Sökülebilir Yapı Elemanlarının Tekrar Kullanımının Önündeki Engeller ve Yapılması Gerekenler

Yıl 2024, , 40 - 56, 16.07.2024

Özlem Eren

https://doi.org/10.59732/dae.1415701

Öz

malzemelerin çıkarılmaları ve üretimlerinde harcanan enerjinin CO2 emisyonu ve iklim değişikliklerine neden olması bilim insanlarını malzemelerin verimli kullanılması yönünde araştırmalar yapmaya yönlendirmiştir. Malzemelerin daha uzun süre kullanılarak kaynakların korunmasının sağlanmasında işlevini yitiren yapıların yıkımları nedeniyle atık oluşturmasının önlenerek, yapı elemanlarının yaşam ömürlerinin uzatılması ve tekrar kullanımına yönelik çalışmaların yapılması gerekmektedir.
Yapıların yapım aşamasından itibaren yaşam döngüsü süreci düşünülerek yapılan tasarımlarda yaşam sonu durumunun ne olacağının bilinmesi hem çevresel hem de ekonomik değer yaratacaktır. Bu nedenle yapının tasarım aşamasından itibaren yapının sökülebilecek şekilde tasarlanması yapının yaşam sonu döneminde yapı elemanlarının bir bölümünün tekrar aynı amaçlarla, bir bölümünün ise başka amaçlarla tekrar kullanımını mümkün kılacaktır. Bu çalışmada yapı elemanlarının tekrar kullanılabilirliği ve sökülebilirliğinin önündeki engellerin neler olduğu konusunda kapsamlı literatür araştırması yapılmıştır. Çalışma yapı elemanlarının sökülebilir tasarlanmasına yönlendirme ve bu konudaki engelleri ortaya koyarak çözümler oluşturulmasını amaçlamaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

‘Yapı elemanı’, ‘sökülebilirlik’, ‘tekrar kullanım’

Etik Beyan

Bu makale Mimar Sinan Güzel Sanatlar Üniversitesi tarafından desteklenen 2021/05 numaralı 'Hafif Çelik Konstrüksiyon Sistem Atık Yönetimi Planlama Haritası' başlıklı projeden üretilmiştir.

Destekleyen Kurum

Mimar Sinan Güzel Sanatlar Üniversitesi

Proje Numarası

2021/05

Teşekkür

Bu makale Mimar Sinan Güzel Sanatlar Üniversitesi tarafından desteklenen 2021/05 numaralı 'Hafif Çelik Konstrüksiyon Sistem Atık Yönetimi Planlama Haritası' başlıklı projeden üretilmiştir.

Barriers of the Reuse of Disassembly Building Components and Suggestions

Öz

The fact that the raw materials required for the production of materials used in the construction sector are depleting, and the energy spent in the extraction and production of these materials causes CO2 emissions and climate characteristics have led scientists to make improvements in the efficient use of materials. In order to ensure that materials remain durable for a longer period of time, it is necessary to prevent waste generation due to the demolition of damaged structures, to extend the lifespan of building elements and to fight for their reuse.
Designs made by considering the life policy process from the construction phase of the buildings will create economic value in the abundance of life outcomes and growth. For this reason, by designing the parts in a way that they can be dismantled, starting from the phases of the section design, it will be possible to refill some of the building units with the same parts and another section with other details in the end-of-life periods. A detailed literature research was conducted on the external obstacles to the reusability and demountability of these structural elements. It provides solutions to guide the detachable design of working structural elements and to reveal the obstacles of these technologies.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Building components’, disassembly, reuse

Proje Numarası

2021/05

Kaynakça

• Ajayi, S. O., & Oyedele, L. O., & Bilal, M., & Akinade O. O., Alaka, H. A., & Owolabi, H. A., & Kadiri, K. O. (2015). Waste Effectiveness Of The Construction Industry: Understanding The Impediments and Requisites for Improvements. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 102, Doi:10.1016/J. s.101–112.
• Akinade O. O., & Oyedele, L., & Oyedele, A., & Delgado J. M. D., & Bilal, M., & Akanbi, L., & Ajayi, A. & Owolabi, H. (2019). Design For Deconstruction Using A Circular Economy Approach: Barriers And Strategies For İmprovement, Ge: Https://Www.Tandfonline.Com/Loi/Tppc20, Production Planning&Control, Taylor& Francis, s.1-11
• Akinade, O. O., & Oyedele, L. O., & Ajayi, S. O., & Bilal, M., & Alaka, H.A., & Owolabi, H. A., & Bello, S. A., & Jaiyeoba, B. E., & Kadiri, K. O. (2017). Design For Deconstruction (Dfd): Critical Success Factors for Diverting End-of-Life Waste From Landfills, Waste Management Volume 60, Elsevier, s.3-13
• Akinade, O. O., & Lukumon, O. O., & Muhammad, B., & Saheed, O. A., & Hakeem, A. O., & Hafiz, A. A., & Sururah, A. B. (2015). Waste Minimisation Through Deconstruction: A BIM Based Deconstructability Assessment Score (BIM-DAS), Resources, Conservation And Recycling 105 (2015), s.167–176.
• Akinade, A. A., & Lukumon, O., & Oyedele, A., & Saheed, O. A., & Muhammad, B., & Hafiz A. A., & Hakeem A. O., & Sururah A. B., & Babatunde E. J., & Kabir O. K. (2016). Design For Deconstruction (Dfd): Critical Success Factors For Diverting End-Of-Life Waste From Landfills, Waste Management, Waste Management, Elseveir, s.1-11.
• Al-Ghalib, A., & Ghailan, D.B. (2021). Design For Deconstruction: Futuristic Sustainable Solution For Structural Design, Civil Engineering Beyond Limits, (Erişim 12.07.2021), s.6-11.
• Aidonis, D., & Xanthopoulos, A., & Vlachos, D., & Iakovou, E. (2008). On The Optimal Deconstruction And Recovery Processes Of End-Of-Life Buildings. In Proceedings Of The 2nd WSEAS/IASME International Conference On Waste Management, Water Pollution, Air Pollution, And Indoor Climate (WWAI’08), Corfu, Greece. s.211-216.
• Balodis, T. M. H. (2017). Deconstruction And Design For Disassembly: Analyzing Building Material Salvage And Reuse, Master Of Architecture, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, s.1-141
• Bertin, I., & Lebrun, F., & Braham, N., & Le Roy, R. (2020). Construction, Deconstruction, Reuse Of The Structural Elements: The Circular Economy To Reach Zero Carbon, IOP Conference Series: Earth And Environmental Science, Iop Publishing, Iop Conf. Series: Earth And Environmental Science 323, s.1-9.
• Bilal, M., & Oyedele, L. O., & Qadir, J., & Munir, K., & Akinade, O. O., & Ajayi, S. O., & Alaka, H. A., Owolabi, H. A. (2016). Analysis Of Critical Features And Evaluation Of BIM Software: Towards A Plug-İn For Construction Waste Minimization Using Big Data. Int. J. Sustain. Build. Technol. Urban Dev. s.1–18.
• Bradly, G., & Shell, S. (2002). Design For Deconstruction And Material Reuse, Proceedings Of The CIB Task Group 39-Deconstruction Meeting, CIB Publication No. 272, s.189-209
• Braungart, M., & Mcdonough, W., & Bollinger, A. (2007). Cradle-to-Cradle Design: Creating Healthy Emissions E A Strategy For Eco-Effective Product And System Design, Journal Of Cleaner Production 15, s.1337-1348.
• Cheng, J.C.P., & Won, J., & Das, M. (2015). Construction And Demolition Waste Management Using BIM Technology. In: Proc. 23rd Ann. Conf. Of The Intel. Group For Lean Construction. Australia, s. 381-390, www.İglc.Net
• Chini, A., & Balachandran, S. (2002). Antıcıpatıng And Respondıng To Deconstructıon Through Buıldıng Desıgn, Ed By Abdol R. Chini, University of Florida Frank Schultmann, University of Karlsruhe, Design For Deconstruction And Materials Reuse, CIB Publication 272, Proceedings of The CIB Task Group 39 – Deconstruction Meeting, Germany, s.175-188
• Chini, A. R., & Nguyen, H. T. (2003). Optimizing Deconstruction of Ligtwood Framed Construction, CIN Report Publication 287, Florida, USA, s.312
• Chini, A., & Bruening, S. (2003). Deconstruction And Materials Reuse İn The United States, International E-Journal of Construction, Special Issue Article İn: The Future of Sustainable Construction, ISBN 1-886431-09-4, s.1-22
• Cooper, D. R., & Gutowski T.G. (2015). The Environmental Impacts of Reuse, Journal of Industrial Ecology, By Yale University Doı: 10.1111/Jiec.12388, s.1-19
• Counto, J.P., & Mendonça, P. (2011). Deconstruction Roles İn The Construction And Demolition Waste Management İn Portugal, s.301-320, Https://Www.İntechopen.Com/ Predownload/ 17442 (Erişim 09.07.21)
• Crowter, P. (20149. Investigating Design For Disassembly Through Creative Practice, INTERSECTIONS: Expertise, Academic Research And Design-International Symposium Florence, June 30, s.1-9
• Crowther, P. (2005). Design For Disassembly - Themes And Principles. RAIA/BDP Environ. Des. Guid. Http://Dx.Doi.Org/10.1115/1.2991134, s.s.2-4
• Debacker W., Henrotay C., Paduart A., Elsens., De Wilde W.P., Hendrickx H. (2007). 4 Dimensional Design: From Strategies To Cases – Generation Of Fractal Grammar For Reusing Building Elements, International Journal Of Ecodynamics 2007, s.s.258 – 277.
• Debacker, W., & Manshoven S. (2016). D1 Synthesis Of The State Of The Art: Key Barriers And Opportunities For Materials Passports And Reversible Buildi Ng Design İn The Current System, BAMB Horizon 2020, Http://Www.Bamb2020.Eu/Wp-Content/Uploads/ 2016/ 03/D1_Synthesis-Report-On-State-Of-The-Art_20161129_FINAL.Pdf, s.1-102.
• Durmısevıc, E. (2006). Transformable Buıldıng Structures, Design For Disassembly As A Way To İntroduce Sustainable Engineering To Building Design & Construction, Netherlands, ISBN-10: 90-9020341-9, s.17-190 Earle, J., & Ergun, D., & Gorgolewski, M., & Barriers For Deconstruction And Reuse/Recycling Of Construction Materials İn Canada, https://www.irbnet.de/ daten/iconda/CIB_ DC 29789.Pdf
• Gaochuang, C., & Waldmann, D. (2019). A Material And Component Bank to Facilitate Material Recycling And Component Reuse For A Sustainable Construction: Concept And Preliminary Study, Clean Technologies And Environmental Policy, Springer-Verlag Gmbh Germany, Https://Doi.Org/10.1007/S10098-019-01758-1, s.1-18.
• Gehin, A., & Zwolinski, P., & Brissaud, D. (2008). A Tool To İmplement Sustainable End-Of-Life Strategies İn The Product Development Phase. Journal Of Cleaner Production, 16(5), s.566-576. Doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro
• Giorgi, S., & Lavagna, M., & Campioli, A. (2019). Circular Economy And Regeneration Of Building Stock İn The Italian Context: Policies, Partnership And Tools, 2019 IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci. 225, 012065, Https://İopscience.İop.Org/Article/10.1088/1755-1315/225/1/012065/Pdf (Erişim 14.07.21), s.1-7.
• Glukhova, E., & Cividini, M., & Erimasita, S. (2015). Closed Loop Building Approach To Address Sustainability Challenge İnto The Future Of Urban Areas, Master's Degree Thesis, Blekinge Institute Of Technology Karlskrona, Sweden, Http://Www.Diva-Portal. Org/ Smash/ Get/ Diva2: 824211/FULLTEXT02.Pdf (Erişim 10.06.21), s.1-65.
• Gorgolewski, M. (2017). Resource Salvation: The Architecture Of Reuse, John Wiley & Sons Ltd., s.10-292.
• Gorgolewski, M. (2008). ‘Designing With Reused Building Components: Some Challenges, Building Research & Information, 36:2, s.175-188
• Guy, G.B., & Williams, T.J. (2003). “Green” Demolıtıon Certification, Deconstruction And Materials Reuse, CIB Publication 287, Proceedings of The 11th Rinker International Conference May 7-10, 2003 Gainesville, Florida, USA, Edited By Abdol R. Chini, University of Florida, s.395-411
• Guy, B., & Ciarimboli, N. (2005). Dfd: Design For Disassembly İn The Built Environment: A Guide To Closed-Loop Design And Building. Hamer Center, Pennsylvania State University.); The Scottish Ecological Design Association (SEDA) For Extensive Use of: Morgan, C., And Stevenson, F., “Design And Detailing For Deconstruction-SEDA Design Guides For Scotland: No. 1, No. 1, Edinburgh, s.1-69.
• Guy, B. (2001). Building Deconstruction Assessment Tool. Deconstruction And Materials Reuse: Technology, Economic, And Policy. CIB Publication 266. 6 April 2001. s. 125-136. Deconstructıon And Materıals Reuse In The Unıted States By A. R. Chini And S. F. Bruening
• Guy, B. (2002). Design For Deconstruction And Materials Reuse, Ed By Abdol R. Chini, University of Florida Frank Schultmann, University of Karlsruhe, Design For Deconstruction And Materials Reuse, CIB Publication 272, Proceedings of The CIB Task Group 39-Germany, s.175-188.
• Gundes, S., & Yıldırım, S. U. (2015). The Use of Incentives in Fostering Green Buildings, Metu Journal of the Faculty of Architecture, 32 (2), s.45-59.
• Häkkinen, T., & Belloni, K. (2019). Barriers And Drivers For Sustainable Building. Build. Res. Inf.39, s.239–255.
• Hood, T., & Priselac, A., & Gendt, S. (2015). Design for Deconstruction, https://www.epa. gov/ sites/ default/files/2015-11/documents/designfordeconstrmanual. pdf (Erişim 04.04.2021), s.1-44.
• Hosseini, M. R., & Rameezdeen, R., & Chileshe, N., & Lehmann, S. (2015). Reverse Logistics İn The Construction İndustry. Waste Management. Res. 33, s.499-514.
• Hradil, P., & Fülöp, L., & Ungureanu V. (2019). Reusability of Components From Single‐Storey Steel‐Framed Buildings, Steel Construction 12(2), Ernst & Sohn, s.1-7
• Hradil, P., & Talja, A., & Wahlström, M., & Huuhka, S., & Lahdensivu, J., & Pikkuvirta, J. (2014). Re-Use Of Structural Elements: Environmentally Efficient Recovery of Building Components, VTT Technical Research Centre Of Finland, Https://Publications.Vtt.Fi/Pdf/Technology/2014/T200.Pdf, s.1-74.
• Hurley, J. W. (2002). Design For Deconstructıon - Tools And Practıces, Ed By Abdol R. Chini, University Of Florida Frank Schultmann, University of Karlsruhe, Design For Deconstruction And Materials Reuse, CIB Publication 272, Proceedings of The CIB Task Group 39–Germany, s.139-174.
• Jackson, R. G. T. (2004). California Review Management, Supply Loops And Their Constraints: The Industrial Ecology Of Recycling And Reuse, VOL. 46, NO. 2, s.69-70
• Iacovidou, E., & Purnell, P. (2016). Mining the physical infrastructure: Opportunities, Barriers And İnterventions İn Promoting Structural Components Reuse, Science of The Total Environment, Volumes 557–558, s.791-807.
• Icibaci, L. (2019). Architecture And The Built Environment, Re Use Of Building Products in The Netherlands, The Development of A Metabolism Based Assessment Approach, Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Architecture And The Built Environment, Department of Urbanism Faculty of Industrial Design Engineering, s.198-202
• Jaillon, L., & Poon, C. S., & Chiang, Y. H. (2009). Quantifying the waste reduction potential of using prefabrication in building construction in Hong Kong, Waste Management, Volume 29, Issue 1, https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.wasman. 2008.02.015, s. 309-320.
• Kibert, C. J., & Chini, A. R., & Languell, J. (2001). Deconstructıon As An Essentıal Component Of Sustaınable Constructıon, CIB World Building Congress, New Zealand Paper: NOV 54, s.1-11.
• Laefer, D., & Manke, J. (2008). Building Reuse Assessment For Sustainable Urban Reconstruction. J. Construct. Eng. Manag., Vol. 134, No. 3, s.217-227.
• Liu, C., & Pun, S. K., & Itoh, Y. (2003). Technıcal Development For Deconstructıon Management, Ed. Abdol R. Chini, Deconstruction And Materials Reuse, Cıb Publication 287, Cıb, International Council For Research And Innovation İn Building Construction Task Group 39: Deconstruction, s.188.
• Liu, C., & Pun, S., & Itoh, Y. (2004). Information Technology Applications For Planning İn Deconstruction, İn Designing, Managing And Supporting Construction Projects Through İnnovation And IT Solutions: Proceedings of The World IT Conference For Design And Construction, (INCITE 2004), 2004, Proceedings, Construction Industry Development Board Malaysia, Malaysia, s. 97-102.
• Lo, C. W. H., & Fryxell, G. E., & Wong, W. W. H. (2006). Effective Regulations With Little Effect? The Antecedents Of The Perceptions Of Environmental Officials On Enforcement Effectiveness İn China. Environ Manag 38(3), s.388-410 Long, W. P. (2014). Architectural Design for Adaptability and Disassembly; https:// www. academia. edu/ 35804830/ Architectural_Design_for_Adaptability_and_Disassembly, s.1-10.
• Lopez Ruiz, L. A., & Roca Ramon, X., & Gass´O Domingo, S. (2020). The Circular Economy İn The Construction And Demolition Waste Sector. A Review And An İntegrative Model Approach, 2020, J. Clean. Prod. 248, 119238. Https://Doi.Org/10.1016/J. Jclepro.2019.119238.
• Luscuere, L. M. (2017). Materials Passports: Optimising Value Recovery From Materials, Proceedings Of The Institution of Civil Engineers Waste And Resource Management 170, Issue WR1, Http://Dx.Doi.Org/10.1680/Jwarm.16.00016, s.25-28.
• Mcdonough, W., & M. Braungart. (2002). Cradle To Cradle: Remaking The Way We Make Things. New York: North Point, s.3-187.
• Morgan, C., & Stevenson, F. (2005). Design for Deconstruction, SEDA Design Guides for Scotland No. 1, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/ 303231874_ Design_for_Deconstruction, s.1-71. Morseletto, P. (2020). Targets for a Circular economy, Resources, Conservation &Recycling, Volume 153, 2020, 104553, s.1-13.
• Ness, D., & Field, M., & Pullen, S. (2005). Making Better Use Of What We Have Got: Stewardship Of Existing Buildings And İnfra Structure, Conference: 'Fabricating Sustainability': Conference Of Architectural Science Association Wellington, New Zealand, s.1-8.
• Ness D., & John S., & Damith, C., & Ranasinghe, K. X., & Veronica, S. (2015). “Smart Steel: New Paradigms for the Reuse of Steel Enabled by Digital Tracking and Modelling.” Journal of Cleaner Production 98: 292–303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.08.055.
• Obi, L., & Awuzie, B., & Obi, C., & Omotayo, T., & Adekunle, O., & Osobajo, O. (2021). BIM for Deconstruction: An Interpretive Structural Model of Factors Influencing Implementation, Buildings, 11(6), 227; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings11060227, s.1-26.
• Osmani, M., & Glass, J., & Price, A. D. F. (2008). Architects’ Perspectives On Construction Waste Reduction By Design. Waste Manage. 28 (7), s.1147-1158.
• Oxford Busıness Group. (2012). Planned Development: Urban Renewal Programmes Plus Major Infrastructure Projects Equal Significant Opportunities for Investment. [Http://www.oxfordbusinessgroup.com]
• Paduart, A., & Debacker, W., & Henrotay, C., & De Temmerman, N., & De Wilde, W. P., & Hendrick, H. (2009). Transforming Cities: Introducing Adaptability İn Existing Residential Buildings Through Reuse And Disassembly Strategies For Retrofitting Lifecycle Design of Buildings, Edited By Elma Durmisevic, Conference Proceedings Of CIB W115 Construction Material Stewardship, https://www.irbnet.de/daten/iconda/CIB14274.pdf, s.1-6.
• Potting, J., & Hekkert, M., & Worrell, E., & Hanemaaijer, A. (2017). Circular Economy: Measuring Innovation İn The Product Chain.Available At. Http://Www.Pbl.Nl/Sites/Default/files/Cms/Publicaties/Pbl-2016circular-Economy-Measuring-İnnovation-İn-Product-Chains-2544.Pdf, s.1-46.
• Reikea, D., & Vermeulena, W., & Witjes, S. (2018). The circular economy: New or Refurbished as CE 3.0? — Exploring Controversies in the Conceptualization of the Circular Economy through a Focus on History and Resource Value Retention Options, Resources, Conservation & Recycling, s.246-264.
• Rios, F. C. (2018). Beyond Recycling:Design For Disassembly, Reuse, And Circular Economy İn The Built Environment, A Dissertation Presented İn Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements For The Degree Doctor Of Philosophy, Arızona State Unıversıty, s.1-161.
• Rocha, C. G., & Sattler, M. A. (2009). A Discussion on The Reuse of Building Components İn Brazil: An Analysis of Major Social, Economical And Legal Factors, Resources, Conservation And Recycling, s.104-112.
• Ruiz, L. A. L., & Ramon, X. R., & Domingo, S. G. (2020). The Circular Economy İn The Construction And Demolition Waste Sector. A Review And An İntegrative Model Approach, 2020 J. Clean. Prod. 248, 119238. Https://Doi.Org/10.1016/J. Jclepro.2019.119238, s.3-34.
• Russell, P., & Moffatt, S. (2001). Assessing Buildings For Adaptability, Annex 31, Energy-Related Environmental Impact of Buildings, https://www.iea-ebc.org/Data/ publications/EBC_Annex_31_Assessing_Building.pdf, s.1-13. (Erişim 11.02.2021)
• Rios, F. C., & Chonga, W. K., & Graua, D. (2015). Design For Disassembly And Deconstruction - Challenges And Opportunities , International Conference On Sustainable Design, Engineering And Construction Procedia Engineering 118, s.1296-1304.
• Saleh, T., & Chini, A. (2009). Building Green Via Design For Deconstruction and Adaptive Reuse, s.30-33. Sassi, P. (2009). Closed Loop Material Cycle Construction, Defining And Assessing Closed Loop Material Cycle Construction As A Component of A Comprehensive Approach To Sustainable Material Design In The Context of Sustainable Building, Doktora Tezi, s.1-550.
• Schut, E., & Crielaard, M., & Mesman, M., & Schut, E., & Crielaard, M., & Mesman, M. (2015). Circular Economy İn The Dutch Construction Sector, A Perspective For The Market And Government, National Institute For Public Health And The Environment (Rıvm), s.1-58.
• Schultmann, F., & Rentz. (2002). Scheduling of Deconstruction Projects Under Resource Constraints, Construction ·Management And Economics, 20(5), s. 391-401.
• Tingley, D. D., & Cooper, S., & Cullen, J. (2017). Understanding And Overcoming The Barriers To Structural Steel Reuse, A UK Perspective, Journal of Cleaner Production 148, s.642-652.
• Tingley, D. D., & Davison, B. (2011). Design For Deconstruction And Material Reuse, Proceedings of The Institution of Civil Engineers Energy 164 November 2011 Issue EN4, Http://Dx.Doi.Org/10.1680/Ener, s.195-204.
• Tingley, D. D. (2012). Design for Deconstruction: An Appraisal. Phd Thesis, The University of Sheffield, s.1-205.
• Vares S., & Hradil, P., & Sansom, M., & Ungureanu, V. (2019). Economic Potential And Environmental İmpacts of Reused Steel Structures, Structure And Infrastructure Engineering Maintenance, https://www.bamb2020.eu/library/overview-reports-and-publications/, s.750-761.
• Webster, M., & Costello, D. (2005). Designing Structural Systems For Deconstruction: How To Extend A New Building's Useful Life And Prevent İt From Going To Waste When The End finally Comes. Greenbuild Conference, Atlanta, s.1-14.
• Williams, T. J. (2003). Deconstructıon And Desıgn For Reuse: Choose To Reuse, Ed. Abdol R. Chini, 2003, Deconstruction And Materials Reuse, CIB Publication 287, CIB, International Council For Research And Innovation İn Building Construction Task Group 39: Deconstruction, s.362-371.
• Yuan, H. (2013). Key İndicators For Assessing The Effectiveness of Waste Management İn Construction Projects. Ecol Indic 24: s.476-484.