مكانة علم الحديث في تصنيف العلوم
Öz
منذ القرون الأولى للهجرة وحتى يومنا هذا، تم تصنيف العديد من العلوم من زوايا مختلفة. موضوع الدراسة هو مكان الحديث في تصنيف العلوم. يهدف البحث إلى الكشف عن موقع الحديث في التصنيفات مقارنة بالعلوم الأخرى. أهميته عدم وجود دراسة تتناول مكانة علم الحديث بشكل عام في التصنيفات. في الدراسة، باستخدام طريقة التوثيق، وهي إحدى طرق البحث النوعي، الأعمال التي يتم فيها مسح وفحص تصنيف العلوم. وقد تبين نتيجة البحث عدم وجود أحاديث في جميع تصنيفات العلوم، خاصة تلك التي قام بها فلاسفة الإسلام، باستثناء القليل منها. وقد تبين أن بعض التصنيفات التي يتضمنها الحديث في باب العلوم الشرعية / الدينية / المنقولة تحتوي على معلومات عن بعض الأمور. من الممكن تصنيفها كتقسيم الحديث إلى قسمين مثل الرواية والدراية، وعلوم الحديث، والمؤلفات، وشرح بعض الأحاديث النبوية، والتطرق إلى بعض المسائل الأصولية.
Anahtar Kelimeler
İlimler Tasnifinde Hadis İlminin Yeri
Öz
Hicrî ilk asırlardan günümüze kadar farklı açılardan pek çok ilimler tasnifi yapılmıştır. Çalışmanın konusu, ilimler tasnifinde hadis ilminin yeridir. Araştırmanın amacı, tasniflerde hadis ilminin konumunu ortaya çıkarmaktır. Önemi ise hadis açısından bazı âlimlerin yaptıkları tasnifler hakkında çalışmalar olsa da genel olarak bu ilmin tasniflerdeki yerini ele alan herhangi bir araştırmanın olmamasıdır. Makalede nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden dokümantasyon metodu kullanılarak ilimler tasnifinin olduğu eserler tespit edilerek incelenmiştir. Araştırmanın sonucunda birkaçı hariç başta İslâm filozoflarının yaptıkları olmak üzere ilimler tasnifinin hepsinde hadisin bulunmadığı belirlenmiştir. Hadisin olduğu ilimler tasnifinde onun şer‘î/dinî/naklî ilimler kısmında yer aldığı ve tasniflerin bir kısmında hadisle ilgili bazı konularda bilgiler olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bunları hadisin rivâyet ve dirâyet şeklinde ikiye ayrılması, hadis ilimleri, literatür, bazı hadislerin şerh edilmesi ve birkaç usûl meselesine temas edilmesi şeklinde sıralamak mümkündür.
Anahtar Kelimeler
The Place of Hadīth in the Classification of Sciences
Abstract
slamic sciences first emerged due to the studies conducted around the Qur'an and the Prophet's Sunnah, and then other branches of science became disciplines due to the events that took place. As a result of the conquest movements, the works of philosophical sciences were translated into Arabic, and the classification of sciences began to be made. Although philosophical sciences were classified in the early periods, in later centuries, sciences in other fields, such as religion and language, were included, and comprehensive classifications were put forward. Although classifications of sciences are usually made to emphasize issues such as the definition, subject, purpose, method, and literature of science, to show the relationship and hierarchy between them, or to facilitate education and training, their basis is the problem of the relationship between religion and philosophy in general and reason and revelation in particular in Islamic thought. The subject of this article is the place of hadīth in the classification of sciences from the first centuries of Hijri to the present day. For this purpose, many studies on the classification of sciences were examined, and the scholars who made the classification and their works were identified and investigated whether they included the science of hadīth. However, the article is limited to pointing out the leading figures of those who did not mention the science of hadīth in their classifications. In contrast, the classifications of those who counted this science were touched upon. Although there is extensive literature on this subject, many works related to the classification of sciences have been published in our country in books, articles, papers, etc., with the original text. In the context of the classification of sciences, although there are a few studies on the subject, period, and person related to the science of hadīth, the lack of a study that deals with hadīth in general, unlike other fields, as in this study, reveals the importance of this article. This article aims to determine the position of hadīth in the classifications of sciences and to determine what kind of information about the branch of science is conveyed in them. In order to realize this aim, first of all, the works containing the classifications of sciences were examined using the documentation method, one of the qualitative research methods. As a result of the study, it has been seen that scholars from various branches of science from different parts and traditions of the Islamic world have made classifications of sciences in other languages from the first centuries of Hijri to the present day. According to the sciences they dealt with in their classifications (such as philosophical, philosophical-religious, philosophical-religious-intellectual), classifications in different numbers (two, three, four, etc.) emerged. However, hadīth was not included in the classifications of sciences of Islamic philosophers except for a few. Of those who formed this science, except for al-Suyūtī, none of them was a hadīth scholar by profession, but almost all of them had a relationship with hadīth to a greater or lesser extent. In the classifications of sciences that began in the early period, the science of hadīth found a place for itself towards the end of the IVth century. It was mentioned among the sharī'ah/religious/traditional sciences. Although in some classifications, only hadīth is mentioned, what is meant by this is not the hadīth s of the Prophet but the science of hadīth with its rules and principles. Although some of the first classifications of sciences included the science of hadīth with different names in general, it was divided into two as riwāyah and dirāyah with Qāḍī Bayzāwī, and from the first moment until today, it has been observed that there is no unanimity on their definitions and scopes, and each scholar has defined them in different ways. In the first-period classifications, a limited number of hadīth sciences were mentioned. Still, later on, sciences that could be gathered under the same title or that could not be counted as an independent branch of science were counted separately. More details were entered into this subject than necessary. Classifications were also seen to be a source of literature for sciences. In this context, it has been determined that the books of usūl, hadīth, and commentaries are mostly cited, although less in other fields. It has been determined that the literature mentioned in the classifications of sciences has differentiated over time and that this is because each scholar takes into account their environment and their prominent works. However, the date of the works' composition also has an effect. In some of the classifications of sciences, it was determined that some narrations were commented on without giving any information about the science of hadīth.
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