COUNSELING AND GUIDANCE PROGRAMS FOR WOMEN WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF PARADIGM SHIFT IN US PRISON SERVICES

Öz

The American criminal and correctional authorities have designed and implemented programs aiming rehabilitation of male prisoners alone, for many years, neglecting women prisoners and the correctional works for their problems. However, due to the increasing number of female prisoners in United States prisons, the state and federal correctional authorities have faced the fact that they focus on women-oriented problems and their solution. The awareness that has emerged over time has opened the door to the paradigm shift of American correctional authorities towards women. This awareness has led to the initiation of family protection programs in some states to address the needs of women prisoners and their families more respectfully. Moreover, it has led to the launch of several new programs: inmate mothers should be included in educational programs in order to respond to the physical, emotional and psychological needs of their children; those mothers should meet with their minor children and adolescents with games and various activities in special and child-friendly rooms outside the normal visiting room; it should be given additional visitation rights for those mothers who participate in parenting trainings; a new mother should be allowed to live with her infant in a private section for up to 18 months. In this article, parallel to this paradigm shift especially in the late 90s and early 2000s, some national and local correctional works and projects focused on the needs of female prisoners that was initially neglected but then taken into consideration due to the increasing number of women convicts and needs peculiar to them, will be examined. The treatments, medical processes, physical and mental treatment methods required by the clinical psychology offered to the prisoners based on prisoners’ needs are out of our scope. This study, rather, focuses on practices -their effects and efficiency- carried on successfully with combined efforts of criminal correctional authorities, psychologists, municipal and church officials, social service experts and volunteers that aim to support female prisoners, especially those with children.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Incarcerated women
• Parenting preservation program
• Extended prison visitation
• correctional programs

ABD CEZAEVİ HİZMETLERİNDE PARADİGMA DEĞİŞİMİ BAĞLAMINDA KADINLAR İÇİN DANIŞMANLIK VE REHBERLİK PROGRAMLARI

Öz

Amerika ceza ve ıslah makamları uzun yıllar kadın mahkumları ve onların sorunlarına yönelik ıslah çalışmalarını ihmal ederek, yalnızca erkek mahkumları ıslaha yönelik programlar tasarlamış ve uygulamıştır. Ancak Birleşik devletler hapishanelerinde kadın mahkum nüfusunun her geçen gün artması sebebiyle, eyalet ve federal ıslah makamları kadın odaklı sorunlara eğilme ve bu çerçevede çözüm üretme gerçeği ile karşı karşıya kalmıştır. Bu konuda zaman içinde ortaya çıkan farkındalık, Amerikan ıslah makamlarının kadınlara yönelik paradigma değişikliğine kapı aralamış ve bazı eyaletlerde kadın mahkumların ve ailelerinin ihtiyaçlarının daha saygın bir şekilde karşılanması, aile koruma programlarının başlatılmasını sağlamıştır. Bunun yanında annelerin çocuklarının fiziksel, duygusal ve psikolojik ihtiyaçlarına yanıt verebilmesi için eğitim programlarına alınması mahkum annelerin çocuk ve ergen yaşta olan çocukları ile normal ziyaret odasının dışında özel ve çocuk dostu odalarda oyunlar ve çeşitli etkinliklerle bir araya gelmesi, çocuğu olan mahkum annelere ebeveynlik eğitimlerine katılması halinde ilave ziyaret haklarının tanınması, bebek sahibi olan mahkumun 18 aya kadar özel bir bölümde bebeği ile birlikte yaşayabilmesine imkan sağlayan pek çok yeni programın başlatılmasını da sağlamıştır. Bu makalede özellikle 90’ların sonu ve 2000’lerin başında söz konusu paradigma değişikliği paralelinde başlangıçta ihmal edilen ama artan rakamlar ve ihtiyaçlar sebebi ile dikkate alınan kadın mahkumların ihtiyaçlarına özel olarak uygulanan bazı ulusal ve yerel ıslah çalışmaları ve projeler incelenmeye çalışılacaktır. Mahkumlara ihtiyaç durumuna göre sunulan klinik psikolojinin gerektirdiği tedaviler, tıbbi süreçler ile fiziksel ve mental tedavi yöntemleri kapsam alanımız dışındadır. Bu çalışmada daha çok ceza ıslah makamları, psikologlar, belediye ve kilise görevlileri, sosyal hizmet uzmanları ve gönüllülerin birlikte yürüttüğü kadın mahkumları özellikle de anne olan mahkumları destekleme amaçlı yapılan ve başarı sağlamış uygulamalara ve bu uygulamaların etkisi ve verimliliğine değinilecektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Mahkum kadınlar
• Aile koruma programları
• Artırılmış hapishane ziyaretleri
• Islah programları

Kaynakça

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