GEÇ MODERN ÇAĞDA İSLAMİ VE BA-HAİ MODERNLEŞMELERİNDEKİ KORKU VE OTORİTENİN ETKİSİ: LİBERAL BİR PERSPEKTİF, (yazar: Geoffrey P. NASH)

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 17 Sayı: 2, 199 - 215, 31.10.2018

Mustafa Derviş Dereli Abdullah Ömer Yavuz

Öz

Geç modern dünyada korku, otoriterleşmenin ve şiddet içeren dini-politik hareketlerin yükselmesinde en büyük faktördür. Bu makale Anthony Giddens ve Charles Taylor’ın seküler çağda benlik kavramsallaştırmalarından yararlanmakta ve bunları Batılı küresel yayılma bağlamında 19. yüzyılın sonunda Doğu’da ortaya çıkan iki modernist dini eğilime uyarlamaktadır. Akılcılığın ve özgür sorgulamaya teşvikin araçlarını benimseme yoluyla İslam’ı moderniteye uyarlama zorluğuyla ilgili çaba sarf ederek, İslami Modernleşme artan bir şekilde mücadeleye dâhil olmuştur. Benzer perspektifler içeren ve İslami bir bağlam dışında gelişen Bahai inancı, İslam’ın reform yoluyla yenilenmesinden daha ziyade teofanik (Tanrı’nın insana görünmesi) bir dönüşümü önerir. İlerlemeye dönük tetikleyici bir etkinin Ortadoğu’ya telkin edilmesi döneminden sonra Bahai inancı, Müslüman ihyacı eğilimlerle benzer şekilde modern dünyanın apokaliptik anlamda suçlanmasını pelesenk ederek kendini modernizme yeniden uyarlamıştır. Bu çalışma geç modernitede ilerlemeci bir dini yaklaşımın sürdürülmesine yönelik bazı tavsiyelerle son bulacaktır. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

Benlik, Akılcılık, Modernizm, Neo-Gelenekçilik, Sekülerlik

Kaynakça

• 1. Shoghi Effendi. The Promised Day is Come. Wilmette: Baha’i Publishing Trust, 1941. 2. Tim Winter. “Muslim Loyalty and Belonging: Some reflections on the psychosocial back-ground.” In British Muslims: Loyalty and Belonging. Edited by Mohammad Sid-dique Seddon, Dilwar Hussain and Nadeem Malik. Leicester: The Islamic Founda-tion, 2002, pp. 3–22. 3. Seyyed Hossein Nasr. Traditional Islam in the Modern World. London: Kegan Paul Inter-national, 1987. 4. Malise Ruthven. Islam in the World, 2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000. 5. Azhar Ibrahim. “Contemporary Islamic thought: A critical perspective.” Islam and Chris-tian Muslim Relations 23 (2012): 279–94. 6. Cyril Glassé. The Concise Encyclopædia of Islam, 3rd ed. London: Stacey International, 2008. 7. Mansour Moaddel. Islamic Modernism, Nationalism, and Fundamentalism: Episode and Discourse. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005. 8. Farid Esack. The Qur’an: A User’s Guide. Oxford: Oneworld, 2005. 9. John Esposito. The Islamic Threat: Myth or Reality. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995. 10. Hamid Enayat. Islam and Modern Political Thought. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1982. 11. Fazlur Rahman. Islam and Modernity: Transformation of an Intellectual Tradition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982. 12. Geoffrey Nash. “Aryan and Semite in Ernest Renan and Matthew Arnold’s search for a religion of modernity.” Religion and Literature 46 (2014): 25–50. 13. Todd Lawson. “Baha’i Religious History.” Journal of Religious History 36 (2012): pp. 463–70. 14. Juan R. I. Cole. Modernity and the Millennium: The Genesis of the Baha’i Faith in the Nineteenth-Century Middle East. New York: Columbia University Press, 1998. 15. Oliver Scharbrodt. Islam and the Baha’i Faith: A Comparative Study of Muhammad ‘Abduh and ‘Abdul-Baha ‘Abbas. London: Routledge, 2008. 16. Necati Alkan. “The Young Turks and the Baha’is in Palestine.” In Late Ottoman Palestine: The Young Turk Rule. Edited by Yuval Ben-Bassat and Eyal Ginio. London: I.B. Tau-ris, 2011, pp. 259–78. 17. Abd’ul Baha (‘Abdu’l-Baha). The Secret of Divine Civilization. Translated by Marzieh Gail. Wilmette: Baha’i Publishing Trust, 1957. 18. Seth D. Kunin. Religion: The Modern Theories. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003. 19. Francis Robinson. Islam and Muslim History in South Asia. New Delhi: Oxford Universi-ty Press, 2000. 20. Anthony Giddens. Modernity and Self-Identity: Self and Society in the Late Modern Age. London: Polity, 1991. 21. Boaz Huss. “Spirituality: The emergence of a new cultural category and its challenge to the religious and the secular.” Journal of Contemporary Religion 29 (2014): 47–60. 22. Robert C. Fuller. Spiritual but not Religious: Understanding Unchurched America. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001. 23. Muqtedar Khan. “What is Enlightenment? An Islamic Perspective.” Journal of Religion & Society 16 (2014): 1–8. 24. Robert Stockman. The Baha’i Faith: A Guide for the Perplexed. London: Bloomsbury, 2013. 25. Geoffrey Nash. “W H Quilliam, Marmaduke Pickthall, and the window of British modern-ist Islam.” In Postcolonialism and Islam: Theory, Literature, Culture, Society and Film. Edited by Geoffrey Nash, Kathleen Kerr-Koch and Sarah Hackett. London: Routledge, 2014, pp. 157–68. 26. Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen Gibb. Modern Trends in Islam. Chicago: Chicago Univer-sity Press, 1947. 27. Albert Hourani. Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age 1798–1939. Oxford: Oxford Universi-ty Press, 1962. 28. Bassam Tibi. The Crisis of Modern Islam: A Preindustrial Culture in the Scientific-Technological Age. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1988. 29. Wilfred Cantwell Smith. Modern Islam in India: A Social Analysis. London: Victor Gol-lanz, 1946. 30. Trevor Ling. A History of Religion East and West. London: Macmillan, 1968. 31. Olivier Roy. Globalised Islam: The Search for a New Ummah. London: Hurst, 2003. 32. Anoushiravan Ehteshami. “Regionalism in the Middle East.” Talk delivered at seminar “Syria and Iraq Today: Insights to Help Our Understanding”, Durham, UK, 9 May 2015. 33. Peter Smith. The Babi and Baha’i Religions: From Messianic Shi’ism to a World Religion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987. 34. Bediuzzaman Said Nursi. “The Gleams.” In Words: On the Nature and Purposes of Man, Life, and Things. Istanbul: Sozler Publications, 2008. 35. Juan R. I. Cole. “The Genesis of the Baha’i Faith in Middle Eastern Modernity.” ISIM Newsletter 2 (1999): 9. 36. Charles Taylor. A Secular Age. Cambridge: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2007.