İslamofobi’nin Psikolojik Olarak İncelenmesi

Öz

Tarihsel, ekonomik, siyasi, dini ve sosyolojik nedenleri olan İslamofobi 11 Eylül olaylarından sonra artışa geçmiştir. Günümüzde antisemitizmin yerini alan İsla-mofobi Müslümanlara yönelik ayrımcılık, nefret, sözlü ve fiziksel saldırılara ne-den olmaktadır. Bunun sonucunda Müslüman bireylerde kaygı, korku, stres gü-vensizlik gibi psikolojik etkiler görülmektedir. Bu makalede öncelikle fobi kav-ramının tanımı ve fobi ile ilgili psikolojik yaklaşımlar açıklandı. Daha sonra İslamofobi’nin tarihi, nedenleri ve Müslüman bireyler üzerindeki psikolojik etkileri incelendi.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• İslam, fobi, düşmanlık, nefret

Studying Islamophobia as Psychologically

Abstract

Islamophobia which has historical, economic, political, religious and sociological causes has increased since the events of September 11. Today, anti-Semitism substitute Islamophobia is to cause discrimination, hate, verbal and physical attacks against Muslims. As a result, psychological effects like anxiety, fear, stress and insecurity are determined in the Muslim individuals. In this article, firstly the definition of phobia, and psychological aproaches related with phobia were explained. Later, Islamophobia's history and causes and impacts on Muslim individuals were examined.

Keywords

• Islam, phobia, enmity, hate.

Kaynakça

1. Ameli, Saied R., Beena Faridi, Karin Lindahl and Arzu Merali, “Law & British Muslims: Domination of the Majority or Process of Balance?” British Muslims’ Expectations Series, No. 5, Islamic Human Rights Commission, 2006
2. Aslan, Alice, Islamophobia in Australia, Agora Press, 2009
3. Bayoumi, Moustafa, “Fear and Loathing of Islam” The Nation, July 2/9, 2012
4. Behere Prakash B., Anweshak Das, Richa Yadav, Aniruddh P. Behere, “Religion and mental health”, Indian J Psychiatry 55: Indian Mental Concepts I - Supplement, January 2013
5. Bloul, Rachel A. D., Anti-discrimination Laws, Islamophobia, and Ethnicization of Muslim Identities in Europe and Australia, Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, Vol 28, No. 1, April 2008
6. Budak, Selçuk, Psikoloji Sözlüğü, Bilim ve Sanat Yayınları, Ankara 2009
7. Canatan, Kadir, “İslamofobi ve Anti-İslamizm: Kavramsal ve Tarihsel Bir Yaklaşım”, Batı Dünyasında İslamofobi ve Anti-İslamizm, Editörler: Kadir Canatan, Özcan Hıdır, FCR Yayınları Ankara 2007
8. Cole, Juan, İslamofobi, http://www.risaleajans.com/islam/islamofobi-icin-yillik-milyon-dolar-harcaniyor, Erişim Tarihi: 24.12.2012

9. Doctor, Ronald M., Ada P. Kahn, Christine Adamec, The Encyclopedia of Phobias, Fears, and Anxieties, Infobase Publishing 2009
10. Farooq, Umar, “Mission: Islamophobia”, The Nation, March 19, 2012
11. Griffin, Nick, “İslam çok saldırgan ve kötülük peşinde olan bir inançtır”, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-375104/Islam-wicked-vicious-faithBNP-leader-tells-court.html, Erişim Tarihi: 08 Ekim 2012
12. Hofmekler, Ori, The Warrior Diet: Switch on Your Biological Powerhouse for High Energy, Explosive Strength, and a Leaner, Harder Body, Blue Snake Books, California 2007 Hovanec Erin M., Everything You Need to Know About Phobias, The Rosen Publishing Group 2000
13. Hussain, Amir, “In the Decade after 9/11” Political Theology, PT 12.5, 2011
14. Inayat, Qulsoom, Islamophobia and the Therapeutic Dialogue: Some Reflections, Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 20(3) September 2007
15. Iqbal Zafar, “Understanding Islamophobia: Conceptualizing and Measuring the Construct”, European Journal of Social Sciences - Volume 13, Number 4, 2010
16. Kunst, Jonas R., David L. Samb, Pal Ulleberg, “Perceived Islamophobia: Scale Development and Validation” International Journal of Intercultural Relation, IJIR-937, 5 November 2012
17. Lawrence Davidson, “Islamophobia, the Israel Lobby and American Paranoia: Letter From America” Holy Land Studies, 10.1. 2011
18. Lee, Sherman A., Jeffrey A. Gibbons, John M. Thompson, Hussam S. Timani, “The Islamophobia Scale: Instrument Development and Initial Validation”, The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 19:2009
19. Love, Erik, “Confronting Islamophobia in the United States: Framing Civil Rights Activism among Middle Eastern Americans” Patterns of Prejudice, Vol. 43, No 3-4, 2009
20. Marks, Isaac, David Mataix-Cols, “Diagnosis and Classification of Phobias” Fobias, Editörler: Mario Maj, Hagop S. Akiskal, Juan José Löpez-Ibor, Jr., Ahmed Okasha, John Wiley & Sons. 2004
21. McGreal, Chris, “Muslims in America increasingly alienated as hatred grows in Bible belt”, The Guardian, http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/sep/10/usmuslims-america-alienated-hatred, Erişim Tarihi: 10 Eylül 2010 100