AN INVESTIGATION ON PERFECT HUMAN (AL-INSAN AL-KĀMIL) IN THE POEMS OF MAWLĀNĀ JALĀL AD-DIN RŪMĪ AND HĀFIZ-E SHĪRĀZĪ

Öz

In the Islamic worldview, the human has a prominent position such that perfect man (al-Insan al-Kāmil) is introduced as successor and vicegerent of Allah on earth. But, this succession to the God and attainment of sublime status depends on characteristics and conditions taken into account in various respects. Islamic mysticism is one of the most important approaches in addressing the human and his/her role in the cosmos emphasized by various philosophers and scholars based on Islamic teachings. Position of perfect human and his dignity and esteem are investigated from perspective of two famous mystics and geniuses, Mawlānā Jalāl ad-Dīn Rūmī and Hāfiz-e Shīrāzī; that both of them were also influential and prominent in Persian poetry and literature, and have expressed their viewpoints in form of elegant and evocative poems. Thus, this study was conducted to unravelmany of the secrets and mysteries of humanity and providing a context for human spiritual development using religious teachings and intuition of discoveries, and experiences of Muslim mystics. Finally, transcendent values of the human's base and position were investigated in order of creation, as well as some human's characteristics and attributes and the purpose of human creation by examining a few poems of Mawlānā and Hāfiz using a descriptive analytical method.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Anthropology
• Complete Human
• Astute
• Mysticism
• Mawlānā Jalāl ad-Dīn Rūmī
• Hāfiz-e Shīrāzī.

MEVLÂNÂ CELÂLEDDÎN-İ RÛMÎ VE HÂFIZ-I ŞÎRÂZÎ’NİN ŞİİRLERİNDE İNSAN-I KÂMİL TASAVVURUNUN İNCELENMESİ

Öz

Tasavvufi dünya görüşünde insan için önemli bir makam göz önünde bulundurulur ve İnsan-ı kâmil mertebesine ulaşan kimse Allah’ın temsilcisi ve halifesi olarak nitelendirilir. Tabii, Allah’ın halifesi olmak ve kâmil insan mertebesine ulaşabilmek için insanın bazı haslet ve özelliklere sahip olması gerekmektedir. İslam dünyasında insana ve insanın sahip olduğu makam ve role teveccüh eden yaklaşımlardan biri de İslami İrfan ve tasavvuf geleneğidir. Müslüman mutasavvıf ve âlimlerin çoğu İslami öğretiler çerçevesinde bu konuya dikkat çekmişlerdir. Bu çalışmada düşüncelerini manzum şekilde ifade eden Şark-İslam edebiyatının iki önemli siması olan Mevlânâ Celâleddîn-i Rûmî ve Hâfız-ı Şîrâzî’nin İnsan-ı Kâmil için betimlediği değer ve mevki incelenecektir. İslami öğretiler ve ariflerin beyanlarından faydalanılarak hazırlanan bu çalışmada insanın manevi gelişimine katkı sağlayan unsurların açıklanmasıyla beraber insanın sahip olduğu sırlar ve nitelikler de izah edilecektir. Keza bu çalışmada Mevlânâ ve Hâfız’ın şiirlerinde insanın varlık âlemindeki konumu, sahip olduğu erdemler ve niteliklerin neler olduğu, betimleme ve analitik yöntemle incelenecektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Antropoloji
• İnsan-ı kâmil
• İrfan
• Rind
• Mevlânâ Celâleddîn-i Rûmî
• Hâfız-ı Şîrâzî

Kaynakça

1. Baran, Sedat. “İbn Sînâ ve Molla Sadrâ’da İlâhi Erek Problemi”. Cumhuriyet İlahiyat Dergisi 23/3 (2019): 1101-1120.
2. Baran, Sedat. “Molla Sadrâ’da İrade Problemi”. Bingöl Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi. 13 (2019): 37-58. https://doi.org/10.34085/buifd.540911.
3. Dastghayb, Abdul ’Ali. From Hafez to Goethe. Tehran: Badie Publishers, 1995.
4. Ghobādī, Hossein Ali. “Mystical Awareness in Mawlāvī’s Works”. Journal of Literature and Human Science Facility, University of Tehran, 56/174 (2005): 143-162.
5. Godratollāhī, Ehsān. “Characteristics of the Complete Man in Mas̲navī”. Keyhan Cultural Journal. 159 (1378): 41-43.
6. Halebī, Ali Asghar. Human in Islam and Western Schools. Tehran: Asatir Publications, 1371.
7. Haravī, Hossein-Ali. Description of Hāfiz’s Lyric Poetry. 4 Cilt. Tehran: Tanvir Publications in Association with Noe Publications, 2001.
8. Homāyī, Jalāl ad-Dīn. Mawlāvī Nameh. 9th Edition., 2 Cilt. Tehran: Homā Publication, 1376.

9. Hosseinī, Zehrā - Qaramelekī, Ahad Farāmarz. “Ez Khod Bīgānegī, Mevqıyethaī Merzī ve Merg der- Mas̲navī-i Manevī”. Mecella-i Felsefe ve Kelām. 2 (1391): 47-65.
10. Jafarī, Mohammad Taghi. Interpretation, Criticism, and Analysis of Mas̲navī. 8th Edition., 15 Cilt. Tehran: Islami Publications, 1361.
11. Khorramshāhī, Baha’ al-Din. Hāfiz Nāmeh. 3rd Edition. Soroush Publications, 1368.
12. Khorramshahī, Baha’ al-Dīn. Zihn ve Zebāni Hāfiz. 2nd Edition. Tehran, 1362.
13. Khosraviān, Mohammad Mahdī. “Complete Human from the Perspective of Mawlāvī, Committee Letter”. Nāmeh-i Anjumen 7/3 (t.y.): 49-72.
14. Mawlāvī, Jalāl ad-Dīn. Kulliyāt-ı Dīvān-ı Shems-e Tebrīzī,. Thk. Abu al-Fath Hakīmīyān. 2 Cilt. Tehran: Pejuhesh Publications, 1382.
15. Mawlāvī, Jalāl ad-Dīn. Mas̲navī. Ed. Reynald Nicholson. 6 Cilt. Tehran: Ghatreh, 1336.
16. Mawlāvī, Jalāl ad-Dīn. Mas̲navī. Ed. Reynald Nicholson. 6 Cilt. Tehran: Ghatreh, 1336.
17. Mawlāvī, Jalāl ad-Dīn. Mas̲navī. Ed. Reynald Nicholson. 6 Cilt. Tehran: Ghatreh, 1336.
18. Mawlāvī, Jalāl ad-Dīn. Mas̲navī. Ed. Reynald Nicholson. 6 Cilt. Tehran: Ghatreh, 1336.
19. Mawlāvī, Jalāl ad-Dīn. Mas̲navī. Ed. Reynald Nicholson. 6 Cilt. Tehran: Ghatreh, 1336.
20. Moein, Mohammad. Hāfiz-i Şīrīn Sokhan. Thk. Mahdokht Moein. Tehran: Moein Publications, 1992.
21. Mohaddesī, Javād. “Rezā ve Teslīm”. Kousar Journal. 82 (1389): 28-33.
22. Mohassel, Rashed - Rezā, Mohammad. The Paradox of Living in Life’s World, Studies of Mawlānā Investigations. 2nd Edition. Tehran: The Research Institution of Iran’s Wisdom and Philosophy, 1386.
23. Mottaharī, Morteza. Hāfiz’s Mysticism. 5nd Edition. Tehran: Sadra Publications, 1368.
24. Nahj al-Balāghah. 6nd Edition. Tehran: Dar al-Islam Publications, 1386.
25. Qayṣarī, Dāwūd Ibn Maḥmūd. Description of Fuṣūṣ al-Ḥikam. Institution of Cultural Studies and Investigations, 1363.
26. Saif, Abdul Reza - Eskandari, Alireza Valiyari. “The Nature of Sufism and Its Language from the Point of View of Rumi in Masnavi”. Literary Text Research 23/79 (1398): 77-102.
27. Shīrāzī, Shams al-Dīn Mohammad Hāfiz-e. Shākh-e- Nabāt of Hāfez. Thk. Barzegar Khaleghi. Tehran: Zevvār Publications, 1382.
28. Taherzadeh, Aṣg̲ẖar. Human: From the Constraint of Body to the Proximity of God Span. Isfahan: Lob Al-Mīzān Publications, 1391.
29. Zarrīnʹkūb, Abd al-Ḥusayn. Az Kouche ye Rendān. 6th Edition. Tehran: Amir Kabīr, 1369.
30. Zarrīnʹkūb, Abd al-Ḥusayn. Sea in a Jug. Tehran: Elmi Publications, 1378.