international trade. Los Angeles, CA: SAGE Publications.
Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-Making and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters done at Aarhus, Denmark, on 25 June 1998 (Aarhus Convention). (1998). Erişim adresi: https://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/env/pp/documents/cep43e.pdf (01.01.2023).
Convention on Biological Diversity 1992. Erişim adresi: https://www.cbd.int/doc/legal/cbd-en.pdf (01.01.2023).
Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment in a Transboundary Context (Espoo Convention). (1991). Erişim adresi: https://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/env/eia/documents/legaltexts/Espoo_Convention_authentic_ENG.pdf (01.01.2023).
Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (Geneva Convention). (1979). Erişim adresi: https://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/env/lrtap/full%20text/1979.CLRTAP.e.pdf (01.01.2023).
Convention on the Conservation and Management of Highly Migratory Fish Stocks in the Western and Central Pacific Ocean. (t.y.). Erişim adresi: https://www.wcpfc.int/system/files/text.pdf (01.01.2023).
Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes done at Helsinki, on 17 March 1992. (1992). Erişim adresi: https://unece.org/DAM/env/water/pdf/watercon.pdf (01.01.2023).
Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards (New York Convention). (1958). Erişim adresi:https://www.uncitral.org/pdf/english/texts/arbitration/NY-conv/New-York-Convention-E.pdf (01.01.2023).
Convention on the Transboundary Effects of Industrial Accidents Helsinki 17 March 1992. (1992). Erişim adresi: https://treaties.un.org/doc/Treaties/1992/03/19920317%2008-08%20AM/Ch_XXVII_06p.pdf (01.01.2023).
Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat (Ramsar Convention). (1971). Erişim adresi: https://www.ramsar.org/sites/default/files/documents/library/current_convention_text_e.pdf (01.01.2023).
Cox, M. (2001). International history since 1989. J. Baylis and S. Smith (Ed.). The globalization of world politics: An introduction to international relations içinde (s. 111-137). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Cox, R.W. (1996a) Global perestroika. R. W. Cox, T. J. Sinclair (ile) Approaches to world order içinde (s. 296-313). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Cox, R.W. (1996b). Globalization, multilateralism, and democracy. R. W. Cox, T. J. Sinclair (ile) Approaches to world order içinde (s. 296-313). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Currie, J. H (2008). Public international law (2.bs.). Toronto, Canada: Irwin Law Inc.
Dauvergne, P. (2005). Research in global environmental politics: History and trends. P. Dauvergne (Ed.) Handbook of global environmental politics içinde (s. 8-32). Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.
McLean, D. J. (2009). Toward a new international dispute resolution paradigm: Assessing the congruent evolution of globalization and international arbitration. U. Pa. J. Int’l L.30(4), 1087-1097.
DiMento, J. F. C. (2003). The global environment and international law. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press.
Dolidze, A. (2014, Ocak 03) The Arctic Sunrise and NGOs in international judicial proceedings. American Society of International Law, 1(18). Erişim adresi: https://www.asil.org/insights/volume/18/issue/1/arctic-sunrise-and-ngos-international-judicial-proceedings (01.01.2023).
Elferink, A. O. (2019). Settlement of the dispute concerning the Arctic Sunrise-a belated recognition of the relevance of the award on the merits in the Arctic Sunrise case?. The NCLOS Blog. Erişim adresi: https://site.uit.no/jclos/files/2019/07/JCLOS-Blog-8.7.2019-Settlement-of-the-Dispute-concerning-the-Arctic-Sunrise_Elferink.pdf (01.01.2023).
Elliot, L. (2004). Global politics of the environment (2.bs.). Hampshire, UK: Palgrave Macmillan. Faure, M. ve Skogh, G. (2003). The economic analysis of environmental policy and law. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing.
Gaillard, E. ve Savage, J. (Ed.). (1999). Fouchard, Gaillard, Goldman on international commercial arbitration. The Hague, The Netherlands: Kluwer Law International.
Garimella, S. R. (2016). Environmental dispute resolution, ADR methods and the PCA Arbitration Rules. ILI Law Review, Summer 2016, 199-222, Erişim adresi: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2836347 (01.01.2023).
Garner B. A. (2010). Black’s law dictionary (9. bs.) St. Paul, MN: West Publishing.
General Assembly. (2012). Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 27 July 2012 [without reference to a Main Committee (A/66/L.56)] 66/288. The Future We Want, Erişim adresi: https://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/66/288&Lang=E (01.01.2023).
Giddens, A. (1990). The consequences of modernity. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.
Gilpin, A. (2000). Dictionary of environmental law. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing.
Grisel, F. ve Sweet, A. S. (2017). The evolution of international arbitration judicialization, governance, legitimacy. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Gritzner, C. F. (2010). Global connections, environment and natural resources. New York, NY: Chelsea House Publishers.
Gupta, A. , Goel, I., Patnaik, S. (2021, Mart). Problem of enforcement in internatİonal law in light of South China Sea Dispute. International Journal of Legal Developments and Allied Issues, 7(2). Erişim adresi: https://thelawbrigade.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Arushi-Ishaan-Sanjana-IJLDAI.pdf(01.01.2023). (01.01.2023).
Hale, T. (2017). Effects of arbitration on trade. W. Mattli ve T. Dietz (Ed.) International arbitration & global governance: Contending theories and evidence (2.bs.) içinde (s. 196-213). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Halim, D. (2021). Arbitration win over China just a piece of paper: Philippines president. Anadolu Ajansı. Erişim adresi: https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/arbitration-win-over-china-just-a-piece-of-paper-philippines-president/2231477(01.01.2023).
Harvey, D. (2000). Spaces of hope. Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh University Press.
Heywood, A. (2011). Global politics. Hampshire, UK: Palgrave Mcmillan.
Hobsbawm, E. (1995). Age of extremes: The short twentieth century 1914-1991 (2.bs.). London, UK: Abacus.
In an arbitration under chapter ten of the DR-CAFTA and the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules (2010) between David Aven et al and the Republic of Costa Rica Case No. UNCT/15/3 Final Award (David Aven et al and the Republic of Costa Rica Case No. UNCT/15/3 Final Award). (2018, 18 Eylül). Erişim adresi: http://icsidfiles.worldbank.org/icsid/ICSIDBLOBS/OnlineAwards/C4866/DS11491_En.pdf(01.01.2023).
In the Arbitration Regarding the Iron Rhine (“Ijzeren Rijn”) Railway between: The Kingdom of Belgium and the Kingdom of The Netherlands, Award of the Arbitral Tribunal, The Hague, 24 May 2005 (Iron Rhine Arbitration Award). (2005). Erişim adresi: https://pcacases.com/web/sendAttach/478(01.01.2023).
In the Matter of the Indus Waters Kishenganga Arbitration between the Islamic Republic of Pakistan and the Republic of India, Order on the Interim Measures Application of Pakistan dated June 6, 2011 (Order on the Interim Measures). (2011). Erişim adresi: https://pcacases.com/web/sendAttach/1682(01.01.2023).
In the Matter of the Indus Waters Kishenganga Arbitration between the Islamic Republic of Pakistan and the Republic of India, Final Award, 20 December 2013 (Final Award). (2013). Erişim adresi: https://pcacases.com/web/sendAttach/48(01.01.2023).
In the Matter of the Indus Waters Kishenganga Arbitration between the Islamic Republic of Pakistan and the Republic of India, Partial Award, 18 February 2013 (Partial Award). (2013). Erişim adresi: https://pcacases.com/web/sendAttach/1681(01.01.2023).
International Atomic Energy Agency. (1994). Convention on Nuclear Safety. Erişim adresi: https://www.iaea.org/sites/default/files/infcirc449.pdf (01.01.2023).
International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID). (2006). ICSID convention, regulations and rules, ICSID/15, April 2006. Erişim adresi: https://icsid.worldbank.org/sites/default/files/ICSID%20Convention%20English.pdf(01.01.2023).
International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID). (t.y.). Cases, case database, case details, David Aven et al. v. Republic of Costa Rica (ICSID Case No. UNCT/15/3). Erişim adresi: https://icsid.worldbank.org/cases/case-database/case-detail?CaseNo=UNCT/15/3(01.01.2023).
International Chamber of Commerce (ICC). (2022) Arbitration Rules in force as from 1 January 2021 Mediation Rules in force as from 1 January 2014, Erişim adresi: https://iccwbo.org/content/uploads/sites/3/2020/12/icc-2021-arbitration-rules-2014-mediation-rules-english-version.pdf(01.01.2023).
International Commission for the Protection of Danube River. (t.y.). Convention on cooperation for the protection and sustainable use of the Danube River (Danube River Protection Convention). Erişim adresi: https://www.icpdr.org/flowpaper/app/services/view.php?doc=DRPC%20English%20ver.pdf&format=pdf&page={page}&subfolder=default/files/ (01.01.2023).
International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL Convention). (1973). Erişim adresi: http://www.mar.ist.utl.pt/mventura/Projecto-Navios-I/IMO-Conventions%20%28copies%29/MARPOL.pdf (01.01.2023).
International Plant Protection Convention. (1997). Erişim adresi: https://www.ippc.int/static/media/files/publications/en/2013/06/06/1329129099_ippc_2011-12-01_reformatted.pdf (01.01.2023).
International Tropical Timber Agreement (ITTA). (2006). Erişim adresi: https://www.itto.int/direct/topics/topics_pdf_download/topics_id=3363&no=1&disp=inline
Jenkins, R. (2007). The meaning of policy/policy as meaning. S. M. Hodgson ve Z. Irving (Ed.) Policy reconsidered, Meanings, politics and practices içinde (s. 21-36). Bristol, UK: The Policy Press.
Jus Mundi. ( t.y.). ASA Bioenergy Holding A.G. and others v. Mr. Adriano Ometto and Adriano Ometto Agrícola (SA Bioenergy Holding A.G., Abengoa Bioenergia Agrícola Ltda., Abengoa Bioenergia São João Ltda., Abengoa Bioenergia São Luiz S.A., and Abengoa Bioenergia Santa Fé Ltda. v. Mr. Adriano Gianetti Dedini Ometto and Adriano Ometto Agrícola Ltda., ICC Case No. 16513/JRF/CA). Erişim adresi: https://jusmundi.com/en/document/decision/en-sa-bioenergy-holding-a-g-v-mr-adriano-gianetti-dedini-ometto-adriano-ometto-agricola-ltda-asa-bioenergy-holding-a-g-abengoa-bioenergia-agricola-ltda-abengoa-bioenergia-sao-joao-ltda-abengoa-bioenergia-sao-luiz-s-a-and-abengoa-bioenergia-santa-fe-ltda-final-award-monday-21st-november-2011). (01.01.2023).
Kalb, D. (2000). Localizing flows: power, paths, institutions, and networks. D. Kalb, M. van der Land, R. Staring, B. van Steenbergern ve N. Wilterdink (Ed.). The Ends of globalization içinde (s. 1-29). Lanham, Maryland: Rowman&Littlefield Publishers.
Kamminga, M. T. (2003). Principles of international environmental law. P. Glasbergen ve A. Blowers, (Ed.). Environmental Policy in an International Context, Perspectives on Environmental Problems içinde (s. 111-131). Oxford, UK: Butterworth-Heinemann.
Keohane, R. O. ve Nye, J. S. (2000, Bahar). Globalization: what’s new? what’s not? (and so what?). Foreign Policy, 118, 104-119.
Khan, Z. A. (2013). Global environmental issues and its remedies. International Journal of Sustainable Energy and Environment 1(8), 120-126. Erişim adresi: http://www.ijsee.com/IJSEE_Vol.%201,%20No.%208,%20September%202013/Global%20Environmental%20Issues.pdf (01.01.2023).
Kiss, A. ve Shelton, D. (2003). International environmental law. (3.bs.). Ardsley, NY: Transnational Publishers. Lang, A. (2011). World trade law after neoliberalism: Re-imagining the global economic order. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Lash III, W. H. (1999). The limited but important role of the WTO. Cato Journal, Winter 19(3), 371-377. Malanczuk, P. (1997). Akehurst’s modern introduction to international law (Göz. geç. 7.bs.). London, UK: Routledge.
Marcuse, P. ve van Kempen (2000). Introduction. P. Marcuse ve R. van Kempen (Ed.). Globalizing cities a new spatial order? içinde (s. 1-21). Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.
Markham, A. (1992, Haziran). The Morelia Declaration on the need for an international court of the environment. Environmental Conservation, 19(2), 176-177. DOI:10.1017/S0376892900030691
Mattli, W. ve Dietz, T. (2017a). International arbitration and global governance. W. Mattli ve T. Dietz (Ed.). International arbitration & global governance: Contending theories and evidence (2.bs.) içinde (s. i). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Mattli, W. ve Dietz, T. (2017b) Mapping and assessing the rise of international commercial arbitration in the globalization era: An introduction. W. Mattli ve T. Dietz (Ed.). International arbitration & global governance: Contending theories and evidence (2.bs.) içinde (s. 1-21). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Meshel, T. (2016). The evolution of interstate arbitration arbitration and the peaceful resolution of transboundary freshwater disputes. Journal of Dispute Resolution 2016(2). Erişim adresi: https://scholarship.law.missouri.edu/jdr/vol2016/iss2/7 (01.01.2023).
Mol, A. P. J. (2001). Globalization and environmental reform: The ecological modernization of the global economy. London, UK: MIT Press.
Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer (Montreal Protocol). (1987). Erişim adresi: https://treaties.un.org/doc/publication/unts/volume%201522/volume-1522-i-26369-english.pdf (01.01.2023).
Moses, M. L. (2012). The principles and practice of international commercial arbitration (2.bs.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Moussa, J. (2015). Implications of the Indus Water Kishenganga Arbitration for the international law of watercourses and the environment. ICLQ 64, 697–715. DOI:10.1017/S0020589315000287
Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization to the Convention on Biological Diversity (Nagoya Protocol). (2010). Erişim adresi: https://www.cbd.int/abs/doc/protocol/nagoya-protocol-en.pdf (01.01.2023).
Nguyen, L. N. (2019). The Contributions of UNCLOS dispute settlement bodies to the development of the law of the sea (Doktora Tezi) DOI: https://doi.org/10.17863/CAM.33667 (University of Cambridge, Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository veri tabanından, https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/286357 erişim adresinden erişildi). (01.01.2023).
Nye, J. S. ve Welch, D. A. (2017). Understanding global conflict and cooperation: An introduction to theory and history (10.bs.). Boston, Massachusetts: Pearson.
O’Brien, J. (2001). International law. London, UK: Cavendish Publishing.
Onyema, E. (2010). International commercial arbitration and the arbitrator’s contract, London, UK: Routledge.
Orakhelashvili, A. (2022). Akehurst’s modern introduction to international law (9.bs.). Oxon, UK: Routledge. PCA Case Nº 2014-02 in the Matter of the Arctic Sunrise Arbitration between the Kingdom of The Netherlands and the Russian Federation Award on the Merits, 14 August 2015 (Arctic Sunrise Arbitration Award). (2015). Erişim adresi: https://pcacases.com/web/sendAttach/1438 (01.01.2023).
Pearson, C. (2000). Economics and the global environment. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Permanent Court of Arbitration. (2003). Dispute Concerning Access to Information Under Article 9 of the OSPAR Convention, Ireland versus United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Final Award. Erişim adresi: https://pcacases.com/web/sendAttach/121(01.01.2023).
Permanent Court of Arbitration. About us, Introduction to the PCA. Erişim adresi: https://pca-cpa.org/en/about/introduction/(01.01.2023).
Permanent Court of Arbitration. Dispute Resolution Services, United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. Erişim adresi: https://pca-cpa.org/en/services/arbitration-services/unclos/(01.01.2023).
Permanent Court of Arbitration. (2001). Permanent Court of Arbitration Optional Rules for Arbitration of Disputes Relating to the Environment and or Natural Resources. Erişim adresi: https://docs.pca-cpa.org/2016/01/Optional-Rules-for-Arbitration-of-Disputes-Relating-to-the-Environment-and_or-Natural-Resources.pdf(01.01.2023).
Permanent Court of Arbitration. Cases, The Rhine Chlorides Arbitration concerning the Auditing of Accounts (The Netherlands/France). Erişim adresi: https://pca-cpa.org/en/cases/31/(01.01.2023).
Permanent Court of Arbitration. Cases, Ireland v. United Kingdom (OSPAR Arbitration). https://pca-cpa.org/en/cases/34/(01.01.2023).
Permanent Court of Arbitration. Cases, Iron Rhine Arbitration (Belgium/Netherlands). Erişim adresi: https://pca-cpa.org/en/cases/1/ (01.01.2023).
Permanent Court of Arbitration. Cases, Indus Waters Kishenganga Arbitration (Pakistan v. India). Erişim adresi: https://pca-cpa.org/en/cases/20/(01.01.2023).
Permanent Court of Arbitration. Cases, The South China Sea Arbitration (The Republic of Philippines v. The People’s Republic of China). Erişim adresi: https://pca-cpa.org/en/cases/7/(01.01.2023).
Petras, J. ve Veltmeyer, H. (2011). Beyond neoliberalism: A world to win. Surrey, UK: Ashgate Publishing.
Pfahl, S., Lovera, S. ve Bizzarri, K. (2004). Is the WTO the only way? Briefing paper. Erişim adresi: https://www.wto.org/english/forums_e/ngo_e/posp66_greenpeace_wto_e.pdf(01.01.2023).
Press Release, The South China Sea Arbitration (The Republic of Philippines v. The People’s Republic of China, The Hague, 12 July 2016. Erişim adresi: https://pcacases.com/web/sendAttach/1801 (01.01.2023).
Protocol on Civil Liability and Compensation for Damage Caused by the Transboundary Effects of Industrial Accidents on Transboundary Waters to the 1992 Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes and to the 1992 Convention on the Transboundary Effects of Industrial Accidents, Kiev, 21 May 2003. (2003). Erişim adresi: https://treaties.un.org/doc/Treaties/2003/05/20030521%2002-09%20PM/Ch_XXVII_16p.pdf (01.01.2023).
Protocol on the Solution of Litigations Relating to the Convention on the Protection of the Alps (Alpine Convention). (t.y.). Erişim adresi: https://www.alpconv.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Convention/EN/Protocol_Solution_of_Litigations_EN.pdf (01.01.2023).
Puls, B. (1999). The murky waters of international environmental jurisprudence: A critique of recent WTO holdings in the Shrimp/Turtle controversy. Minnesota Journal of International Law, 177, 343-379. Erişim adresi: https://scholarship.law.umn.edu/mjil/177(01.01.2023).
Read, R. (2004). Like products, health & environmental exceptions: The interpretation of PPMs in recent WTO trade dispute cases. The Estey Centre Journal of International Law and Trade Policy 5(2), 12 3-146. Erişim adresi: https://edc.gov.bz/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/PPM-download-complete-like-products-health-environ-exceptions.pdf(01.01.2023).
WCED (1987) Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development: Our Common Future (Our Common Future). (1987). Erişim adresi: https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/133790?ln=en&v=pdf (01.01.2023).
Rietvelt, M. (2005). Multilateral failure: A comprehensive analysis of the Shrimp/Turtle Decision. Indiana International & Comparative Law Review, 15(3), 473-499. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18060/17846.
Roberts, J. (2004). Environmental Policy. London, UK: Routledge
Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade (Rotterdam Convention). (1998). Erişim adresi: https://treaties.un.org/doc/Treaties/1998/09/19980910%2007-22%20PM/Ch_XXVII_14p.pdf (01.01.2023).
Sammartano, M. R. (2001). International arbitration law and practice, (2.bs.) The Hague, The Netherlands: Kluwer Law International.
Sands, P., Peel, J., Fabra, A. ve MacKenzie, R. (2012). Principles of international environmental law (3.bs.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Sanson, M. (2002). Essential international trade law. Sydney, Australia: Cavendish Publishing. Schill, Stephan W. (2021). Yearbook commercial arbitration, Volume XLV (2020), Netherlands: Kluwer Law International B.V. Erişim Adresi: https://books.google.com.tr/books?id=Yo6WDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT372&lpg=PT372&dq=Schill,+Stephan+asa+bioenergy&source=bl&ots=IJNsylKBii&sig=ACfU3U3XaBCI9-smo4x5NiNGIJkjKjonSQ&hl=tr&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiopfmvven6AhUsVPEDHVU3AGwQ6AF6BAgYEAM#v=onepage&q=Schill%2C%20Stephan%20asa%20bioenergy&f=false(01.01.2023).
Scholte, J. A. (2005). Globalization: A critical introduction. (2.bs). Hampshire, UK: Palgrave Macmillan. Secretariat of the Antarctic Treaty. Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty. Erişim adresi: https://www.ats.aq/e/protocol.html (01.01.2023).
Schmalenbach, K. (2022) States responsibility and liability for transboundary environmental harm. Gailhofer, P., Krebs, D., Proelß, A., Schmalenbach, K., ve Verheyen, R. (Ed.) Corporate liability for transboundary environmental harm: An international and transnational perspective içinde (s. 43-84). Cham, Switzerland: Springer Verlag. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-13264-3
Singh, V. K. (2016). Analysis of advantages and disadvantages of forums prescribed under UNCLOS and state practice: The way ahead for India. Revista de Direito Internacional Brazilian Journal of International Law, 319-336. DOI: 10.5102/rdi.v13i3.4380
SoIntsev, A. M. (2019). Chapter 11 The international environmental court-A necessary ınstitution for sustainable planetary governance in the anthropocene. M. Lim (Ed.). Charting environmental law futures in the anthropocene (s.129-138) içinde. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-9065-4(01.01.2023).
South Pacific Regional Fisheries Management Organisation (SPRFMO). (2015). Convention on the Conservation and Management of High Seas Fishery Resources in the South Pacific Ocean. Erişim adresi: https://www.sprfmo.int/assets/Basic-Documents/Convention-web-12-Feb-2018.pdf (01.01.2023).
Southern Indian Ocean Fisheries Agreement (SIOFA). (2006). Erişim adresi: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2006:196:0015:0024:EN:PDF (01.01.2023).
Stakeholder Forum. (2011). Environmental Institutions for the 21st Century: An International Court for the Environment, ICE Coalition February 2011. Erişim adresi: https://static1.squarespace.com/static/56c0ae80ab48de4417bd17fa/t/56d3549cb654f9329dddde4d/1456690332884/ICE+at+Rio%2B20.pdf(01.01.2023).
Stephens, T. (2009). International courts and environmental protection. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Steward, R. (2000). Introduction. R. Revesz, P. Sands ve R. B. Stewart (Ed.). Environmental Law, the Economy and Sustainable Development içinde (s. 1-33). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Tanaka, Y. (2012). The international law of the sea. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
The Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer (Vienna Convention). (1985). Erişim adresi: https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%201513/volume-1513-I-26164-English.pdf (01.01.2023).
Treaty between the Government of the Republic of Mozambique, the Government of the Republic of South Africa and the Government of the Republic of Zimbabwe on the Establishment of the Great Limpopo Transfrontier Park. Erişim adresi: http://www.tbpa.net/docs/treaties_MOUs/GreatLimpopo_InternationalTreatyFinalNov2002.pdf (01.01.2023).
United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL). (1976). UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules, Erişim adresi: https://uncitral.un.org/sites/uncitral.un.org/files/media-documents/uncitral/en/arb-rules.pdf(01.01.2023).
United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL). (2008). UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration (1985), with amendments as adopted in 2006. Erişim adresi: https://uncitral.un.org/sites/uncitral.un.org/files/media-documents/uncitral/en/19-09955_e_ebook.pdf(01.01.2023).
United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL). (2011). UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules (as revised in 2010). Erişim adresi: https://uncitral.un.org/sites/uncitral.un.org/files/media-documents/uncitral/en/arb-rules-revised-2010-e.pdf(01.01.2023).
United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL). (2014). UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules (with new article 1, paragraph 4, as adopted in 2013) UNCITRAL Rules on Transparency in Treaty-based Investor-State Arbitration. Erişim adresi: https://uncitral.un.org/sites/uncitral.un.org/files/media-documents/uncitral/en/uncitral-arbitration-rules-2013-e.pdf(01.01.2023).
United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL). (2021). UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules (with article 1, paragraph 4, as adopted in 2013 and article 1, paragraph 5, as adopted in 2021) UNCITRAL Expedited Arbitration Rules UNCITRAL Rules on Transparency in Treaty-based Investor-State Arbitration, Erişim adresi: https://uncitral.un.org/sites/uncitral.un.org/files/media-documents/uncitral/en/21-07996_expedited-arbitration-e-ebook.pdf(01.01.2023).
United Nations Conference on Environment & Development Rio de Janerio, Brazil, 3 to 14 June 1992 AGENDA 21 (Agenda 21). (1992). Erişim adresi: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/Agenda21.pdf(01.01.2023).
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). (1982). Erişim adresi: https://www.un.org/depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/unclos/unclos_e.pdf(01.01.2023).
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). (2003). Environmental governance sourcebook A. Steiner, H. Martonakova ve Z. Guziova (Ed.). Bratislava, Slovak Republic: UNDP Regional Bureu for Europa and the Commonwealth of Independent States.
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). (2003). Environmental governance sourcebook A. Steiner, H. Martonakova ve Z. Guziova (Ed.). Bratislava, Slovak Republic: UNDP Regional Bureu for Europa and the Commonwealth of Independent States.
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation. (1972). Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage. Erişim adresi: https://whc.unesco.org/archive/convention-en.pdf (01.01.2023).
United Nations Environment Programme. (2019). Minamata Convention on Mercury Text and Annexes. Erişim adresi: https://www.mercuryconvention.org/sites/default/files/2021-06/Minamata-Convention-booklet-Sep2019-EN.pdf (01.01.2023).
United Nations Environment Programme/Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds Secretariat. (2018). Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (AEWA) Agreement Text and Annexes As amended at the 7 th Session of the Meeting of the Parties to AEWA 4 - 8 December 2018, Durban, South Africa. Erişim adresi: https://www.unep-aewa.org/sites/default/files/instrument/agreement_text_english_final.pdf (01.01.2023).
United Nations General Assembly. (1992). Report of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development. Erişim adresi: https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/generalassembly/docs/globalcompact/A_CONF.151_26_Vol.I_Declaration.pdf(01.01.2023).
United Nations General Assembly. (1995). Agreement for the Implementation of the Provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982 Relating to the Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks, 1995, Erişim adresi: https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N95/274/67/PDF/N9527467.pdf?OpenElement (01.01.2023).
United Nations General Assembly. (1997). A/RES/S-19/2, Programme for the Further Implementation of Agenda 21. Erişim adresi: https://undocs.org/en/A/RES/S-19/2. (01.01.2023).
United Nations General Assembly. (2005). Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 16 September 2005 [without reference to a Main Committee (A/60/L.1)] 60/1. 2005 World Summit Outcome. Erişim adresi: https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/generalassembly/docs/globalcompact/A_RES_60_1.pdf(01.01.2023).
United Nations General Assembly. (2015). Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 25 September 2015 [without reference to a Main Committee (A/70/L.1)]70/1. Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Erişim adresi: https://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/70/1&Lang=E(01.01.2023).
United Nations, Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity. (2011). Nagoya-Kuala Lumpur Supplementary Protocol on Liability and Redress to the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety, Montreal: Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity. Erişim adresi: https://ibkp.dbtindia.gov.in/DBT_Content_Test/CMS/Guidelines/20181115122612909_supplementary%20protocol.pdf (01.01.2023).
United Nations. (1973). Report of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, Stockholm, 5-16 June 1972. Erişim adresi: file:///C:/Users/uutuk/Downloads/A_CONF.48_14_Rev.1-EN%20(1).pdf(01.01.2023).
United Nations. (1978). No. 16908 Multilateral Convention for the Protection of the Mediterranean Sea against Pollution (with annex and Protocol for the Prevention of Pollution of the Mediterranean Sea by Dumping from Ships and Aircraft and Protocol concerning Co-Operation in Combating Pollution of the Mediterranean Sea by Oil and Other Harmful Substances in Cases of Emergency) concluded at Barcelona on 16 February 1976. Erişim adresi: https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%201102/volume-1102-I-16908-English.pdf (01.01.2023).
United Nations. (1994). Convention for the Conservation of Southern Bluefin Tuna (with annex) signed at Canberra on 10 May 1993. Erişim adresi: https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%201819/volume-1819-I-31155-English.pdf (01.01.2023).
United Nations. (2002). Report of the World Summit on Sustainable Development Johannesburg, South Africa, 26 August-4 September 2002. Erişim adresi: https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/478154 (01.01.2023).
University of Joensuu. (2007). Multilateral environmental agreement negotiator’s handbook (2.bs.). Joensuu, Finland: University of Joensuu Department of Law.
Vespa, M. (2003). An alternative to an international environmental court the PCA’s optional arbitration rules for natural resources and/or the environment. The Law & Practice of International Courts and Tribunals, 2(2), 295-331. doi:10.1163/157180303772037709
Wang, F. F. (2009). Online dispute resolution: Technology, management and legal practice from an international perspective. Oxford, UK: Chandos Publishing.
Wolf, S. ve Stanley, N. (2003).Wolf and Stanley on environmental law (4.bs). London, UK: Cavendish Publishing.
Wong, C. (2016, Temmuz 6). China/Diplomacy. South China Morning Post. Erişim adresi: https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy-defence/article/1986029/nothing-more-piece-paper-former-chinese-envoy-dismisses?module=perpetual_scroll_0&pgtype=article&campaign=1986029(01.01.2023).
World Trade Organization. (1996). United States-Standards for Reformulated and Conventional Gasoline, Report of the Panel. Erişim adresi: https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/2-9.pdf(01.01.2023).
World Trade Organization. (1998). United States - Import Prohibition of Certain Shrimp and Shrimp Products, Report of the Panel. Erişim adresi: https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/58r00.pdf(01.01.2023).
World Trade Organization. (2000). European Communities –Measures Affecting Asbestos and Asbestos –Containing Products, Report of the Panel. Erişim adresi: https://docs.wto.org/dol2fe/Pages/SS/directdoc.aspx?filename=Q:/WT/DS/135R-00.pdf&Open=True(01.01.2023).
World Trade Organization. (2004). A handbook on the WTO dispute settlement system: A WTO Secretariat publication. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
World Trade Organization. Trade topics, Environment, Environment: Multilateral Environmental Agreements, WTO Matrix on Trade-Related Measures Pursuant to Selected Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs). Erişim adresi: https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/envir_e/envir_matrix_e.htm (01.01.2023).
World Trade Organization. Trade topics, Trade and environment, Trade and environment. Erişim adresi: https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/envir_e/envir_e.htm(01.01.2023).
World Trade Organization. Trade topics, Trade and environment, WTO rules and environmental policies: GATT exceptions. Erişim adresi: https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/envir_e/envt_rules_exceptions_e.htm (01.01.2023).
World Trade Organization. Trade topics, Environment, WTO rules and environmental policies: Other relevant WTO texts. Erişim adresi: https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/envir_e/issu3_e.htm(01.01.2023).
World Trade Organization. Trade topics, environment, Environment: Disputes, Environmental disputes in GATT/WTO. Erişim adresi: https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/envir_e/edis00_e.htm(01.01.2023).
World Trade Organization. Trade topics, Enviroment, Disputes, Disputes 8, Environment: Disputes 8, India etc versus US: ‘Shrimp-Turtle’. Erişim adresi: https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/envir_e/edis08_e.htm(01.01.2023).
Wu, C. Q. (2002). A unified forum? The new arbitration rules for environmental disputes under the Permanent Court of Arbitration. Chicago Journal of International Law 3(1), Erişim adresi: https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cjil/vol3/iss1/24(01.01.2023).

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil

Türkçe

Konular

Politika ve Yönetim (Diğer)

Bölüm

Araştırma Makalesi

Yazarlar

Utku Ütük ^*
0000-0002-2823-2108
Türkiye

Erken Görünüm Tarihi

24 Temmuz 2025

Yayımlanma Tarihi

25 Temmuz 2025

Gönderilme Tarihi

4 Şubat 2025

Kabul Tarihi

4 Nisan 2025

Yayımlandığı Sayı

Yıl 2025 Cilt: 34 Sayı: 3

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA35PB86FA

Kaynak Göster

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Ütük, U. (2025). Uluslararası Çevre Uyuşmazlıklarının Çözümünde Tahkim. Çağdaş Yerel Yönetimler, 34(3), 71-120. https://izlik.org/JA35PB86FA

AMA

1.Ütük U. Uluslararası Çevre Uyuşmazlıklarının Çözümünde Tahkim. ÇYY. 2025;34(3):71-120. https://izlik.org/JA35PB86FA

Chicago

Ütük, Utku. 2025. “Uluslararası Çevre Uyuşmazlıklarının Çözümünde Tahkim”. Çağdaş Yerel Yönetimler 34 (3): 71-120. https://izlik.org/JA35PB86FA.

EndNote

Ütük U (01 Temmuz 2025) Uluslararası Çevre Uyuşmazlıklarının Çözümünde Tahkim. Çağdaş Yerel Yönetimler 34 3 71–120.

IEEE

[1]U. Ütük, “Uluslararası Çevre Uyuşmazlıklarının Çözümünde Tahkim”, ÇYY, c. 34, sy 3, ss. 71–120, Tem. 2025, [çevrimiçi]. Erişim adresi: https://izlik.org/JA35PB86FA

ISNAD

Ütük, Utku. “Uluslararası Çevre Uyuşmazlıklarının Çözümünde Tahkim”. Çağdaş Yerel Yönetimler 34/3 (01 Temmuz 2025): 71-120. https://izlik.org/JA35PB86FA.

JAMA

1.Ütük U. Uluslararası Çevre Uyuşmazlıklarının Çözümünde Tahkim. ÇYY. 2025;34:71–120.

MLA

Ütük, Utku. “Uluslararası Çevre Uyuşmazlıklarının Çözümünde Tahkim”. Çağdaş Yerel Yönetimler, c. 34, sy 3, Temmuz 2025, ss. 71-120, https://izlik.org/JA35PB86FA.

Vancouver

1.Utku Ütük. Uluslararası Çevre Uyuşmazlıklarının Çözümünde Tahkim. ÇYY [Internet]. 01 Temmuz 2025;34(3):71-120. Erişim adresi: https://izlik.org/JA35PB86FA